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	<title>MIGREUROP</title>
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	<description>Migreurop est un r&#233;seau europ&#233;en et africain de militant&#183;e&#183;s et chercheur&#183;euse&#183;s dont l'objectif est de faire conna&#238;tre et de lutter contre la g&#233;n&#233;ralisation de l'enfermement des &#233;trangers et la multiplication des camps, dispositif au c&#339;ur de la politique d'externalisation de l'Union europ&#233;enne.</description>
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<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Le business de la migration</title>
		<link>https://migreurop.org/article2580.html</link>
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		<dc:date>2014-06-30T16:03:00Z</dc:date>
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		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		


		<dc:subject>Business migratoire</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Australie</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Union Europ&#233;enne</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Par Claire Rodier (GISTI - Migreurop) ; publi&#233; dans la revue Plein droit (GISTI) n&#176;101, juin 2014 &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt; La dimension &#233;conomique de la migration n'a longtemps &#233;t&#233; abord&#233;e que sous l'angle du bilan co&#251;t/avantage pour les pays d'accueil, ou encore de son r&#244;le dans le d&#233;veloppement des pays d'&#233;migration li&#233; aux fonds qui y sont envoy&#233;s par les personnes migrantes. Avec le durcissement des politiques migratoires, un nouveau th&#232;me est apparu, celui de l'exploitation par des r&#233;seaux criminels &#8211; (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


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 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_chapo'&gt;&lt;p&gt;Par Claire Rodier (GISTI - Migreurop) ; publi&#233; dans la revue Plein droit (GISTI) n&#176;101, juin 2014&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;La dimension &#233;conomique de la migration n'a longtemps &#233;t&#233; abord&#233;e que sous l'angle du bilan co&#251;t/avantage pour les pays d'accueil, ou encore de son r&#244;le dans le d&#233;veloppement des pays d'&#233;migration li&#233; aux fonds qui y sont envoy&#233;s par les personnes migrantes. Avec le durcissement des politiques migratoires, un nouveau th&#232;me est apparu, celui de l'exploitation par des r&#233;seaux criminels &#8211; auxquels sont m&#233;caniquement assimil&#233;s les &#171; passeurs-facilitateurs &#187; souvent migrants eux-m&#234;mes &#8211; du besoin de franchir des fronti&#232;res toujours plus verrouill&#233;es. Qualifi&#233;e par le collectif Cette France-l&#224; de &#171; strat&#233;gie rh&#233;torique &#187; destin&#233;e &#224; l&#233;gitimer &#171; des politiques de plus en plus restrictives, brutales et attentatoires aux droits fondamentaux &#187;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;&#171; Les passeurs : tous les m&#234;mes ? &#187; in Cette France l&#224;, 2, La D&#233;couverte, 2010.&#034; id=&#034;nh1&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, la th&#233;matique des passeurs sert de surcro&#238;t &#224; masquer une forme autrement plus lucrative d'exploitation de la migration, encourag&#233;e celle-l&#224; par les gouvernements puisqu'elle sert les dispositifs de &#171; gestion des flux migratoires &#187;. Les formes r&#233;centes de cette gestion fournissent, depuis une quinzaine d'ann&#233;es, une manne qui n'est sans doute pas pr&#232;s de se tarir. On pense aux profits tir&#233;s du d&#233;veloppement de la technologie s&#233;curitaire dans le secteur de la surveillance des fronti&#232;res, mais aussi de tout ce qui ressort dans les pays d'immigration des l&#233;gislations sur l'accueil, l'h&#233;bergement, la d&#233;tention et l'expulsion des &#233;trang&#232;res et des &#233;trangers. Dans les deux cas, les b&#233;n&#233;ficiaires de cette manne sont &#224; titre principal des entreprises priv&#233;es : industries d'armement et a&#233;ronautique, soci&#233;t&#233;s d'assurance, soci&#233;t&#233;s de s&#233;curit&#233;, prestataires priv&#233;s pour la gestion des visas, ainsi qu'une kyrielle d'op&#233;rateurs impliqu&#233;s dans l'application des politiques migratoires et d'asile. Dans une savoureuse &#171; recension des vautours qui se font du fric avec la machine &#224; expulser &#187;, le site d'informations alternatives Infokiosques a mis en ligne, en 2009, la liste d&#233;taill&#233;e des constructeurs et des architectes de centres de r&#233;tention administrative, des prestataires de services qui en assurent le quotidien (repas, blanchisserie, nettoyage), des soci&#233;t&#233;s de transport qui convoient des expuls&#233;&#183;e&#183;s, des soci&#233;t&#233;s h&#244;teli&#232;res &#224; qui sont lou&#233;es des chambres pour les personnes retenues, ainsi que des associations qui interviennent dans les centres de r&#233;tention administrative (CRA) sous contrat et des cabinets d'avocats qui d&#233;fendent les int&#233;r&#234;ts de l'administration dans les contentieux de l'&#233;loignement&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;&#171; &#192; chacun le sien... Recension de vautours qui se font du fric avec la (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Le march&#233; de la s&#233;curit&#233; migratoire, une pr&#233;occupation r&#233;cente&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Si l'apparition d'une &#233;conomie mondiale de la s&#233;curit&#233;, notamment &#224; la faveur du contexte provoqu&#233; par les attentats du 11 septembre 2001, est observ&#233;e depuis plusieurs ann&#233;es&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir par exemple Evelyne Ritaine, &#171; La barri&#232;re et le checkpoint : mise en (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, l'int&#233;r&#234;t du monde acad&#233;mique, du milieu de la d&#233;fense des droits des &#233;trangers et des m&#233;dias pour le march&#233; de la migration est plus r&#233;cent, en France en tout cas. Ce n'est que dans la deuxi&#232;me &#233;dition, en 2012, de son Atlas des migrants en Europe, que le r&#233;seau Migreurop a ins&#233;r&#233; un chapitre sur &#171; l'&#233;conomie de la s&#233;curit&#233; frontali&#232;re &#187;. Depuis, plusieurs revues associatives &#8211; en France, mais aussi en Belgique et en Suisse &#8211; ont abord&#233; le sujet. Sous le titre &#171; Privatisation de l'asile &#187;, le bulletin de l'association romande Vivre ensemble s'interroge : &#171; L'asile serait-il devenu un nouveau march&#233; ?&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;VE 144 | septembre 2013&#034; id=&#034;nh4&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &#187; En Belgique, le Cir&#233; (Centre d'information pour les r&#233;fugi&#233;s et les exil&#233;s), qui consacre un num&#233;ro de son excellent Migrations magazine aux &#171; chroniques de l'Europe forteresse &#187;, y r&#233;serve une place de choix &#224; la sous-traitance du contr&#244;le migratoire&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Migrations magazine, n&#176; 9, hiver 2012-2013&#034; id=&#034;nh5&#034;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. C'est dans un dossier sur &#171; les comptes de l'immigration &#187; que Causes communes, la revue de La Cimade, s'int&#233;resse &#224; la question en 2014&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb6&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Causes communes n&#176; 80, avril 2014&#034; id=&#034;nh6&#034;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. La recherche n'est pas en reste : en 2013, lors d'une session du congr&#232;s de l'Association fran&#231;aise de sociologie ayant pour th&#232;me Migrations, Alt&#233;rit&#233; et Internationalisation, une communication traite du &#171; march&#233; global des mobilit&#233;s migratoires qui exploite des concessions r&#233;galiennes de gestion des fronti&#232;res et des flux humains &#187; et explore les formes prises par &#171; l'hybridation acc&#233;l&#233;r&#233;e des acteurs de gestion des migrants et des alt&#233;rit&#233;s &#187;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb7&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Marc Bernardot, Sylvie Mazzella, &#171; Privatisation et nouveaux acteurs du (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh7&#034;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; ; une autre &#233;tudie la privatisation de l'accueil des mineurs isol&#233;s &#233;trangers&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb8&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Fanny Bertrand, &#171; Les nouvelles &#034;fronti&#232;res&#034; du contr&#244;le de l'&#233;tranger. (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh8&#034;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. La m&#234;me ann&#233;e, &#171; l'&#233;conomie de la fronti&#232;re &#187; est au programme du colloque pluridisciplinaire organis&#233; &#224; Aix-en-Provence par l'Antiatlas des fronti&#232;res (collectif de chercheurs, d'artistes et de professionnels qui travaillent sur les mutations des m&#233;canismes de contr&#244;le aux fronti&#232;res terrestres, maritimes, a&#233;riennes et virtuelles des &#201;tats)&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb9&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Antiatlas des fronti&#232;res, colloque international, 30 septembre-2 octobre 2013&#034; id=&#034;nh9&#034;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Sur ces sujets, la production scientifique ou militante en langue anglaise est plus ancienne. Aux &#201;tats-Unis, des travaux remontant &#224; la fin des ann&#233;es 1990 explorent les formes prises par l'exploitation &#233;conomique du ph&#233;nom&#232;ne migratoire en recensant l'ensemble des activit&#233;s (l&#233;gales et ill&#233;gales, formelles et informelles) et des services qui tirent profit de la facilitation et de l'aide &#224; la migration internationale. Dans un premier temps, l'essentiel de ces recherches sur l'industrie de la migration&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb10&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Ruben Hernandez-Leon, The Migration Industry in the Mexico-U.S. Migratory (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh10&#034;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, les migration merchants&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb11&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;David Kyle, Zai Liang, Migration Merchants : Human Smuggling form Ecuador (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh11&#034;&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; ou le business de la migration&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb12&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;John Salt, Jeremy Stein, &#171; Migration as a Business : The Case of Trafficking (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh12&#034;&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. se concentre toutefois sur l'organisation criminelle du trafic de migrants. Un peu plus tard appara&#238;tra la th&#233;matique de la privatisation : cela s'explique sans doute par le fait que la d&#233;l&#233;gation au secteur priv&#233; de fonctions longtemps consid&#233;r&#233;es comme relevant de pr&#233;rogatives r&#233;galiennes &#8211; et &#224; ce titre tout ce qui concerne la gestion de l'immigration irr&#233;guli&#232;re &#8211; a commenc&#233; depuis bien plus longtemps dans les pays anglo-saxons qu'en Europe continentale. Ainsi, aux &#201;tats-Unis et en Australie, la d&#233;tention des personnes &#233;trang&#232;res en instance d'expulsion est enti&#232;rement sous-trait&#233;e &#224; des entreprises priv&#233;es depuis plus de dix ans ; elle l'est partiellement au Royaume-Uni. D&#232;s 2005, le Refugee Studies Center (universit&#233; d'Oxford) publiait les r&#233;sultats d'un travail de recherche sur l'implication des soci&#233;t&#233;s priv&#233;es dans le d&#233;veloppement des centres de d&#233;tention pour personnes migrantes&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb13&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Christine Bacon, The evolution of immigration detention in the UK : the (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh13&#034;&gt;13&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. &#192; partir du milieu des ann&#233;es 2000, des activistes am&#233;ricains ont commenc&#233; &#224; d&#233;noncer le prosp&#232;re n&#233;goce dont b&#233;n&#233;ficiaient &#8211; et b&#233;n&#233;ficient encore aujourd'hui &#8211; deux groupes se partageant 70 % du march&#233; des &#171; prisons pour &#233;trangers &#187; aux &#201;tats-Unis. L'activit&#233; de lobbying de ces groupes aupr&#232;s des autorit&#233;s f&#233;d&#233;rales comme des &#201;tats pour durcir les lois, aggraver la r&#233;pression et multiplier les arrestations a eu une influence directe sur l'augmentation du nombre de sans-papiers d&#233;tenus. Le Center for International Policy (une ONG qui milite, aux &#201;tats- Unis, pour une politique &#233;trang&#232;re transparente et responsable, dans le respect des droits de l'Homme) recense r&#233;guli&#232;rement et rend publics les noms des responsables politiques proches du &#171; lobby des prisons priv&#233;es &#187;, et les sommes qu'ils ont re&#231;ues en &#233;change de leurs services.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Militants et chercheurs ne sont pas les seuls &#224; pointer les dangers de la privatisation des missions de gardiennage et de surveillance des migrants. Louis Joinet, ancien rapporteur du groupe de travail des Nations unies sur la d&#233;tention arbitraire, raconte avoir tent&#233; d'obtenir communication du contrat de sous-traitance qui liait l'&#201;tat australien &#224; une soci&#233;t&#233; priv&#233;e pour la gestion d'un centre de d&#233;tention de migrants : &#171; La r&#233;ponse imm&#233;diate fut un Business secret &#8211; au lieu d'un State secret. Mon interlocuteur assimilait l'&#201;tat &#224; un banal client commercial et l'ONU &#224; un organisme qui risquait de divulguer &#224; ses concurrents les secrets de fabrication de sa &#034;marchandise&#034;. [&#8230;] En application de ce contrat avec l'&#201;tat, chaque &#233;vasion &#233;tait sanctionn&#233;e par une p&#233;nalit&#233; dont le montant n'&#233;tait rembours&#233; par l'Australie &#224; cette entreprise que si le fugitif &#233;tait retrouv&#233;. Cela expliquait &#8211; tr&#232;s &#034;commercialement&#034; &#8211; le pourquoi du r&#233;gime de surveillance quotidienne draconien auquel se trouvaient soumis ces demandeurs d'asile. On veillait sur eux comme sur un &#034;cheptel&#034; num&#233;rot&#233;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb14&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Louis Joinet, Mes raisons d'&#201;tat, La D&#233;couverte, 2013.&#034; id=&#034;nh14&#034;&gt;14&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &#187;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Sur le terrain de la s&#233;curit&#233; frontali&#232;re, un rapport tr&#232;s document&#233; de l'ONG britannique Statewatch donne, en 2009, des clefs sur les rapports &#233;troits tiss&#233;s, depuis le d&#233;but des ann&#233;es 2000, entre les acteurs publics europ&#233;ens et les entreprises sp&#233;cialis&#233;es dans la s&#233;curit&#233; et la d&#233;fense&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb15&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Ben Hayes, NeoConopticon. The EU-security complex, rapport de Statewatch et (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh15&#034;&gt;15&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Il montre comment le choix fait par la Commission europ&#233;enne, &#224; cette &#233;poque, d'investir dans la technologie de pointe pour assurer la s&#233;curit&#233; des fronti&#232;res ext&#233;rieures de l'UE face aux menaces que repr&#233;sentent le terrorisme, les conflits r&#233;gionaux, la criminalit&#233; transnationale et l'immigration irr&#233;guli&#232;re, r&#233;pond aux int&#233;r&#234;ts des principales firmes du secteur (voir aussi l'article p. 27). Cit&#233;e par le rapport, la formule d'un commissaire europ&#233;en pour qui &#171; la s&#233;curit&#233; n'est plus un monopole des administrations, mais un bien commun, dont la responsabilit&#233; et la mise en place doivent &#234;tre partag&#233;es entre le public et le priv&#233; &#187;, r&#233;sume cette convergence, et donne le coup d'envoi &#224; un programme de grande ampleur qui offre des perspectives de profits consid&#233;rables aux soci&#233;t&#233;s concern&#233;es. Si la lutte contre l'immigration irr&#233;guli&#232;re n'est pas seule cibl&#233;e par le march&#233; euro- p&#233;en de la s&#233;curit&#233;, elle en repr&#233;sente une branche tr&#232;s importante.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Il est, aujourd'hui, de plus en plus souvent fait r&#233;f&#233;rence &#224; l'industrie de la migration pour d&#233;noncer ses cons&#233;quences sur la situation des personnes qui en sont victimes. Dans une chronique de mars 2014, l'IRIN (bulletin en ligne &#171; d'analyses et de nouvelles humanitaires &#187; d&#233;pendant des Nations unies), &#233;tablit une corr&#233;lation directe entre la part croissante prise par le secteur priv&#233; dans la gestion des centres de d&#233;tention et les mauvais traitements qu'y subissent les migrants. &#192; partir d'exemples pris en Australie, au Royaume-Uni et aux &#201;tats-Unis, l'article met en &#233;vidence une s&#233;rie de d&#233;rives qui s'ajoutent aux risques de graves violations des droits mettant en cause des personnels de gardiennage : la logique de privatisation qui permet aux &#201;tats d'&#233;chapper &#224; leur responsabilit&#233;, l'absence de transparence sur les modalit&#233;s d'intervention des soci&#233;t&#233;s prestataires, la perte de contr&#244;le des autorit&#233;s &#233;tatiques sur les activit&#233;s de celles-ci, le d&#233;faut d'informations sur le co&#251;t r&#233;el de la sous-traitance, la situation quasi monopolistique des quelques multinationales qui, &#224; l'&#233;chelle mondiale, se partagent le march&#233; de la d&#233;tention, la collusion entre leurs dirigeants et certains responsables politiques, et enfin le processus de criminalisation des migrants qu'entra&#238;ne cette privatisation&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb16&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;IRIN, &#171; Les soci&#233;t&#233;s de s&#233;curit&#233; priv&#233;e prosp&#232;rent &#224; mesure que le nombre (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh16&#034;&gt;16&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Vers le business humanitaire&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Une &#233;quipe de l'Institut danois pour les &#233;tudes internationales, qui a coordonn&#233; une recherche sur &#171; l'industrie de la migration et le march&#233; de la gestion de l'immigration &#187;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb17&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Thomas Gammeltoft-Hansen, Ninna Nyberg Sorensen,The Migration Industry and (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh17&#034;&gt;17&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, propose de distinguer trois cat&#233;gories dont les branches s'entrecroisent : d'abord, &#171; l'industrie du contr&#244;le &#187; qui d&#233;signe la sous-traitance des activit&#233;s li&#233;es &#224; l'expulsion et &#224; la d&#233;tention des personnes migrantes, ainsi qu'&#224; la surveillance des fronti&#232;res. Ensuite, l'&#171; industrie de la facilitation &#187; qui rassemble les individus, les r&#233;seaux et les soci&#233;t&#233;s priv&#233;es qui tirent profit de la mobilit&#233; migratoire. Sont mis en cause aussi bien les &#171; passeurs &#187;, les fonctionnaires corrompus qui aident &#224; obtenir des vrais ou faux visas, les trafiquants en tout genre, que les dispositifs l&#233;gaux comme les programmes organisant l'immigration de travail, les banques et les agences sp&#233;cialis&#233;es dans les transferts de fonds, ainsi que les ONG ou les associations caritatives qui apportent une assistance pendant le voyage. Enfin, &#171; l'industrie de l'assistance &#187;, form&#233;e par les organisations internationales, les ONG et les associations de migrants ou d'aide aux migrants qui sont impliqu&#233;es, d'une mani&#232;re ou d'une autre, dans la gestion des migrations. Il s'agit d'une cat&#233;gorie h&#233;t&#233;rog&#232;ne, tant par les objectifs poursuivis (aider les personnes &#224; d&#233;fendre leurs droits &#224; circuler ou &#224; rester, ou au contraire mettre en garde contre les dangers de l'immigration irr&#233;guli&#232;re) que par la nature des relations avec les autorit&#233;s (contester les politiques en vigueur, y compris en entravant l'application de la loi, ou au contraire accompagner ces politiques, par exemple en g&#233;rant des centres de d&#233;tention ou en participant &#224; des programmes d'incitation au retour &#171; volontaire &#187;).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dans les deux derniers cas, les mod&#232;les propos&#233;s m&#234;lent des dispositifs l&#233;gaux et des activit&#233;s informelles, voire criminelles, et font cohabiter des activit&#233;s parfois exemptes de toute rentabilit&#233; financi&#232;re avec d'autres o&#249; la dimension &#233;conomique est tr&#232;s pr&#233;sente. Ce rapprochement peut sembler troublant, voire abusif. On ne saurait certes assimiler l'Organisation internationale pour les migrations (OIM), puissante structure intergouvernementale dont le mandat affich&#233; est de &#171; s'employer &#224; ce que les migrations se d&#233;roulent en bon ordre et dans des conditions pr&#233;servant la dignit&#233; humaine, pour servir les int&#233;r&#234;ts de toutes les parties concern&#233;es &#187;, et les petites associations locales compos&#233;es de b&#233;n&#233;voles qui apportent une aide aux migrants. La premi&#232;re est &#233;troitement impliqu&#233;e dans la gestion autoritaire des d&#233;placements de populations par les &#201;tats qui la financent, les secondes n'h&#233;sitent parfois pas &#224; entrer en r&#233;sistance contre une r&#233;glementation qu'elles estiment injuste. Les auteurs de la typologie prennent d'ailleurs la pr&#233;caution de pr&#233;ciser, s'agissant de &#171; l'industrie de l'assistance &#187;, que les motivations de ses protagonistes sont loin d'&#234;tre principalement l'app&#226;t du gain.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cette approche, si elle s'&#233;loigne du champ des retomb&#233;es strictement lucratives de la &#171; gestion des flux migratoires &#187;, a le m&#233;rite d'en inscrire les multiples aspects dans le vaste panorama des activit&#233;s de tous ordres induites par les politiques migratoires. Elle invite en outre &#224; se m&#233;fier des cat&#233;gorisations simplistes. Le fait qu'une association ou une ONG ait pour mission l'aide aux migrants n'interdit pas qu'on interroge la dimension &#233;conomique de son activit&#233;. En t&#233;moigne l'exemple de la gestion chaotique des situations d'&#171; urgence humanitaire &#187; d&#233;cr&#233;t&#233;es en Italie, avec les abus qu'elle g&#233;n&#232;re de la part de plusieurs organisations qui ont trouv&#233; dans l'accueil des exil&#233;s arriv&#233;s par la mer une source de revenus inesp&#233;r&#233;e (voir l'article p. 14).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En France, une tendance marqu&#233;e &#224; la professionnalisation du secteur de l'accueil des demandeurs d'asile, combin&#233;e au recours croissant aux proc&#233;dures de march&#233; public ou &#224; la d&#233;l&#233;gation de service public dont b&#233;n&#233;ficient certaines associations pour prendre en charge cette mission, les a transform&#233;es, au cours des derni&#232;res ann&#233;es, en op&#233;rateurs z&#233;l&#233;s dont les logiques financi&#232;res prennent le pas sur la vocation humanitaire. Sur le m&#234;me mod&#232;le, un nouveau march&#233; est en train d'&#233;merger, concernant l'accueil des mineurs isol&#233;s &#233;trangers. Il s'agit de confier &#224; des associations le soin de mettre &#224; l'abri ces mineurs &#224; moindre co&#251;t, &#224; condition qu'elles sachent &#233;carter celles et ceux soup&#231;onn&#233;s de tricher sur leur &#226;ge ou la r&#233;alit&#233; de leur isolement en France. Ce n'est sans doute qu'un d&#233;but : si elles se concr&#233;tisent, les formules &#233;voqu&#233;es par les pouvoirs publics dans le domaine des &#171; alternatives &#224; la r&#233;tention &#187; pour les &#233;trangers frapp&#233;s par une mesure d'&#233;loignement (assignation &#224; r&#233;sidence &#171; en centre ouvert ou semi-ouvert &#187;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb18&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Lors des r&#233;unions de concertation organis&#233;es par le secr&#233;tariat g&#233;n&#233;ral &#224; (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh18&#034;&gt;18&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, accompagnement au retour et aide &#224; la &#171; construction d'un projet de vie dans le pays d'origine &#187;), tout comme l'id&#233;e de cr&#233;er des centres &#171; semi-ferm&#233;s &#187; pour les demandeurs d'asile d&#233;bout&#233;s&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb19&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Val&#233;rie L&#233;tard, Jean-Louis Touraine, Rapport sur la r&#233;forme de l'asile, 28 (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh19&#034;&gt;19&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, ouvrent un boulevard pour les sp&#233;cialistes du business humanitaire qui sont d&#233;j&#224; sur les rangs.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;hr /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_notes'&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb1&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 1&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&#171; Les passeurs : tous les m&#234;mes ? &#187; in Cette France l&#224;, 2, La D&#233;couverte, 2010.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&#171; &#192; chacun le sien... Recension de vautours qui se font du fric avec la machine &#224; expulser, infokiosques.net, 2009.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir par exemple Evelyne Ritaine, &#171; La barri&#232;re et le checkpoint : mise en politique de l'asym&#233;trie &#187;, Cultures et conflits n&#176; 73, printemps 2009.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;VE 144 | septembre 2013&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Migrations magazine, n&#176; 9, hiver 2012-2013&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb6&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh6&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 6&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Causes communes n&#176; 80, avril 2014&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb7&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh7&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 7&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Marc Bernardot, Sylvie Mazzella, &#171; Privatisation et nouveaux acteurs du champ des mobilit&#233;s migratoires : une introduction &#187;, Ve congr&#232;s de l'Association fran&#231;aise de sociologie, 2-5 septembre 2013&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb8&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh8&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 8&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Fanny Bertrand, &#171; Les nouvelles &#034;fronti&#232;res&#034; du contr&#244;le de l'&#233;tranger. Territorialisation et privatisation de l'accueil des mineurs isol&#233;s &#233;trangers en France &#187;, ibid.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb9&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh9&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 9&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Antiatlas des fronti&#232;res, colloque international, 30 septembre-2 octobre 2013&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb10&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh10&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 10&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Ruben Hernandez-Leon, The Migration Industry in the Mexico-U.S. Migratory System, On-Line Working Paper Series, California Center for Population Research, 2005.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb11&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh11&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 11&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;David Kyle, Zai Liang, Migration Merchants : Human Smuggling form Ecuador and China, Working Paper 43, CCIS, University of California, 2001&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb12&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh12&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 12&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;John Salt, Jeremy Stein, &#171; Migration as a Business : The Case of Trafficking &#187;, International Migration, Vol. 35, 1997&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb13&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh13&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 13&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;13&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Christine Bacon, The evolution of immigration detention in the UK : the involvment of private prisons companies, RSC Working Paper n&#176; 27, University of Oxford, 2005&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb14&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh14&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 14&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;14&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Louis Joinet, Mes raisons d'&#201;tat, La D&#233;couverte, 2013.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb15&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh15&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 15&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;15&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Ben Hayes, NeoConopticon. The EU-security complex, rapport de Statewatch et du Transnational Institute, 2009&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb16&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh16&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 16&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;16&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;IRIN, &#171; Les soci&#233;t&#233;s de s&#233;curit&#233; priv&#233;e prosp&#232;rent &#224; mesure que le nombre des migrants augmente &#187;, mars 2014&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb17&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh17&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 17&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;17&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Thomas Gammeltoft-Hansen, Ninna Nyberg Sorensen,The Migration Industry and the Commercialization of International Migration, Routledge, 2013&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb18&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh18&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 18&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;18&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Lors des r&#233;unions de concertation organis&#233;es par le secr&#233;tariat g&#233;n&#233;ral &#224; l'immigration et &#224; l'int&#233;gration au sujet de la zone d'attente et des alterna- tives &#224; la r&#233;tention au printemps 2013&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb19&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh19&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 19&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;19&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Val&#233;rie L&#233;tard, Jean-Louis Touraine, Rapport sur la r&#233;forme de l'asile, 28 novembre 2013&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Australie - Un pas en avant - deux pas en arri&#232;re</title>
		<link>https://migreurop.org/article1046.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://migreurop.org/article1046.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2006-04-26T14:39:00Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Amnesty International</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>Australie</dc:subject>

		<description>&lt;p&gt;Amnesty International appelle &#224; un blocage imm&#233;diat des propositions de lois visant &#224; sanctionner les demandeurs d'asile arrivant par la mer&lt;/p&gt;

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	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Australie : un r&#233;gime de d&#233;tention qui viole les droits humains internationaux</title>
		<link>https://migreurop.org/article1047.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://migreurop.org/article1047.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2005-06-29T14:46:00Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Amnesty International</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>Australie</dc:subject>

		<description>&lt;p&gt;La politique adopt&#233;e par l'Australie en mati&#232;re d'asile a un co&#251;t humain exorbitant : des enfants sont maintenus derri&#232;re des barbel&#233;s pendant des mois et les demandeurs d'asile d&#233;bout&#233;s ne pouvant &#234;tre renvoy&#233;s dans leur pays d'origine sont maintenus en d&#233;tention pour une dur&#233;e ind&#233;termin&#233;e.&lt;/p&gt;

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<item xml:lang="it">
		<title>le laboratoire Australie</title>
		<link>https://migreurop.org/article910.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://migreurop.org/article910.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2005-03-10T17:08:00Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>it</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Damian Spruce, Ilaria Vanni</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>Australie</dc:subject>

		<description>&lt;p&gt;exp&#233;rimentation de nouvelles pratiques&lt;/p&gt;

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	</item>
<item xml:lang="en">
		<title>Laboratorio Australia: Setting the benchmark for world's worst practice</title>
		<link>https://migreurop.org/article913.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://migreurop.org/article913.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2005-03-10T11:51:00Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>en</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Damian Spruce, Ilaria Vanni</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>Australie</dc:subject>

		<description>&lt;p&gt;experimentation of new practices&lt;/p&gt;

-
&lt;a href="https://migreurop.org/rubrique466.html" rel="directory"&gt;Archives&lt;/a&gt;

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&lt;a href="https://migreurop.org/mot29.html" rel="tag"&gt;Australie&lt;/a&gt;

		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;This month the British Government has announced the details of its new points-based system of migration management&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Travis, A. 2006 Immigration shakeup will bar most unskilled workers from (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-1&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;: the white paper &lt;i&gt;Making Migration Work for Britain&lt;/i&gt; was released on 7 March.&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Home Office 2006 A Points-Based System: Making Migration Work for Britain (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-2&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; The system consolidates over 80 different modes of work/study migration permits into a single test, based on the accumulation of points in relation to skills. It is divided into 5 tiers, from highly skilled down to students and unskilled workers and privileges those at the top end such as doctors and entrepreneurs.&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;BBC News 2006 Clarke defends immigration plan March 7,2006&#034; id=&#034;nh2-3&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; The new system follows in the footsteps of other points test immigration systems, such as those of Canada and most notably Australia. In fact the Australian system was the model at the centre of the debate on this issue when it was first raised by British Labour in the May 2005 election.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;But at the same time as the points system is being implemented in Britain, it is being questioned and changed in Australia. These changes are inextricably linked to the reform of the labour market which, together with immigration, the privatisation of universities, schools and the public health system, formed the new program of Australia's Coalition Government after its re-election in autumn 2004. The governing coalition is made up of just two parties, both of the reactionary right, the Liberal Party and the National Party. From July 2005 they have controlled the Senate through an absolute majority, along with the House of Representatives where they were already in power.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Immigration in Australia is divided into three principle sectors, in addition to which there is the humanitarian program covering refugee flows, asylum seekers and those in the humanitarian aid category. However this article will not deal with those in the humanitarian program.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The definition of migrant is itself regulated in a very precise taxonomy, articulated in three different typologies: first, the skilled migration stream - for migrants with specialised skills; family reunion - in which potential immigrants can be sponsored by a family relation who is an Australian citizen or a permanent resident; and special eligibility migrants, reserved for ex-Australian citizens who want to reacquire their citizenship, as well as for some citizens of New Zealand. The current government privileges the skilled migration stream on the thinking that, as one reads in an informative brochure from DIMA, attracting people with &#171;outstanding abilities... will contribute to the Australian economy.&#187;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs, Fact (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-4&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The current Minister for Immigration, Senator Amanda Vanstone, has explained how the skilled migration program is driven by industry: &#171;What we need to do with the immigration program is be responsive to needs, and that means get the people with the skills that industry needs and get them where industry is.&#187;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-5&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Stephanie Peating 2005, Union fury at tax lure for immigrants Sydney Morning (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-5&#034;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In the 2004-2005 year skilled migration amounted to 77,800 people, that is 65% of all migrants who arrived in Australia, against the 13,178 who arrived under the humanitarian program.&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-6&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs 2006, (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-6&#034;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Within these three principal categories there are other categories and subcategories. Some of these categories in the skilled migration stream work according to the point system and the accumulation of points. The proliferation of typologies is reflected also in the variety of visas given out under various categories which function in a progression from the temporary resident visas, such as the student visas or certain work visas like the working holiday visa or guest worker visas to the permanent resident visa, and up to citizenship itself. Only a few visas allow the completion of the cycle up to citizenship.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Both the points system and the variety of visas can be interpreted as a dematerialised version of border controls that regulate not only the entrance into the country but, once within the territory, operate as internal borders, producing a hierarchy in the type of participation allowed and access to the rights of citizenship. For example if a person succeeds in passing the points system exam, once in Australia she must wait two years before she can access forms of subsidy from welfare for citizens and permanent residents. Other types of visa, like those for the spouses of Australian citizens, are staggered in two years blocks with provisions that include the requirement of minute documentation of the couple's life.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A summary of the regulations of the points system is illuminating in helping to understand both how it functions in terms of border controls and its biopolitical aspects.&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-7&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See the Fact Sheets dedicated to Skilled Migration on the DIMA website&#034; id=&#034;nh2-7&#034;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Points are given based on particular characteristics of the applicant: skills, age, knowledge of the English language, experience in the type of work, professional or academic qualifications obtained in Australia, skills of his partner, bonuses for those who have investments of a minimum $100,000 (around 60,000 euro) in Australia, knowledge of a language spoken in the country, work experience in Australia, and for those who are sponsored by a citizen or Australian resident, the relationship with that citizen. The &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.immi.gov.au/allforms/booklets/1119.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;test&lt;/a&gt; is available on the DIMA website and functions like a game of monopoly.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;For each attribute certain points are given, for instance in the case of the &#171;skills&#187; section, 60 points will be given if the profession indicated requires professional knowledge, a degree and work experience, 50 points if the applicant possesses the equivalent of an Australian degree even if not connected with the profession indicated etc.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The system is complicated with the introduction of &#171;Occupations in Demand&#187; - that is those professions where there is a significant shortage in Australia, such as doctors and nurses but also cooks, electroplaters, mechanics, hairdressers, upholsterers and panel beaters. If the profession indicated is among those required, twenty points are earned if accompanied by a specific offer of work, 15 without. Further if one has three or four years' experience in the particular field of work, another 10 points are given, or five if the applicant has worked in another field.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In an analogous manner, points decrease according to one's age, with a maximum 30 points for the age group from 18 to 29 years to a minimum of 15 for the age group from 40 to 44 years. You can't migrate to Australia, in the General Skilled Migration stream at least, once you're 45. Knowledge of English brings another 20 points for those who speak it at the mother tongue level (established by another test, one of linguistic competence, the International English Language Testing System (IELTS)).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;We could continue the list of points to do with qualifications ad nauseam, but it's important to also note that, as well as the points accumulated in this system, one adds the state of health of the applicant and certificates that demonstrate that the person making the application is not disbarred from entry. Every migrant must put themselves through and pass a long series of medical exams to determine the state of their health. Some diseases, like tuberculosis, hepatitis and HIV/AIDS immediately disqualify the applicant from obtaining a visa, while other illnesses or particular conditions that might require care and therefore put a burden on government finances are subjected to scrutiny. Whenever the doctor decides that the costs associated with the disease could be too high, the migration application will be refused.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;One can therefore say that the points system is one of the more important &#171;filter functions of border controls&#187;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-8&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Den Boer 1995, &#034;Moving between Bogus and Bona Fide: The Policing of (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-8&#034;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; in the Australian immigration regime, and that its functioning depends on the application of biopolitical categories to the life of the immigrant population, both before and after their arrival in Australia. These categories include the medicalisation and the meticulous checking of the state of health, the languages spoken, the choice of whether to reside in metropolitan areas or rural and regional ones, knowledge of the language of one of the larger ethnic groups and so on.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The multiplication of these control filters enters into the dynamics described by the Canadian scholar William Walters according to which the biopolitical management of Western societies is displaced from the interior and occurs more and more at the borders of the nation-state. It happens through the control apparatuses that are developed alongside the borders themselves such as medical authorities, customs and immigration officials. It's important to note how these biopolitical spaces are not purely restrictive and repressive mechanisms but places where power itself is produced: borders can be understood as a privileged institutional site in which political authorities can acquire biopolitical data about their populations - their movements, health and wealth. In one sense, therefore, borders contribute to the production of the population as a knowable and governable entity.&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-9&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;William Walters 2005, &#171;Welcome to Schengenland&#187; in Sandro Mezzadra (a cura (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-9&#034;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The Australian points system in fact goes beyond this sense of the production of power and not only serves as a means of gathering information on the biopolitical constitution of the nation but allows the government to intervene directly in the constitution and the production of the population itself through the management and fine tuning of the regulatory filters, such as by changing the &#171;in demand&#187; occupations (that is, the most requested) or varying the categories of exams and the scores required.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In an analogous way, once admitted into Australia the biopolitical fabric of the immigrant population will be scrutinized and ordered through a statistical system which, for example, cross-references their linguistic skills with their country of origin, employment rate and income.&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-10&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs, (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-10&#034;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Considering borders only as systems of control facing the outside, oriented towards the international sphere, immigration and global flows, is to run the risk of not understanding the importance of borders in the governance and biopolitical composition of the nation's interior.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The points system, one reads on DIMA's website, was created to attract a labour force &#171;young, highly skilled and able to contribute quickly to Australia's economic growth&#187;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-11&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs, Fact (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-11&#034;&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, but as shown by what we have described here, the government makes use of a much greater number of criteria to regulate immigration flows. These instruments of biopower are linked, from the very start, to the development of the ideology of official multiculturalism of the Australian government. The points system started in 1973, between the last years of the &#171;White Australia Policy&#187;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-12&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs, Fact (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-12&#034;&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; and the beginning of the policy of multiculturalism under the Labor Government of Gough Whitlam (1972-75) and the Liberal one of Malcolm Fraser (1975-1983). This system can be seen as a progression from a politics of immigration based explicitly on race to one based on economics.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The Asia Pacific Migration Research Network has said of it: &#171;It is not discriminatory on racial, ethnic, religious or political criteria, but it does discriminate in favour of young, economically productive people who have been able to receive a good education. It tends to select either people from highly-developed countries or an elite from less-developed countries, thus encouraging the 'brain drain'.&#187;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-13&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Asia Pacific Migration Research Network 1995, Migration Issues in the Asia (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-13&#034;&gt;13&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;According to this system immigration is a way of importing economic resources into Australia according to whatever is needed at that particular moment, through highly qualified and culturally diverse people - a multiculturalism rooted in economic competition. The proof of this is in the recent announcement of the raising of the quota of skilled migrants in response to the fears of an economic slowdown in Australia.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Contrary to what one might think from reading the recent history of Australia, multiculturalism still remains one of the founding myths of the nation, a multiculturalism often articulated in terms not of difference but of cultural diversity. The semantic change between difference and diversity indicates a series of displacements and reconfigurations that signal a passage from a social system where meaning is produced through difference to one where this difference is no longer dynamic but presented as neutral.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The type of diversity at the centre of making the Australian nation is precisely defined, as explained in one of the principle objectives of Productive Diversity, the multicultural policy: &#171;benefits for all.&#187; This objective is implemented through a particular program called the Productive Diversity Program, the purpose of which is to &#171;encourage and support business to harness and capitalise on the talents of language and cultural diversity in the workplace and the community.&#187;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-14&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs, Fact (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-14&#034;&gt;14&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cultural diversity comes to be analysed according to its productivity in purely economic terms, on the basis of statistics that show that 29% of small businesses are in the ownership of people born overseas and that 25% of the labour force is born outside Australia. The cultural diversity of the Australian labour force thus becomes a resource on which business can draw for the development of internal markets oriented to specific consumers, that is ethnicities, and above all for access to the global markets. In the case of the internal market it is recognized that the significant proportion of 43% of the Australian population that is born overseas or that have at least one parent born overseas, a number that breaks apart the image of an internal homogeneous market and leads to the necessity of differentiating the products and services on offer. In the case of overseas trade, cultural diversity transforms Australia into a &#171;microcosm of the global marketplace&#187;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-15&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Ibid&#034; id=&#034;nh2-15&#034;&gt;15&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, in a context in which 12 out of 14 countries to which Australia exports are not Anglophone.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;To this is added a transformation in a post-Fordist sense of the Australian market, with an emphasis on the export of services rather than primary goods and the necessity of, on the one hand, acquiring more and more detailed and up-to-date information on specific markets in order to develop products that respond to particular needs, and on the other to develop capacities of reading, comprehending and communicating within those same markets. Immigration of skilled persons responds to the need to access at low cost these linguistic competencies, knowledge of specific markets, both in terms of laws and protocols and in terms of consumption trends, and contacts with transnational networks.&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-16&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Ibid&#034; id=&#034;nh2-16&#034;&gt;16&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ghassan Hage analyses the discourse of &#171;Productive Diversity&#187; introduced by the Labor Government of Paul Keating in 1992 around the White Fantasy of multiculturalism of the Australian state, through which the white Australians are able to manage ethnic groups as a productive resource.&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-17&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Ghassan Hage 1998, White Nation, Pluto Press, Sydney, pp.128-133&#034; id=&#034;nh2-17&#034;&gt;17&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cultures become goods and immigrant subjects become passive objects without citizenship: economically included but politically excluded. The power of this type of multiculturalism presented as &#171;Productive Diversity&#187;, as a factor of production within the new capitalist order and connected to Hardt and Negri's analysis of marketing: &#171;postmodern marketing valorises the differences of each commodity and each segment of the population, fashioning its strategies accordingly. Every difference is an opportunity.&#187;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-18&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Michael Hardt and Toni Negri 2000, Empire, Harvard University Press, p.149&#034; id=&#034;nh2-18&#034;&gt;18&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This system is currently being contested with what could be unexpected results, and the challenge comes from the system's own sources of production. The protagonists of this challenge are the fruit growers of an area of eastern Australian called the Riverina, many of whom are second-generation immigrants who arrived many decades ago, politically aligned to the National Party, one of the two parties in the Coalition Government,. Traditionally fruit picking was done by labourers and their families and in more recent times by young people (under 26 years), tourists in Australia with working holiday visas, the so-called backpackers.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The continual casualization of the labour market, according to current estimates at 27.6%&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-19&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Iain Campbell Casual Work and Casualization: How Does Australia Compare? (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-19&#034;&gt;19&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; , has lead in recent years to an abundance of &#171;immaterial&#187; jobs on short term contracts in Australian cities. The young tourists that up to a few years ago did seasonal work in the fruit harvest now fill many of these positions: better conditions of work and salaries, more flexibility and choice have led to the disappearance of backpackers from the orchards of the Riverina.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The farmers have successfully requested a review of the law on skilled migration, to include also workers without specific skills, who after having been &#171;imported&#187; from China, or other countries in Asia or the Pacific can work on short-term contracts in fruit picking. This demand, apparently innocuous, intersects with the reforms on union accords enacted recently by the Coalition Government. One of the reforms provides for a federal accord in the place of the current state accords that regulate among other things minimum wages, still calculated on the cost of living and not by market forces.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;At the moment if workers from South East Asian countries and China come into Australia on contracts they would be on a contract with Australian working conditions, including a minimum wage included, a reverse process to that of the global capital that reproduces &#171;Third Worlds&#187;, consequently casualizing and reducing minimum wages within countries of advanced development. This, in theory, could lead to the possibility of a new class of workers without specific skills capable of moving in transnational networks following the demands of the market.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Negotiations between the government, which has announced an increase in the number of skilled workers in response to a lack of economic growth, and the growers are not yet finalized. In October 2005 the Foreign Minister for Papua New Guinea and other leaders from Pacific nations lobbied hard at the Pacific Islands Forum for Australia to open its doors to seasonal workers from their countries.&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-20&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;ABC News Online 2005 Seasonal work no solution to Pacific unemployment: PM (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-20&#034;&gt;20&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; The proposal was rejected by Australian Prime Minister John Howard, but support for a seasonal worker scheme remains strong among the fruit growers of the Riverina and many other parts of the agricultural sector in Australia.&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-21&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;ABC Rural 2005 Disappointment over PM's rejection of Pacific labour October (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-21&#034;&gt;21&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; The Pacific nations continue to press their case, and now a Senate Inquiry is touring rural Australia investigating labour shortages and the possibility of a seasonal worker program.&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-22&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Parliament of Australia, Senate 2006 Inquiry into Pacific Region seasonal (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-22&#034;&gt;22&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; In the meantime DIMA has reformed the working holiday visa to give more generous terms to those who agree to do seasonal agricultural work (such as the opportunity to apply for a second visa once the first one expires)&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-23&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Vanstone 2005 Working Holiday Maker Visa - Meeting the Needs of Growers (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-23&#034;&gt;23&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; in an attempt to try to win back some of the old backpacker workforce in this area. The Senate Inquiry will give its report in August 2006 -the spectre of migration continues to haunt Australia (and the world).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Ilaria Vanni works at the Institute for International Studies, University of Technology, Sydney. Her research interests include the analysis of the multicultural and transcultural discourse especially in relation to visual cultures. Email: &lt;a href=&#034;mailto:ilaria.vanni@uts.edu.au&#034; class=&#034;spip_mail&#034;&gt;ilaria.vanni@uts.edu.au&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Damian Spruce is a lawyer and political consultant. He is currently undertaking doctoral research at the Institute of International Studies of the University of Technology, Sydney. His research is on the influence of the Australian government's Pacific Solution on European politics and in particular on the recent agreements between Italy and Libya on border control. Email: &lt;a href=&#034;mailto:damian.spruce@studio.unibo.it&#034; class=&#034;spip_mail&#034;&gt;damian.spruce@studio.unibo.it&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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		&lt;div class='rss_notes'&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-1&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 2-1&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Travis, A. 2006 &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.guardian.co.uk/immigration/story/0,,1725962,00.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Immigration shakeup will bar most unskilled workers from outside EU&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;The Guardian&lt;/i&gt;, March 8, 2006&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-2&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 2-2&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Home Office 2006 &lt;a href=&#034;http://press.homeoffice.gov.uk/press-releases/points-based-migration?version=1&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;A Points-Based System: Making Migration Work for Britain&lt;/a&gt; press release March7, 2006&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 2-3&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;BBC News 2006 &lt;a href=&#034;http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4781030.stm&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Clarke defends immigration plan&lt;/a&gt; March 7,2006&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-4&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 2-4&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs, &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.immi.gov.au/facts/24overview_skilled.htm&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Fact Sheet 24 Overview of Skilled Migration to Australia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-5&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-5&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 2-5&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Stephanie Peating 2005, &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2005/03/06/1110044257100.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Union fury at tax lure for immigrants&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Sydney Morning Herald&lt;/i&gt;, March 7, 2006&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-6&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-6&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 2-6&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs 2006, &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.dimia.gov.au/statistics/publications/popflows2004_5/ch2pt1.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Population Flows: Immigration Aspects 2004-05 Edition&lt;/a&gt;, February 20, 2006&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-7&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-7&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 2-7&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See the &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.immi.gov.au/facts/24overview_skilled.htm&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Fact Sheets dedicated to Skilled Migration&lt;/a&gt; on the DIMA website&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-8&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-8&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 2-8&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Den Boer 1995, &#034;Moving between Bogus and Bona Fide: The Policing of Inclusion and Exclusion in Europe&#034;, in Miles R., Thr&#228;nhardt D. (eds) &lt;i&gt;Migration and European Integration: The Dynamics of Inclusion and Exclusion&lt;/i&gt;, Pinter, London, 92&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-9&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-9&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 2-9&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;William Walters 2005, &#171;Welcome to Schengenland&#187; in Sandro Mezzadra (a cura di) &lt;i&gt;I confini della libert&#224;: per un'analisi politica delle migrazioni contemporanee&lt;/i&gt; DeriveApprodi, Roma, 68-69&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-10&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-10&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 2-10&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs, &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.dimia.gov.au/statistics/publications/index.htm&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Statistical Focus - 2001 Classification of Countries into English Proficiency Groups&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-11&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-11&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 2-11&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs, &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.immi.gov.au/facts/24overview_skilled.htm&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Fact Sheet 24: Overview of Skilled Migration to Australia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-12&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-12&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 2-12&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs, &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.immi.gov.au/facts/08abolition.htm&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Fact Sheet 8: Abolition of the &#034;White Australia&#034; Policy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-13&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-13&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 2-13&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;13&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Asia Pacific Migration Research Network 1995, Migration Issues in the Asia Pacific: &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.unesco.org/most/apmrnwp5.htm&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Issues Paper from Australia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-14&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-14&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 2-14&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;14&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs, &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.immi.gov.au/facts/07productive.htm&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Fact sheet 7: Productive Diversity, Australia's Competitive Advantage&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-15&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-15&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 2-15&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;15&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Ibid&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-16&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-16&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 2-16&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;16&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Ibid&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-17&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-17&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 2-17&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;17&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Ghassan Hage 1998, &lt;i&gt;White Nation&lt;/i&gt;, Pluto Press, Sydney, pp.128-133&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-18&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-18&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 2-18&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;18&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Michael Hardt and Toni Negri 2000, &lt;i&gt;Empire&lt;/i&gt;, Harvard University Press, p.149&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-19&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-19&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 2-19&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;19&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Iain Campbell &lt;a href=&#034;http://mams.rmit.edu.au/xz2hugios8hx1.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Casual Work and Casualization: How Does Australia Compare?&lt;/a&gt; paper presented at the conference &lt;i&gt;Work Interrupted: Casual and Insecure Employment in Australia&lt;/i&gt;, Melbourne, 2004&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-20&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-20&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 2-20&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;20&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;ABC News Online 2005 &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200510/s1492230.htm&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Seasonal work no solution to Pacific unemployment: PM&lt;/a&gt; October 26, 2005&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-21&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-21&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 2-21&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;21&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;ABC Rural 2005 &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.abc.net.au/rural/wa/content/2005/s1493164.htm&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Disappointment over PM's rejection of Pacific labour&lt;/a&gt; October 28, 2005, and ABC Rural 2006 &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.abc.net.au/rural/qld/content/2006/s1594300.htm&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Pacific solution for farmers&lt;/a&gt; March 17, 2005&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-22&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-22&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 2-22&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;22&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Parliament of Australia, &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.aph.gov.au/Senate/committee/eet_ctte/contract_labour/index.htm&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Senate 2006 Inquiry into Pacific Region seasonal contract labour&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-23&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-23&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 2-23&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;23&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Vanstone 2005 &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.minister.immi.gov.au/media_releases/media05/v05134.htm&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Working Holiday Maker Visa - Meeting the Needs of Growers&lt;/a&gt; October 31, 2005&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		</content:encoded>


		

	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Australie</title>
		<link>https://migreurop.org/article33.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://migreurop.org/article33.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2004-04-30T22:00:00Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		


		<dc:subject>Australie</dc:subject>

		<description>&lt;p&gt;L'Australie, ses camps et sa &lt;i&gt;Pacific solution &lt;/i&gt; : un laboratoire&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;a href="https://migreurop.org/mot29.html" rel="tag"&gt;Australie&lt;/a&gt;

		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;i&gt;G&#233;n&#233;ralit&#233;s&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;L'Australie est r&#233;guli&#232;rement condamn&#233;e par des instances nationales et internationales pour les conditions inhumaines qui pr&#233;valent dans les 6 camps militairement &#233;quip&#233;s o&#249;, selon une loi de 1994 unique au monde, les immigrants sans visa sont imm&#233;diatement intern&#233;s, pour une dur&#233;e ind&#233;termin&#233;e et sans acc&#232;s aux droits. Les bateaux de clandestins sont arraisonn&#233;s par les troupes sp&#233;ciales de l'arm&#233;e.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;4 novembre 2003&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br class='manualbr' /&gt;l'Australie prend en urgence des mesures ad hoc (exclusion de l'&#238;le de Melville et de 4.000 il&#244;ts du territoire australien) pour ne pas y appliquer les lois sur l'immigration (ces lois sont de toute fa&#231;on une horreur) : 14 &lt;i&gt;boat people &lt;/i&gt; kurdes ne pourront donc pas avoir recours au syst&#232;me judiciaire et demander le droit d'asile. Leur embarcation a &#233;t&#233; reconduite en Indon&#233;sie sous escorte de la marine australienne. Amanda Vanstone ne le c&#232;de en rien &#224; Philipp Ruddock, auquel elle a succ&#233;d&#233; le mois dernier comme ministre de l'immigration.&lt;br class='manualbr' /&gt;La France ne proc&#232;de pas autrement quand elle soumet &#224; un statut r&#233;glementaire sp&#233;cial une partie de son territoire (en particulier Polyn&#233;sie, Mayotte, etc.) pour l'application des lois r&#233;gissant l'entr&#233;e et le s&#233;jour des &#233;trangers)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;strong&gt;La gestion des camps australiens est privatis&#233;e&lt;/strong&gt; : apr&#232;s avoir &#233;t&#233; confi&#233;e &#224; Australasian Correctional Management (ACM), elle vient de passer &#224; Group4 Falck &lt;br class='manualbr' /&gt;ACM &#233;tait une filiale de WCC, filiale du g&#233;ant am&#233;ricain Wackenhut, jusqu'&#224; ce que Group 4 Falck ach&#232;te The Wackenhut Corporation en mai 2002. Confusing, isn'it...&lt;br class='manualbr' /&gt;Group 4 Falck est le second groupe mondial de services de s&#233;curit&#233;, op&#233;rant dans plus de 80 pays, avec plus de 230.000 employ&#233;s (662 en Australie) et un chiffre d'affaires de 4,2 milliards d'euros&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; Une vid&#233;o &#224; charger sur les camps australiens : &lt;a href=&#034;ftp://italy.indymedia.org/australia/holiday_camp/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034;&gt;Holiday camp&lt;/a&gt; &lt;strong&gt;attention&lt;/strong&gt; : il est n&#233;cessaire d'avoir une connexion c&#226;ble...&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; Voir le &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.gisti.org/doc/actions/2002/australie/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;dossier du Gisti&lt;/a&gt; (f&#233;vrier 2002)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;i&gt;Presse&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;a href=&#034;http://article.gmane.org/gmane.politics.activism.zpajol/12429&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;L'Australie se prive de ses &#238;les pour &#233;viter les boat people&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Le Monde &lt;/i&gt;, 6 novembre 2003&lt;br class='manualbr' /&gt;&lt;i&gt;Presse anglophone&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.voanews.com/article.cfm?objectID=41A0690D-CDC3-45C3-A3DBE02BF2F7D66B&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;The Australian navy has escorted a boat carrying 14 suspected asylum seekers&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
back to Indonesia, where the group is now being held by local police&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Voice of America&lt;/i&gt;, 9 novembre 2003 (article en anglais)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;a href=&#034;http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/3250899.stm&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Australian asylum ruling backed&lt;/a&gt; BBC News, UK 7 novembre 2003 Australia's upper house of parliament, the Senate, rejected the attempt by the Green Party to have the new law overturned (article en anglais)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,4057,7786759%255E1702,00.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Indonesian officials today said they were awaiting a possible request from&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Australia to take back a boatload of asylum seekers in limbo off Melville&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Island&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;news.com.au&lt;/i&gt;, 5/11/03 (article en anglais)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/11/06/1068013313954.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Process asylum seekers, UN tells Australia&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;The Age &lt;/i&gt; 5/11/03 (article en anglais)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/11/04/1067708214253.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;New asylum seekers denied courts&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;The Age &lt;/i&gt; 4/11/03 (article en anglais)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;i&gt;Points de vue et rapports&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; Lire le rapport de visite en Australie (24 mai-6 juin 2002) du Groupe de travail sur la d&#233;tention arbitraire de la Commission des droits de l'homme de l'ONU : &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G02/153/91/PDF/G0215391.pdf?OpenElement&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Civil and political rights, including the question of torture and detention - Report of the Working group on arbitrary detention - visit to Australia&lt;/a&gt; &#187; (Pr&#233;sident-Rapporteur : Louis Joinet)&lt;br class='manualbr' /&gt;(document en anglais, pdf, 78 Ko, 20 p)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; r&#233;ponse du gouvernement australien au rapport Joinet &lt;br class='manualbr' /&gt;Philip Ruddock (alors ministre de l'int&#233;rieur australien) a r&#233;pondu point par point aux mises en cause du repr&#233;sentant de l'ONU. Il nie existence d'un &#171; &#233;tat de d&#233;pression collective &#187;. &#171; Certains cas isol&#233;s sont &#224; noter &#187;, admet-il, &#171; mais, pour la plupart, les d&#233;tenus utilisent l'auto-mutilation pour influencer le traitement de leur demande d'asile &#187;. En ce qui concerne la longueur des d&#233;tentions, M. Ruddock &#233;voque le manque de coop&#233;ration de certains d&#233;tenus qui refusent de donner tous leurs documents d'identification. &#171; Quand &#224; la proc&#233;dure d'appel, elle d&#233;pend du syst&#232;me judiciaire et n'est plus de la comp&#233;tence du gouvernement &#187;, pr&#233;cise-t-il. Sur le cas des enfants intern&#233;s, le ministre reconna&#238;t la pr&#233;sence de 14 mineurs non-accompagn&#233;s. &#171; La question est de savoir si l'on maintient en d&#233;tention des adultes arriv&#233;s sans leurs enfants tandis qu'on lib&#232;re ceux qui ont pris le risque d'emmener leur enfants avec eux ? &#187;, s'interroge-t-il. A propos de la gestion des centres, Philip Ruddock rejette l'ensemble des critiques et exclut toute modification du mode de fonctionnement actuel.&lt;br class='manualbr' /&gt;Quant &#224; Alexander Downer, ministre des affaires &#233;trang&#232;res, il d&#233;clare &#171; Whatever the rights or wrongs of these issues, we'll decide them ourselves, not have bureaucrats in Geneva decide them for us. &#187; (lire dans la &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/stories/s575807.htm&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;retranscription d'une &#233;mission de la t&#233;l&#233;vision australienne du 6/6/02&lt;/a&gt; les propos de Louis Joinet, Philip Ruddock et Alexander Downer)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; Voir le &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.ombudsman.gov.au/publications_information/Annual_Reports/ar2001-02/04immigration.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;chapitre immigration&lt;/a&gt; du rapport 2001-2002 de l'Ombudsman du Commonwealth australien (document en anglais, pdf, 164 ko)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;i&gt;Amnesty International&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
&lt;a href=&#034;http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/engasa120092002&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Offending human dignity - the ''Pacific Solution&#034;&lt;/a&gt; (26/8/02 - article en anglais)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;i&gt;AI Australie&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
&lt;a href=&#034;http://www.amnesty.com.au/refugees/ref-fact07.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;MV Tampa and the Pacific Solution&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
(article en anglais)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;i&gt;Oxfam&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
&lt;a href=&#034;http://www.caa.org.au/campaigns/refugees/pacificsolution/adriftinthepacific_OCAA.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Adrift in the Pacific - The Implications of Australia's Pacific Refugee Solution&lt;/a&gt; (f&#233;vrier 2002 - document en anglais, pdf, 187 ko)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;http://www.caa.org.au/campaigns/refugees/still_drifting/still_drifting.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Still Drifting : Australia's Pacific Solution becomes &#034;A Pacific Nightmare&#034;&lt;/a&gt; (ao&#251;t 2002 - document en anglais, pdf, 364 ko)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;i&gt;Human Rights Watch&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
&lt;a href=&#034;http://hrw.org/reports/2002/australia/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;By Invitation Only&lt;/a&gt; -report on Pacific Solution, 2002 (document en anglais)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;i&gt;Le point de vue du minist&#232;re de l'Immigration australien&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
&lt;a href=&#034;http://www.minister.immi.gov.au/faq/illegalmigration.htm&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Illegal migration myths - the real facts&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
(article en anglais)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;http://www.minister.immi.gov.au/borders/index.htm&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Border protection&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
(article en anglais)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; Un &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.scoop.co.nz/mason/stories/WO0306/S00275.htm&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;papier de AustHumanRights&lt;/a&gt; qui, apr&#232;s avoir donn&#233; la substantifique du rapport et de la lettre ouverte d'AI, explique aux australiens le projet anglais et fait d'int&#233;ressantes comparaisons avec la &lt;i&gt;Pacific solution&lt;/i&gt; (article en anglais)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;i&gt;Sans oublier les enfants&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; La Haute-Cour australienne annule un jugement de la Cour de la famille qui d&#233;clarait ill&#233;gal le maintien en d&#233;tention d'enfants demandeurs d'asile (29/4/04)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/06/27/1056683909875.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Peter Costello, ministre des finances du Commonwealth australien&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt; (28/6/03)&lt;br class='manualbr' /&gt;Mr Costello also spoke about the Government's policy of keeping asylum-seeker children in detention. He said no one liked to see it, but the alternative of separating youngsters from their families was also undesirable.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;i&gt;Woomera&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les parlementaires Verts australiens viennent de demander l'&lt;a href=&#034;http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/3042961.stm&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;ouverture d'une enqu&#234;te&lt;/a&gt; sur les brutalit&#233;s de l'administration du camp de Woomera (20/5/03 - article en anglais).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;i&gt;Sources d'infos sur les camps, les politiques australiennes et les actions&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br class='manualbr' /&gt;&lt;i&gt;indiqu&#233;es par nos amis de noborder Australie&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.antimedia.net/nooneisillegal/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;no one is illegal - Melbourne&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.antimedia.net/xborder/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;xborder&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;a href=&#034;http://melbourne.indymedia.org/features/borders/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;http://melbourne.indymedia.org/features/borders/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.rac-vic.org/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;http://www.rac-vic.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;a href=&#034;http://antimedia.net/nooneisillegal&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;http://antimedia.net/nooneisillegal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.westnet.com.au/jackhsmit/nada1.htm&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;http://www.westnet.com.au/jackhsmit/nada1.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.hopecaravan.com/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;http://www.hopecaravan.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.ruralaustraliansforrefugees.org/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;http://www.ruralaustraliansforrefugees.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.antimedia.net/desertstorm/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;http://www.antimedia.net/desertstorm/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.baxterwatch.net/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;http://www.baxterwatch.net/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;a href=&#034;http://home.vicnet.net.au/~mdwatch/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;http://home.vicnet.net.au/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;http://home.vicnet.net.au/&lt;/a&gt;~mdwatch/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.nauruwire.org/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;http://www.nauruwire.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;a href=&#034;http://members.optusnet.com.au/hazara/manus.htm&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;http://members.optusnet.com.au/hazara/manus.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.porthedland.nomasters.org/index.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;http://www.porthedland.nomasters.org/index.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.ajustaustralia.com/home.php&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;http://www.ajustaustralia.com/home.php&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.boat-people.org/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;http://www.boat-people.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
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	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Australie : Des enfants dans les camps de demandeurs d'asile.</title>
		<link>https://migreurop.org/article507.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://migreurop.org/article507.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2004-04-28T22:00:00Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		


		<dc:subject>Australie</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Enfermement</dc:subject>

		<description>&lt;p&gt;La Haute-Cour australienne a annul&#233; un jugement de la Cour de la famille qui d&#233;clarait ill&#233;gal le maintien en d&#233;tention d'enfants &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
demandeurs d'asile&lt;/p&gt;

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 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;http://www.emedia.com.my/Current_News/NST/Friday/World/20040430072422/Article/indexb_html&gt;&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;http://www.emedia.com.my/Current_Ne...&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;SYDNEY : Court overrules release of child asylum seekers&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Australia's High Court backed the government's tough policy on &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
illegal immigrants today by overruling a lower court decision that &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
the mandatory detention of child asylum seekers was illegal.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In a landmark ruling, the High Court unanimously allowed an appeal by &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
the immigration ministry against the release last year of five &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
siblings from a South Australian detention centre on orders of the &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
country's Family Court.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
The Family Court ruled in June that the government's policy of &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
indefinitely detaining child asylum seekers violated UN conventions &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
and it ordered the release of the five siblings, who were freed in &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
August.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
The government immediately appealed the ruling, which could have led &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
to the release of more than 100 children from detention centres.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
The High Court today ruled that the Family Court did not have the &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
jurisdiction either to free the five children or issue orders &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
concerning the general welfare of children held in immigration &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
detention.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
The judges agreed with the immigration ministry that Australia's &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Migrant Act, which provides for the mandatory detention of illegal &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
noncitizens, included children.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
&#034;So far as Australian law was concerned, the respondent children were &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
therefore lawfully detained,&#034; their judgment said.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Lawyers for the family of the five children at the centre of the &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
court case said they would seek a federal court injunction against &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
their return to detention.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
The five, two boys and three girls aged seven to 12, have been living &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
in the South Australian capital of Adelaide. Their identities cannot &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
be revealed.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
The conservative government of Prime Minister John Howard has &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
detained hundreds of asylum seekers of all ages in remote camps in &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Australia and the Pacific as part of a tough three-year-old policy &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
designed to discourage illegal immigration.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Under the policy all asylum seekers face mandatory detention pending &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
sometimes lengthy legal reviews of their status and eventual &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
deportation.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
The practice has been repeatedly condemned by the United Nations and &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
human rights groups, notably over its inclusion of children. - AFP&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
		</content:encoded>


		

	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Nauru - la Pacific solution</title>
		<link>https://migreurop.org/article382.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://migreurop.org/article382.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2004-02-29T23:00:00Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		


		<dc:subject>Australie</dc:subject>

		<description>&lt;p&gt;Depuis l'affaire du &lt;i&gt;Tampa,&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

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 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;i&gt;Nauru, un laboratoire ?&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;21km2, 12 000 habitants, une route principale, 4000km au NE de Sydney. Les mines de phosphate (&#233;puis&#233;es en 2005) qui lui ont valu le surnom de &#171; Kowe&#239;t du Pacifique sud &#187; l'ont transform&#233;e en une d&#233;charge toxique. 400 banques offshore blanchissent l'argent de la mafia russe et l'OCDE l'a mise sur sa &#171; liste grise &#187;. La R&#233;publique de Nauru a touch&#233; entre 2001 et 2003 une manne de 15M euros d&#233;vers&#233;e au titre de la &#171; &lt;i&gt;Pacific solution &lt;/i&gt; &#187; australienne, qui transf&#232;re dans les camps de Nauru et de Papouasie Nouvelle-Guin&#233;e les r&#233;fugi&#233;s interdits d'acc&#232;s sur le continent. Les camps de Nauru sont g&#233;r&#233;s par l'OIM (le HCR y a examin&#233; les dossiers jusqu'en 2002).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Un rapport du 12/8/03 de la Commission des affaires &#233;trang&#232;res, du commerce et de la d&#233;fense du S&#233;nat australien recommande entre autres la fin des camps de Nauru et de Papouasie-Nouvelle Guin&#233;e. Le ministre de l'immigration Philip Ruddock r&#233;pond qu'il n'en est pas question et que la Pacific solution est un grand succ&#232;s qui a permis &#224; l'Australie d'&#233;conomiser des centaines de millions de dollars : &#171; It hasn't failed, it has worked and it has worked exceedingly well &#187;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Mars 2003 : l'Australie et le gouvernement de Nauru signent un nouvel accord de 13,7M euros pour poursuivre les camps de Nauru jusqu'au moins juin 2005.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
&lt;a href=&#034;http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/03/05/1078464638768.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;The Age &lt;/i&gt; du 6/3/04&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/08/13/1060588450102.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;The Age &lt;/i&gt;du 13/8/03&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
(article en anglais)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.aph.gov.au/Senate/committee/fadt_ctte/png/report/index.htm&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;le rapport du S&#233;nat&lt;/a&gt; - voir les recommandations - (document en anglais)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.noborder.org/iom/display.php?id=254&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;situation in the nauru detention center&lt;/a&gt; , noborder (18 mai 2003 - article en anglais)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.noborder.org/iom/display.php?id=157&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Australia and Nauru&lt;/a&gt; , noborder (9 octobre 2002 - article en anglais)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
		</content:encoded>


		

	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>La criminalisation des r&#233;fugi&#233;s en Australie (Plein Droit n&#176;58)</title>
		<link>https://migreurop.org/article375.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://migreurop.org/article375.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2003-11-30T23:00:00Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Eva Le Pallec</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>Australie</dc:subject>

		<description>&lt;p&gt;Si l'immigration est la base de la construction de la soci&#233;t&#233; australienne, elle est aussi la source d'un conflit majeur.&lt;/p&gt;

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<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>L'asile aux antipodes</title>
		<link>https://migreurop.org/article471.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://migreurop.org/article471.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2002-02-28T23:00:00Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Philippe Rivi&#232;re</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>Australie</dc:subject>

		<description>&lt;p&gt;le mot aborig&#232;ne &#171; woomera &#187; d&#233;signe l'outil utilis&#233; pour chasser le kangourou dans le d&#233;sert central de l'Australie. Dans le d&#233;sert australien, &#224; 500km au nord d'Ad&#233;la&#239;de, Woomera est tout &#224; la fois centre d'essais de tir de missiles, centre d'essais atomiques, pas de tir pour le lanceur spatial europ&#233;en Ariane, site de stockage de d&#233;chets nucl&#233;aires, et camp d'internement pour r&#233;fugi&#233;s et migrants (ferm&#233; en 2003)&lt;/p&gt;

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