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<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Chantage dans les Balkans : comment l'UE externalise ses politiques d'asile</title>
		<link>https://migreurop.org/article3046.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://migreurop.org/article3046.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2021-06-01T17:33:00Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		


		<dc:subject>Externalisation</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Militarisation des fronti&#232;res</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Politiques migratoires</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Surveillance et contr&#244;le</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Albanie</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Serbie</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Mac&#233;doine</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Le d&#233;veloppement d'un syst&#232;me de collecte de donn&#233;es des personnes exil&#233;es dans les Balkans illustre l'orientation globale des politiques migratoires de l'Union europ&#233;enne (UE) : externaliser la gestion des migrations &#224; tout prix, au d&#233;triment de l'accueil. Pour tenir &#224; distance celles et ceux qu'elle consid&#232;re comme &#171; ind&#233;sirables &#187;, l'UE irait-elle jusqu'&#224; &#233;tendre le m&#233;canisme Dublin (d&#233;terminant l'Etat responsable de la demande d'asile) au-del&#224; de ses fronti&#232;res, au risque d'aggraver (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="https://migreurop.org/rubrique482.html" rel="directory"&gt;Actualit&#233;s des membres&lt;/a&gt;

/ 
&lt;a href="https://migreurop.org/mot168.html" rel="tag"&gt;Externalisation&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://migreurop.org/mot174.html" rel="tag"&gt;Militarisation des fronti&#232;res&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://migreurop.org/mot194.html" rel="tag"&gt;Politiques migratoires&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://migreurop.org/mot195.html" rel="tag"&gt;Surveillance et contr&#244;le&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://migreurop.org/mot182.html" rel="tag"&gt;Albanie&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://migreurop.org/mot199.html" rel="tag"&gt;Serbie&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://migreurop.org/mot196.html" rel="tag"&gt;Mac&#233;doine&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://migreurop.org/mot31.html" rel="tag"&gt;Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine&lt;/a&gt;

		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='https://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L150xH123/arton3046-702c7.jpg?1717937403' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='150' height='123' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Le d&#233;veloppement d'un syst&#232;me de collecte de donn&#233;es des personnes exil&#233;es dans les Balkans illustre l'orientation globale des politiques migratoires de l'Union europ&#233;enne (UE) : externaliser la gestion des migrations &#224; tout prix, au d&#233;triment de l'accueil. Pour tenir &#224; distance celles et ceux qu'elle consid&#232;re comme &#171; ind&#233;sirables &#187;, l'UE irait-elle jusqu'&#224; &#233;tendre le m&#233;canisme Dublin (d&#233;terminant l'Etat responsable de la demande d'asile) au-del&#224; de ses fronti&#232;res, au risque d'aggraver encore un peu plus les violations de droits le long de la route des Balkans ? &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Dublin : l'&#233;chec de la solidarit&#233; europ&#233;enne&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#171; Nous allons abolir le r&#232;glement de Dublin et le remplacer par un nouveau syst&#232;me europ&#233;en de gouvernance de la migration (&#8230;). Il y aura un nouveau m&#233;canisme fort de solidarit&#233; &#187; . Ainsi s'exprimait la cheffe de l'ex&#233;cutif europ&#233;en Ursula von der Leyen en septembre 2020, une semaine avant la pr&#233;sentation par la Commission europ&#233;enne de son nouveau pacte sur la migration et l'asile.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Abolir le r&#232;glement Dublin et davantage de solidarit&#233; : deux promesses a priori bienvenues dans une Europe en pleine crise de l'accueil. De fait, le r&#232;glement Dublin essuie depuis plusieurs ann&#233;es d'&#226;pres critiques. Pr&#233;voyant que, sauf crit&#232;res familiaux, le pays responsable de l'examen de la demande d'asile soit le premier &#201;tat membre europ&#233;en foul&#233;, et dans lequel les empreintes digitales ont &#233;t&#233; collect&#233;es, Dublin fait peser de mani&#232;re in&#233;quitable l'accueil des personnes en besoin de protection sur les &#201;tats membres situ&#233;s aux fronti&#232;res ext&#233;rieures de l'Union europ&#233;enne.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Apr&#232;s l'arriv&#233;e de plus d'un million de personnes exil&#233;es sur le territoire europ&#233;en en 2015, principalement en Gr&#232;ce et en Italie, la Commission mettait alors en &#339;uvre &#171; l'approche hotspot &#187; destin&#233;e &#224; soutenir ces deux pays &#171; en premi&#232;re ligne &#187;, en renfor&#231;ant conjointement leurs capacit&#233;s en mati&#232;re de traitement de la demande d'asile et d'expulsion. Mais alors que cette approche devait s'accompagner d'un plan de relocalisation destin&#233; &#224; mieux r&#233;partir l'accueil des exil&#233;&#183;e&#183;s &#224; l'&#233;chelle europ&#233;enne, celui-ci a &#233;chou&#233; , faute de volont&#233; politique des &#201;tats membres. Surnomm&#233;s &#171; les camps de la honte &#187;, les hotspots des &#238;les grecques, o&#249; s'entassent des milliers de personnes dans des conditions indignes, sont ainsi devenus l'embl&#232;me de la faillite de la solidarit&#233; europ&#233;enne, tant &#224; l'&#233;gard des exil&#233;&#183;e&#183;s qu'entre les &#201;tats membres.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_3538 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;25&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='https://migreurop.org/IMG/jpg/squat.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH409/squat-e4270.jpg?1717937403' width='500' height='409' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;squat - mission blakans
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;B&#226;timent abandonn&#233; occup&#233; par des personnes exil&#233;es &#224; Bihac en Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine, &#224; proximit&#233; de la fronti&#232;re croate (Sophie-Anne Bisiaux, f&#233;vrier 2021)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Le nouveau pacte europ&#233;en : un m&#233;canisme de &#171; solidarit&#233; &#187; pour les expulsions et l'externalisation des politiques migratoires &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dans le nouveau pacte sur la migration et l'asile rendu public le 23 septembre 2020, la solidarit&#233; promise par Ursula von der Leyen sonne de mani&#232;re &#233;trange. De la solidarit&#233;, il n'y en aurait qu'entre les &#201;tats membres, et non pas vis-&#224;-vis des personnes exil&#233;es pour les accueillir &#233;quitablement et dignement, mais avant tout pour mieux les expulser. Le &#171; m&#233;canisme de solidarit&#233; obligatoire &#187; inscrit dans le nouveau pacte ouvre la possibilit&#233; pour les &#201;tats membres qui refusent le m&#233;canisme de relocalisation de &#171; parrainer &#187; l'expulsion d'une personne en situation administrative irr&#233;guli&#232;re sur le territoire europ&#233;en.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les &#201;tats peuvent &#233;galement choisir de se d&#233;rober &#224; leurs responsabilit&#233;s en mati&#232;re d'accueil en soutenant un autre &#201;tat membre pour renforcer les capacit&#233;s de contr&#244;les aux fronti&#232;res de celui-ci, ainsi que sa coop&#233;ration avec des pays tiers (non-membres de l'UE) en la mati&#232;re. Comme le note le r&#233;seau Euromed Droits, &#171; [c]e point manque de clart&#233; dans le Pacte et suscite des inqui&#233;tudes car les &#201;tats membres pourraient facilement l'interpr&#233;ter au sens large [&#8230;]. Par exemple, un pays comme la Hongrie pourrait choisir de soutenir l'Espagne dans ses relations bilat&#233;rales avec le Maroc sur des projets sp&#233;cifiquement li&#233;s &#224; la gestion des fronti&#232;res et &#224; l'augmentation de la capacit&#233; d'interception &#187; . Cette seconde option s'inscrit ainsi au c&#339;ur de la strat&#233;gie d'externalisation de l'UE par laquelle cette derni&#232;re, depuis le d&#233;but des ann&#233;es 2000, sous-traite &#224; des pays non-europ&#233;ens non seulement le contr&#244;le de ses propres fronti&#232;res, mais &#233;galement la gestion des personnes migrantes qu'elle juge &#171; ind&#233;sirables &#187;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Solidarit&#233; entre les &#201;tats membres pour augmenter la cadence des expulsions, pour renforcer des fronti&#232;res d&#233;j&#224; meurtri&#232;res et sous-traiter la gestion des migrations &#224; des pays tiers qui n'ont rien de &#171; s&#251;rs &#187; pour les personnes exil&#233;es&#8230; A d&#233;faut d'une Europe solidaire dans l'accueil, la Commission mise ainsi sur une Europe &#171; solidaire &#187; dans la mise &#224; distance des personnes exil&#233;es, au m&#233;pris de leurs droits fondamentaux. Aussi, le nouveau pacte fait-il du renforcement de la coop&#233;ration avec les pays tiers l'une de ses priorit&#233;s.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Les pays des Balkans, au c&#339;ur des chantages migratoires europ&#233;ens&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dans le processus d'externalisation des fronti&#232;res de l'Union europ&#233;enne, les pays des Balkans occupent une place centrale. D'une part, parce que ladite &#171; route des Balkans &#187; continue d'&#234;tre une voie d'entr&#233;e sur le territoire europ&#233;en. En juin 2020, Frontex estimait qu'elle &#233;tait devenue &#171; la route migratoire la plus active &#187; avec plus de 2 000 d&#233;tections de &#171; franchissements ill&#233;gaux &#187; de fronti&#232;res, soit trois fois plus que l'ann&#233;e pr&#233;c&#233;dente &#224; la m&#234;me p&#233;riode. Malgr&#233; la diminution drastique des arriv&#233;es depuis 2016, les documents officiels de l'UE continuent de mentionner un &#171; niveau de pression migratoire &#187; &#233;lev&#233; sur cette &#171; route &#187;, alimentant la rh&#233;torique d'une &#171; crise &#187; perp&#233;tuelle face &#224; laquelle les pays des Balkans sont somm&#233;s d'endosser le r&#244;le de garde-fronti&#232;res au service de l'UE. La plupart des personnes qui empruntent cet itin&#233;raire viennent de Syrie, d'Afghanistan, d'Irak ou encore du Pakistan , fuyant aussi bien des guerres, des pers&#233;cutions politiques que des situations &#233;conomiques devenues invivables.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les &#201;tats des Balkans sont d'autre part au c&#339;ur du dispositif de sous-traitance migratoire de l'Union europ&#233;enne, en vertu de leur statut particulier. Depuis le Sommet de Thessalonique de juin 2003, tous ont &#233;t&#233; identifi&#233;s comme des candidats potentiels &#224; l'adh&#233;sion &#224; l'Union. &#192; ce titre, ils b&#233;n&#233;ficient d'une assistance financi&#232;re et technique de l'UE (notamment via l'Instrument d'aide de pr&#233;adh&#233;sion &#8211; IPA), pour renforcer leurs capacit&#233;s dans divers domaines, tels que la d&#233;mocratie, l'&#201;tat de droit, le respect des droits fondamentaux, le but &#233;tant &#224; terme d'aider ces &#201;tats &#224; r&#233;pondre aux crit&#232;res d'adh&#233;sion. Particuli&#232;rement depuis l'ann&#233;e 2015, le renforcement des capacit&#233;s en mati&#232;re de gestion des migrations et de contr&#244;le des fronti&#232;res n'a cess&#233; de prendre de l'importance , mettant les &#201;tats des Balkans face &#224; un v&#233;ritable chantage migratoire dans le cadre de leur processus d'adh&#233;sion. L'UE ne laisse aucun doute sur le fait que le soutien des pays des Balkans dans ce domaine est essentiel s'ils veulent poursuivre le processus.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Entre 2007 et 2019, plus de 216 millions d'euros du fonds IPA ont ainsi &#233;t&#233; allou&#233;s &#224; ces pays des Balkans dans le domaine des migrations . Cela comprend, entre autres, le soutien &#224; la construction de nouveaux postes fronti&#232;res, la formation et la fourniture d'&#233;quipements modernes aux autorit&#233;s en charge de la protection des fronti&#232;res, ou encore l'ouverture de centres de r&#233;tention et d'expulsion. Depuis 2015, 141 millions d'euros suppl&#233;mentaires d'aides europ&#233;ennes ont &#233;t&#233; d&#233;bloqu&#233;s pour les aider &#224; faire face &#224; l'arriv&#233;e de plusieurs centaines de milliers d'exil&#233;&#183;e&#183;s. Conjointement &#224; sa tentative d'imperm&#233;abiliser ses fronti&#232;res ext&#233;rieures, l'UE a ainsi financ&#233; la construction de dizaines de camps le long de la &#171; route des Balkans &#187; pour y &#171; stocker &#187; les personnes qu'elle refuse d'accueillir.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_3539 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;28&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='https://migreurop.org/IMG/jpg/barbwire.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH374/barbwire-caf37.jpg?1717937403' width='500' height='374' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;barbwire - mission Balkans
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Port de Vlor&#235; en Albanie (Sophie-Anne Bisiaux, avril 2021)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&#171; Partenariat &#187; UE-Balkans : priorit&#233; &#224; l'&#233;change de donn&#233;es &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ces derni&#232;res ann&#233;es, l'UE a notamment concentr&#233; ses efforts sur le renforcement des capacit&#233;s des pays des Balkans en mati&#232;re de collecte et d'&#233;change des donn&#233;es. Dans un document publi&#233; en janvier 2020 , Frontex, EASO (Bureau europ&#233;en d'appui en mati&#232;re d'asile) et Europol appelaient ainsi au d&#233;veloppement d'un nouveau &#171; m&#233;canisme de surveillance des r&#233;seaux sociaux &#187;, invoquant la n&#233;cessit&#233; de lutter contre les r&#233;seaux de passeurs et l'immigration &#171; irr&#233;guli&#232;re &#187; dans la r&#233;gion des Balkans. Op&#233;r&#233;e pendant un temps par EASO, cette surveillance avait finalement &#233;t&#233; condamn&#233;e par le Contr&#244;leur europ&#233;en de la protection des donn&#233;es, lequel avait jug&#233; qu'il n'existait pas de base l&#233;gale permettant &#224; EASO de collecter des donn&#233;es personnelles . D'o&#249; le besoin pressant de confier cette t&#226;che &#224; un nouvel acteur.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dans ses conclusions du 5 janvier 2020, le Conseil europ&#233;en affirme sa volont&#233; de &#171; r&#233;fl&#233;chir &#224; la mise en place, par les partenaires des Balkans occidentaux, de syst&#232;mes nationaux interop&#233;rables d'enregistrement biom&#233;trique et de partage des donn&#233;es sur les demandeurs d'asile et les migrants en situation irr&#233;guli&#232;re, et de soutenir cette d&#233;marche &#187;. Le Conseil mentionne en outre que les syst&#232;mes de collecte et de partage des donn&#233;es devraient &#171; &#234;tre calqu&#233;s sur les principes techniques et de protection des donn&#233;es d'Eurodac, permettant ainsi un &#233;change r&#233;gulier d'informations au niveau r&#233;gional et garantissant leur interop&#233;rabilit&#233; et leur compatibilit&#233; futures avec les syst&#232;mes de l'UE &#187;. Dot&#233;e d'un syst&#232;me automatis&#233; de reconnaissance d'empreintes digitales, la base de donn&#233;es Eurodac contient les empreintes des personnes ressortissantes de pays tiers ayant d&#233;pos&#233; une demande d'asile ou ayant &#233;t&#233; intercept&#233;es &#224; l'occasion du franchissement &#171; irr&#233;gulier &#187; d'une fronti&#232;re ext&#233;rieure. Elle est utilis&#233;e par l'Union europ&#233;enne dans le cadre de l'application du r&#232;glement Dublin pour d&#233;terminer l'&#201;tat membre responsable d'une demande d'asile. A noter que la base de donn&#233;es a vocation &#224; &#234;tre consid&#233;rablement &#233;tendue dans le cadre du nouveau pacte europ&#233;en sur la migration et l'asile.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On retrouve cette volont&#233; de renforcer les &#201;tats des Balkans en mati&#232;re de collecte et d'&#233;change de donn&#233;es dans le programme IPA financ&#233; par l'UE intitul&#233; &#171; Regional support to protection-sensitive migration management in the Western Balkans and Turkey Phase II &#187; . Si les documents publi&#233;s par la Commission europ&#233;enne sur ce programme manquent de transparence concernant le type de donn&#233;es &#233;chang&#233;es, divers t&#233;moignages confirment la mise en place dans ce cadre d'une base de donn&#233;es r&#233;gionale construite sur le mod&#232;le de la base de donn&#233;es Eurodac et compatible avec cette derni&#232;re. Un document &#224; acc&#232;s limit&#233; r&#233;sumant les &#233;changes tenus lors d'une r&#233;union du Conseil JAI avec les pays des Balkans vient &#233;galement confirmer cette initiative de l'UE : &#171; Les partenaires des Balkans occidentaux se sont d&#233;clar&#233;s favorables &#224; l'am&#233;lioration de l'&#233;change d'informations avec l'UE et dans la r&#233;gion gr&#226;ce &#224; la mise en place de syst&#232;mes d'information nationaux interop&#233;rables, inspir&#233;s des normes Eurodac, pour enregistrer les donn&#233;es relatives aux migrants. L'UE s'est d&#233;clar&#233;e pr&#234;te &#224; fournir un soutien technique &#187;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;D'apr&#232;s les diverses d&#233;l&#233;gations de l'Union europ&#233;enne pr&#233;sentes dans les pays des Balkans, c'est l'agence Frontex qui serait en charge d'&#233;valuer pour chaque pays les travaux n&#233;cessaires pour assurer l&#8216;interconnectivit&#233; &#224; l'&#233;chelle r&#233;gionale des bases de donn&#233;es nationales et leur compatibilit&#233; avec les bases europ&#233;ennes. Dans la r&#233;gion, Frontex est d&#233;j&#224; en charge de d&#233;velopper des centres de coordination nationaux pour la collecte et l'&#233;changes de donn&#233;es li&#233;es &#224; la gestion des migrations et au contr&#244;le des fronti&#232;res . Ces centres sont construits sur le mod&#232;le de ceux des &#201;tats membres en vue de leur future interconnexion.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Des millions d'euros investis pour des technologies de pointe, en pleine &#171; crise humanitaire &#187; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Aussi, les pays des Balkans sont-ils progressivement dot&#233;s par l'Union europ&#233;enne de syst&#232;mes de collecte et d'&#233;change de donn&#233;es &#224; la pointe de la technologie. Apr&#232;s la Serbie , c'est maintenant au tour de la Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine d'&#234;tre outill&#233;e avec la technologie AFIS (Automated Fingerprint Identification System), laquelle permet la reconnaissance automatique des empreintes digitales, pr&#233;alable &#224; la mise en place de la base de donn&#233;es Eurodac. Pour am&#233;liorer ses capacit&#233;s en mati&#232;re de collecte de donn&#233;es li&#233;es aux migrations, celle-ci a re&#231;u 17 millions d'euros du fonds IPA entre 2015 et 2020 , l'objectif &#233;tant &#224; terme de mettre en &#339;uvre une base de donn&#233;es op&#233;rationnelle, un outil analytique et un syst&#232;me de contr&#244;le des donn&#233;es biom&#233;triques des migrants. A noter que la Suisse apporte &#233;galement un soutien important dans cette entreprise.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine, pour acc&#233;der &#224; la plupart des camps et aux diff&#233;rents services humanitaires de base, les personnes exil&#233;es doivent d&#233;sormais donner les empreintes digitales de leurs dix doigts, sans toutefois &#234;tre inform&#233;es de l'utilisation qui en sera faite. Dans le camp de containeurs de Blazuj, surpeupl&#233; et insalubre, o&#249; s'entassent plus de 3 000 personnes et o&#249; l'on manque de tout, le degr&#233; de sophistication des technologies de collectes de donn&#233;es tranche avec l'archa&#239;sme des conditions de vie auxquelles les personnes exil&#233;es sont soumises. &#171; Dans les camps de l'OIM, on souffre de la gale et on meurt encore de la pneumonie. Qui &#224; notre &#233;poque meurt encore de la pneumonie ? &#187; s'interroge la journaliste de Sarajevo Nidzara Ahmetasevic, faisant r&#233;f&#233;rence &#224; un jeune gar&#231;on d&#233;c&#233;d&#233; faute de soins. Pas d'acc&#232;s aux services m&#233;dicaux, pas de toit pour des milliers de personnes oblig&#233;es de dormir dehors par des temp&#233;ratures glaciales, pas de mesures protection s&#233;rieuses contre la COVID 19 &#8230;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dans ce petit pays, qui se remet &#224; peine d'une guerre encore r&#233;cente, qui est d&#233;crit comme &#233;tant en pleine &#171; crise humanitaire &#187; et o&#249; les quelques 10 000 personnes exil&#233;es qui y sont bloqu&#233;es survivent p&#233;niblement, l'ampleur des fonds europ&#233;ens allou&#233;s &#224; ces technologies de pointe rel&#232;ve de l'ind&#233;cence.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Connecter les pays des Balkans &#224; la base de donn&#233;es Eurodac avant m&#234;me leur adh&#233;sion &#224; l'Union europ&#233;enne ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La Commission europ&#233;enne ne cache pas que l'ambition est &#224; terme d'int&#233;grer les pays des Balkans dans la base de donn&#233;es Eurodac. Mais, pr&#233;cise-t-elle, cette connexion ne saurait &#234;tre possible avant leur adh&#233;sion &#224; l'Union europ&#233;enne . Le d&#233;veloppement actuel de syst&#232;mes de collecte de donn&#233;es biom&#233;triques pour les personnes migrantes dans les pays des Balkans ne viserait donc qu'&#224; pr&#233;parer ces derniers &#224; leur adh&#233;sion future.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pourtant, l'absence de perspectives d'adh&#233;sion &#224; court-terme et m&#234;me &#224; moyen-terme de la plupart des pays des Balkans pose question : pourquoi d&#233;penser des millions pour aider des &#201;tats &#224; mettre en place des syst&#232;mes de collecte et d'&#233;change de donn&#233;es qu'ils ne pourront pas utiliser d'ici plusieurs ann&#233;es, voire d&#233;cennies, au risque que les technologies employ&#233;es ne deviennent entre temps obsol&#232;tes ? De fait, cela fait longtemps que le processus d'adh&#233;sion semble au point mort, tant pour des raisons propres &#224; l'UE (d&#233;fiance envers tout &#233;largissement, notamment depuis la crise du Brexit) que pour des raisons propres aux pays candidats, comme l'absence de volont&#233; politique, les blocages institutionnels ou diplomatiques, ou la d&#233;gradation de la situation &#233;conomique&#8230;. Davantage encore que celle des autres pays des Balkans, l'adh&#233;sion de la Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine est plus qu'hypoth&#233;tique, cette derni&#232;re n'ayant, pour l'heure, pas m&#234;me le statut de candidat officiel.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;De quoi &#233;veiller encore un peu plus les soup&#231;ons : la Serbie a indiqu&#233; qu'elle mettrait en &#339;uvre les r&#232;glements Dublin et Eurodac deux ans avant de rejoindre l'UE . Comme le remarque l'ONG Klikaktiv bas&#233;e &#224; Belgrade, &#171; il s'agirait d'un cas unique de pays signant les r&#232;glements de Dublin et d'EURODAC avant de devenir un &#201;tat membre de l'UE &#187; . Dans son rapport 2020 sur l'&#233;tat du processus d'adh&#233;sion de la Serbie &#224; l'UE , la Commission europ&#233;enne d&#233;voile par ailleurs que le minist&#232;re de l'Int&#233;rieur serbe utilise d&#233;sormais une base de donn&#233;es unique pour identifier et enregistrer les demandeur&#183;euse&#183;s d'asile et que &#171; les pr&#233;paratifs de la connexion &#224; la base de donn&#233;es d'empreintes digitales des demandeurs d'asile de l'UE (Eurodac) sont dans leur phase initiale &#187; . Mais comme le d&#233;nonce Klikaktiv, cette connexion serait ill&#233;gale, la loi serbe ne permettant pas l'&#233;change de ce type de donn&#233;es avec les pays de l'UE.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;L'interconnexion d'Eurodac et des bases de donn&#233;es des pays des Balkans avant l'ach&#232;vement du processus d'adh&#233;sion constituerait &#233;galement une violation flagrante des standards europ&#233;ens en mati&#232;re de protection des donn&#233;es personnelles. Or, dans ce domaine, il semble que l'Union europ&#233;enne n'est plus &#224; une ill&#233;galit&#233; pr&#232;s . Comme on peut le lire dans un document du Conseil europ&#233;en r&#233;sumant les positions des pays des Balkans sur la perspective d'une interconnexion : &#171; l'affirmation selon laquelle [la connexion &#224; la base de donn&#233;es Eurodac] ne peut se faire en raison de la l&#233;gislation sur la protection des donn&#233;es ne tient pas, car les pays des Balkans occidentaux ont d&#233;j&#224; sign&#233; un accord de coop&#233;ration op&#233;rationnelle avec Europol, alors qu'en la mati&#232;re les l&#233;gislations nationales ne sont qu'approximativement align&#233;es sur les standards de l'Union europ&#233;enne &#187; . Que l'interconnexion des bases de donn&#233;es soit l&#233;gale ou non, l'UE pourrait envisager la possibilit&#233; d'int&#233;grer les pays des Balkans dans le syst&#232;me Eurodac, sans que ceux-ci ne fassent partie du club europ&#233;en.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Frontex : le maillon pour connecter les bases de donn&#233;es des pays des Balkans &#224; Eurodac ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pour permettre une interconnexion pr&#233;coce des bases de donn&#233;es, l'Union europ&#233;enne semble compter sur l'agence Frontex. De fait, alors qu'en 2019, le mandat de Frontex a &#233;t&#233; &#233;largi pour accro&#238;tre sa capacit&#233; &#224; agir dans des pays tiers, l'agence est, de plus, pr&#233;sente dans les &#201;tats des Balkans. Des accords de coop&#233;ration autorisant son d&#233;ploiement op&#233;rationnel ont &#233;t&#233; n&#233;goci&#233;s avec l'Albanie, le Mont&#233;n&#233;gro, la Serbie, la Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine et la Mac&#233;doine du Nord. En mai 2019, Frontex a ainsi lanc&#233; sa premi&#232;re op&#233;ration conjointe officielle sur un territoire non europ&#233;en, &#224; la fronti&#232;re de l'Albanie avec la Gr&#232;ce , suivie par deux op&#233;rations lanc&#233;es au Mont&#233;n&#233;gro en juillet et octobre 2020. Alors que l'accord avec la Serbie est entr&#233; en vigueur le 10 mars 2021 apr&#232;s avoir &#233;t&#233; adopt&#233; l'unanimit&#233; par le Parlement serbe, la Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine s'appr&#234;te &#233;galement &#224; donner son feu vert au d&#233;ploiement de Frontex.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Or, les accords que Frontex signe avec les &#201;tats des Balkans donnent &#224; l'agence certains droits en mati&#232;re de consultation des bases de donn&#233;es nationales. Comme le note Statewatch, &#171; les accords avec l'Albanie et le Mont&#233;n&#233;gro permettent &#224; l'&#201;tat h&#244;te d'autoriser les membres de l'&#233;quipe [de Frontex] &#224; consulter les bases de donn&#233;es nationales si cela est n&#233;cessaire pour les objectifs op&#233;rationnels ou pour les op&#233;rations de retour &#187; . Parall&#232;lement, l'adoption du r&#232;glement &#171; interop&#233;rabilit&#233; &#187; en 2019 facilite l'acc&#232;s de l'agence Frontex aux diff&#233;rentes bases de donn&#233;es europ&#233;ennes, et notamment &#224; Eurodac. Gr&#226;ce &#224; ce double acc&#232;s, l'agence pourrait ainsi &#234;tre en mesure de comparer les donn&#233;es collect&#233;es par les autorit&#233;s nationales des pays des Balkans dans la base de donn&#233;es Eurodac.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cette possibilit&#233; semble &#234;tre exploit&#233;e en Albanie, o&#249; des officiers de Frontex sont d&#233;ploy&#233;s &#224; la fronti&#232;re grecque. Depuis le d&#233;but de l'op&#233;ration lanc&#233;e en 2019, l'agence veille &#224; ce que les personnes intercept&#233;es &#224; la fronti&#232;re par la police albanaise soient emmen&#233;es dans des camps de containeurs , o&#249; celles-ci sont enregistr&#233;es avant d'&#234;tre g&#233;n&#233;ralement refoul&#233;es en toute ill&#233;galit&#233; vers la Gr&#232;ce. Selon divers t&#233;moignages , les officiers de Frontex compareraient les donn&#233;es collect&#233;es &#224; l'occasion de cette proc&#233;dure d'enregistrement dans diverses bases de donn&#233;es europ&#233;ennes (SIS, Europol, Eurodac&#8230;). En janvier 2020, le Conseil avait d'ailleurs d&#233;j&#224; &#233;voqu&#233; cette possibilit&#233; . Selon le cadre juridique actuel et jusqu'&#224; ce que les nouveaux amendements aient &#233;t&#233; adopt&#233;s, il s'agirait d'une pratique ill&#233;gale concernant Eurodac. Interrog&#233; &#224; ce sujet, le service de presse de Frontex nie, contrairement aux informations re&#231;ues sur le terrain, effectuer de tels recoupements de donn&#233;es dans le cadre de ses op&#233;rations dans les Balkans&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Frontex pourrait ainsi servir de maillon interm&#233;diaire permettant &#224; l'UE d'acc&#233;der aux bases de donn&#233;es des &#201;tats des Balkans . N'autorisant qu'une consultation &#224; sens unique (les pays des Balkans n'ayant pas d'acc&#232;s direct &#224; Eurodac), cette strat&#233;gie pr&#233;sente l'avantage de contourner les diff&#233;rentes restrictions en mati&#232;re de protection des donn&#233;es personnelles et de maintenir ces pays dans une relation de centre &#224; p&#233;riph&#233;rie, dans laquelle l'UE peut continuer &#224; servir ses propres int&#233;r&#234;ts en mati&#232;re de gestion migratoire.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Des hotspots pour l'UE, hors UE &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;L'int&#233;r&#234;t que pourrait avoir l'Union europ&#233;enne &#224; &#233;tendre le syst&#232;me Eurodac aux pays des Balkans est &#233;vident. Pr&#233;alable &#224; l'instauration d'un &#171; Dublin hors UE &#187;, cette entreprise viendrait parachever la mise en &#339;uvre de l'&#171; approche hotspot &#187; de l'UE dans la r&#233;gion. Pour toute personne exil&#233;e qui serait appr&#233;hend&#233;e en train de franchir &#171; irr&#233;guli&#232;rement &#187; une fronti&#232;re ou d&#233;poserait une demande d'asile dans un &#201;tat membre europ&#233;en, il serait possible, gr&#226;ce &#224; la base de donn&#233;es Eurodac &#233;largie &#224; cette r&#233;gion, de savoir quels pays ont &#233;t&#233; pr&#233;alablement travers&#233;s au cours du parcours migratoire. Ces pays seraient d&#232;s lors en charge de l'examen de la demande d'asile de la personne, ou, dans le cas o&#249; cette derni&#232;re serait d&#233;bout&#233;e, de son expulsion vers son pays d'origine. Une personne arrivant en Italie mais dont les empreintes auraient &#233;t&#233; collect&#233;es dans un camp &#224; Sarajevo pourrait ainsi &#234;tre renvoy&#233;e vers la Bosnie.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Lors d'une r&#233;union du groupe de travail interinstitutionnel charg&#233; de pr&#233;parer l'int&#233;gration de la Mac&#233;doine du Nord &#224; l'Union europ&#233;enne, le repr&#233;sentant du minist&#232;re de l'Int&#233;rieur mac&#233;donien s'inqui&#233;tait ainsi que Bruxelles &#171; impose l'id&#233;e d'&#233;tablir ce qu'on appelle BALKANDAC, suivant le mod&#232;le d'EURODAC, une base de donn&#233;es d'empreintes digitales dans l'UE. Cette base de donn&#233;es est accept&#233;e par les pays de la r&#233;gion, mais elle ne nous offre pas la possibilit&#233; d'y acc&#233;der. C'est un pi&#232;ge pour nous car les pays de l'UE sauront quels migrants ont &#233;t&#233; enregistr&#233;s ici et les renverront, et nous ne serons pas en mesure de les renvoyer en Gr&#232;ce. Il n'y a pas de mauvaise intention dans tout cela, mais il est &#233;vident que l'UE nous traite de mani&#232;re paternaliste &#187; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Alors que la possibilit&#233; pour un &#201;tat membre de renvoyer une personne ressortissante d'un pays tiers dont il est prouv&#233; qu'elle a transit&#233; par l'un des pays des Balkans est d&#233;j&#224; pr&#233;vue dans les accords de r&#233;admission que l'UE a sign&#233; avec ces derniers , la mise en &#339;uvre d'un syst&#232;me de collecte de donn&#233;es sp&#233;cifique pourrait donc dans le futur faire du r&#234;ve d'un &#171; Dublin extra-europ&#233;en &#187; une r&#233;alit&#233;. Cela fait d&#233;j&#224; plusieurs d&#233;cennies que l'UE exprime clairement sa volont&#233; de transformer la r&#233;gion des Balkans en lieux de stockage des migrant&#183;e&#183;s qui tentent de rejoindre son territoire . Dans un document dat&#233; du 12 mai 2020, la Pr&#233;sidence croate regrettait ainsi que les pays des Balkans occidentaux continuent de se percevoir comme des pays de transit et rappelait la n&#233;cessit&#233; d'encourager ces derniers &#224; &#171; renforcer leurs capacit&#233;s globales en mati&#232;re de migration - y compris le syst&#232;me d'asile, les conditions d'accueil et les capacit&#233;s de retour &#187; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_3540 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;25&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='https://migreurop.org/IMG/jpg/train.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH374/train-57d59.jpg?1717937403' width='500' height='374' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Train - mission Balkans
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Wagons abandonn&#233;s occup&#233;s par des personnes exil&#233;es dans la ville de Sombor, &#224; la fronti&#232;re serbo-hongroise (Sophie-Anne Bisiaux, avril 2021)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;L'UE assigne de fait &#224; cette r&#233;gion un triple objectif : stocker les personnes exil&#233;es bloqu&#233;es aux fronti&#232;res europ&#233;ennes, r&#233;admettre celles dont l'UE ne veut pas sur son territoire et les renvoyer dans leur pays d'origine. Aussi l'UE soutient-elle depuis plusieurs ann&#233;es le renforcement des capacit&#233;s des pays des Balkans en mati&#232;re d'expulsion, notamment en coop&#233;ration avec Frontex et l'OIM . Augmentation des capacit&#233;s des centres d'enfermement et d'expulsion, formation d'escortes pour accompagner les expulsions, renforcement des programmes de retours &#171; volontaires &#187;, incitations &#224; signer des accords de r&#233;admission avec les pays d'origine des personnes exil&#233;es &#8230; Tout est ainsi fait pour transformer les pays des Balkans en lieux de stockage et de pr&#233;-expulsion des &#171; ind&#233;sirables &#187;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Faire passer les &#201;tats des Balkans pour des &#171; pays tiers s&#251;rs &#187; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pour faciliter l'externalisation de la gestion migratoire aux pays des Balkans, l'Union europ&#233;enne les pr&#233;sente comme &#233;tant &#171; s&#251;rs &#187;. Inscrit dans la Directive &#171; Proc&#233;dures &#187; (2013), le concept de &#171; pays tiers s&#251;rs &#187; permet de faciliter le renvoi de demandeur&#183;euse&#183;s d'asile dans des pays tiers sans examen approfondi de leur demande (application d'une proc&#233;dure acc&#233;l&#233;r&#233;e). Mais alors que la Commission europ&#233;enne d&#233;pense des millions pour tenter de renforcer les l&#233;gislations et les capacit&#233;s de ces pays en mati&#232;re de traitement de la demande d'asile en vue de les faire passer pour des pays &#171; s&#251;rs &#187;, les organisations de la soci&#233;t&#233; civile constatent sur le terrain la persistance et parfois m&#234;me l'aggravation des violations de droits des personnes exil&#233;es. Que ce soit au Kosovo, en Albanie, en Mac&#233;doine du Nord, en Serbie, en Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine ou au Mont&#233;n&#233;gro, l'acc&#232;s &#224; la demande d'asile est souvent impossible et les refoulements sont &#224; certaines fronti&#232;res syst&#233;matiques.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Malgr&#233; les violations de droits incessamment rapport&#233;es par la soci&#233;t&#233; civile dans la r&#233;gion, la Commission europ&#233;enne pr&#233;voit dans son nouveau pacte d'inscrire les pays des Balkans sur une liste europ&#233;enne de &#171; pays tiers s&#251;rs &#187; . Et alors que ce concept est pour l'heure d'application facultative pour les &#201;tats membres, la Commission pr&#233;voit de rendre son application obligatoire. Ainsi serait achev&#233;e la strat&#233;gie d'externalisation consistant &#224; sous-traiter la demande d'asile europ&#233;enne &#224; des pays dont les standards en mati&#232;re de protection et de respect des droits fondamentaux sont pourtant bien inf&#233;rieurs &#224; ceux de l'Union europ&#233;enne.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Reste que pour renvoyer &#224; tout prix les personnes migrantes dans les pays des Balkans, les &#201;tats membres n'ont pas attendu l'ach&#232;vement de la machine &#224; expulser bien huil&#233;e que l'Union europ&#233;enne semble &#234;tre en train de mettre en place. Depuis 2016, les pratiques de refoulement des pays europ&#233;ens vers les pays des Balkans se multiplient, au m&#233;pris des droits fondamentaux des personnes venues chercher une protection dans l'Union europ&#233;enne. Toujours plus violentes et syst&#233;matiques, ces pratiques se poursuivent sous l'&#339;il complaisant de l'UE, lorsque celle-ci n'y apporte pas directement son soutien.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;D&#233;noncer ces violations de droits flagrantes est essentiel et urgent. Combattre le r&#233;gime frontalier europ&#233;en qui les rend possible et les encourage l'est tout autant. Que les personnes exil&#233;es soient tenues &#224; distance des fronti&#232;res europ&#233;ennes par la force d'une matraque ou par une base de donn&#233;es biom&#233;triques &#224; grande &#233;chelle est dans tous les cas inacceptable.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Sophie-Anne Bisiaux (Migreurop) et Lorenz Naegeli (chercheur ind&#233;pendant), avec le soutien de Statewatch, Migreurop et Matthias Monroy. &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Annexes : &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Annexe 1 - Conseil europ&#233;en, &#034;EU-Western Balkans Justice and Home Affairs Ministerial videoconference on 22 October 2020 - summary of discussions&#034;&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Annexe 2 - Conseil europ&#233;en, &#034;Council conclusions on enhancing cooperation with Western Balkans partners in the field of migration and security&#034;, 5 juin 2020&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Annexe 3 - Pr&#233;sidence du Conseil europ&#233;en, &#034;Agenda for the EU - Western Balkans Ministerial videoconference on Justice and Home Affairs on 22 October 2020&#034; &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Annexe 4 - Government of the Republic of Serbia, &#8220;Development Strategy of the Ministry of Interior for the period 2018-2023&#8221;, 2020&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Annexe 5 &#8211; D&#233;l&#233;gation de l'UE en Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine, &#034;Regular IPA II assistance on migration &amp; border control&#034;. Document sent by the EU delegation to Bosnia and Herzegovina on 28 January 2021&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Annexe 6 - Swiss State Secretariat for Migration (SEM), &#034;Support to efficient migration and border management in Bosnia and Herzegovina&#034;&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Annexe 7 - Conseil europ&#233;en, &#8220;EU-Western Balkans Justice and Home Affairs Dialogue - Senior Officials Meeting : Informal written consultation - Summary of the replies of the Western Balkans partners in the area of Home Affairs&#8221;, 18 juin 2020&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Annexe 8 &#8211; Pr&#233;sidence du Conseil europ&#233;en, &#8220;Enhancing Cooperation with the Western Balkan Countries : Combating Migrants Smuggling - Presidency Discussion Paper&#8221;, 14 janvier 2020&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;hr /&gt;
		&lt;div &lt;div class='rss_ps'&gt;&lt;p&gt;Toutes les notes de bas de page sont inclues dans le PDF attach&#233;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
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<item xml:lang="en">
		<title>Blackmail in the Balkans: how the EU is externalising its asylum policies</title>
		<link>https://migreurop.org/article3047.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://migreurop.org/article3047.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2021-06-01T16:27:00Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>en</dc:language>
		


		<dc:subject>Externalisation</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Militarisation of borders</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Migration policies </dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Monitoring and control </dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Albania</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Serbie</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Mac&#233;doine</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Bosnia and Herzegovina</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;The development of a system for collecting data on people on the move in the Balkans highlights the overall orientation of the EU's migration policies: outsourcing migration management at all costs, to the detriment of provisions for reception. In order to keep those considered as &#034;undesirable&#034; at a distance, would the European Union go so far as to extend beyond its borders the &#8216;Dublin' mechanism for allocating state responsibility for asylum claims, at the risk of further aggravating the (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


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&lt;a href="https://migreurop.org/rubrique482.html" rel="directory"&gt;Members' news&lt;/a&gt;

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&lt;a href="https://migreurop.org/mot168.html" rel="tag"&gt;Externalisation&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://migreurop.org/mot174.html" rel="tag"&gt;Militarisation of borders&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://migreurop.org/mot194.html" rel="tag"&gt;Migration policies &lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://migreurop.org/mot195.html" rel="tag"&gt;Monitoring and control &lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://migreurop.org/mot182.html" rel="tag"&gt;Albania&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://migreurop.org/mot199.html" rel="tag"&gt;Serbie&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://migreurop.org/mot196.html" rel="tag"&gt;Mac&#233;doine&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://migreurop.org/mot31.html" rel="tag"&gt;Bosnia and Herzegovina&lt;/a&gt;

		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='https://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L150xH123/arton3047-d0255.jpg?1717937403' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='150' height='123' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The development of a system for collecting data on people on the move in the Balkans highlights the overall orientation of the EU's migration policies: outsourcing migration management at all costs, to the detriment of provisions for reception. In order to keep those considered as &#034;undesirable&#034; at a distance, would the European Union go so far as to extend beyond its borders the &#8216;Dublin' mechanism for allocating state responsibility for asylum claims, at the risk of further aggravating the rights violations along the Balkan route? &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Dublin: the failure of European solidarity&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#034;I can announce that we will abolish the Dublin Regulation and we will replace it with a new European migration governance system (...). It will have a new strong solidarity mechanism&#034; . So said European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen in September 2020, a week before the Commission presented its new pact on migration and asylum.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Abolishing Dublin and increasing solidarity: two promises that seem to be welcome in a Europe in the midst of a reception crisis. In fact, the so-called &#034;Dublin&#034; system has been criticised for several years. Except for some other criteria, the system requires that the country one enters first on EU territory, and in which a person's fingerprints were collected, is responsible for examining their asylum application. Among others imposed by the mechanism, Dublin places a disproportionate burden on the Member States located at the external borders of the EU to receive people in need of protection.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;After the arrival of more than one million people on the move on European territory in 2015, the European Commission implemented the &#034;hotspot&#034; approach. It was intended especially to support Greece and Italy &#034;on the front line&#034;, by jointly strengthening their capacities in terms of asylum processing and expulsion . But while this approach was supposed to be accompanied by relocation plans to better distribute the reception of people on the move on a European scale, these plans have failed due to the lack of political will of the Member States. In these &#034;camps of shame&#034;, thousands of people are crammed together in undignified conditions. The &#8220;hotspots&#8221; on Greek islands have thus become the emblem of the failure of European solidarity - both towards people on the move and between Member States.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_3538 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;25&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='https://migreurop.org/IMG/jpg/squat.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH409/squat-e4270.jpg?1717937403' width='500' height='409' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;squat - mission blakans
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Abandoned building occupied by people on the move in Bihac, Bosnia-Herzegovina, near the Croatian border (Sophie-Anne Bisiaux, February 2021)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The new European pact: a &#034;solidarity&#034; mechanism for expulsions and the externalisation of migration policies&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In the new pact on migration and asylum made public on 23 September 2020, the solidarity promised by Ursula von der Leyen sounds strange. There will only be solidarity between Member States, and not in order to receive people on the move fairly and with dignity, but above all to better expel them. The &#034;compulsory solidarity mechanism&#034; enshrined in the new pact would enable Member States that refuse the relocation mechanism in exchange for &#034;sponsoring&#034; the expulsion of a person who is illegally present on European territory.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;States may also choose to shirk their reception responsibilities by supporting another Member State to strengthen its border control capacity and cooperation with third countries in this area. As the Euromed Rights Network notes, &#034;[t]his point lacks clarity in the Pact and raises concerns because Member States could easily interpret it broadly [...]. For instance, a country like Hungary could choose to support Spain in its bilateral relationship with Morocco on projects specifically related to border management and increased capacity of interception' . This second option is thus at the heart of the EU's externalisation strategy. Within this development, the EU has since the early 2000s subcontracted to non-European countries not only the control of its own borders, but also the management of migrants it deems &#8220;undesirable&#8221;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;There is solidarity between Member States to increase the rate of expulsions, to reinforce already deadly borders and to subcontract the management of migration to third countries that are far away for being &#8220;safe&#8221; for people on the move. In the absence of a Europe of solidarity in reception, the Commission is thus banking on a Europe in &#034;solidarity&#034; behind the main goal of keeping people on the move at distance from European territory, in defiance of their fundamental rights. Therefore, the new pact makes the strengthening of cooperation with third countries one of its priorities.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Balkan countries at the heart of European migration blackmail&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In the process of externalising the EU's borders, the Balkan countries occupy a central place, as the so-called &#034;Balkan route&#034; continues to be a path of entry into the European territory. In June 2020, Frontex estimated that it had become &#034;the most active migratory route&#034; with more than 2,000 detections of &#034;illegal border crossings&#034;. This number exceeded the detected entries in the same period of the previous year three times . Against this background it has to be noted that despite the drastic decrease in arrivals since 2016, official EU documents continue to mention a high &#034;level of migratory pressure&#034; on this &#034;route&#034;. By doing so, they are fuelling the rhetoric of a perpetual &#034;crisis&#034; in the face of which Balkan countries are called upon to take on the role of border guards in the service of the European Union. Most of the people taking this route come from Syria, Afghanistan, Iraq and Pakistan . They are fleeing wars, political persecution and untenable economic situations.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, the Balkan states are also at the heart of the European Union's migration outsourcing arrangements, by virtue of their special status. Since the Thessaloniki Summit in June 2003, they have all been identified as potential candidates for EU membership. As such, they benefit from financial and technical assistance from the EU (notably through the Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance - IPA) to strengthen their capacities in various areas, such as democracy, the rule of law, and respect for fundamental rights, with the aim of ultimately helping these states to meet the accession criteria. Particularly since 2015, capacity building in migration management and border control has become increasingly important , putting the Balkan states under real migration blackmail in the context of their accession process. The EU leaves no doubt that the support of the Balkan countries in this area is essential if they want to continue the path of accession.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Through the IPA mechanism alone, &#8364;216 million were allocated to the Balkan countries in the field of migration between 2007 and 2019 . This includes, among other things, support for the construction of new border posts, training and provision of modern equipment to border protection authorities, and the opening of detention and deportation centres. Since 2015, an additional &#8364;141 million in European aid has been made available to help these countries cope with the arrival of several hundred thousand exiles. Related to its attempt to seal off its external borders, the EU has financed the construction of dozens of camps along the &#034;Balkan route&#034; to &#034;store&#034; the people it refuses to receive and host.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_3539 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;28&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='https://migreurop.org/IMG/jpg/barbwire.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH374/barbwire-caf37.jpg?1717937403' width='500' height='374' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;barbwire - mission Balkans
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Port of Vlor&#235; in Albania (Sophie-Anne Bisiaux, April 2021)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EU-Balkans &#034;partnership&#034;: priority for data exchange&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In recent years, the EU has focused in particular on building the capacity of Balkan countries to collect and exchange data. In a document published in January 2020 , Europol, Frontex and EASO (European Asylum Support Office) called for the development of a new &#034;social network monitoring mechanism&#034;. The document refers to the need to combat smuggling networks and &#034;irregular&#034; migration in the Balkan region. These surveillance-activities were in the past carried out by EASO. However, the European Data Protection Supervisor eventually condemned this practice. According to his ruling, there was no legal basis for EASO to collect personal data . Hence the urgent need to entrust a new actor with this task.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In its conclusions of 5 January 2020, the European Council affirms its will to &#034;to reflect on and support the development by partners in the Western Balkans of interoperable national biometric registration/data-sharing systems on asylum applicants and irregular migrants&#034; . The Council additionally mentioned that the data collection and sharing systems should &#034;be modelled on the Eurodac technical and data protection principles, thus enabling regular regional information exchange and ensuring their future interoperability and compatibility with EU systems&#8221;. Equipped with an automated fingerprint recognition system, the Eurodac database contains the fingerprints of third-country nationals who have applied for asylum or have been intercepted when crossing an external border &#034;irregularly&#034;. It is used by the European Union in the context of the application of the Dublin Regulation to determine the Member State responsible for an asylum application. It is important to note that the database would be considerably extended under the new pact on migration and asylum.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This desire to strengthen the Balkan states in terms of data collection and exchange can be found in the EU-funded IPA programme &#034;Regional support to protection-sensitive migration management in the Western Balkans and Turkey Phase II&#034; . While the documents published by the European Commission on this programme do not provide any detail on the types of data exchanged, various testimonies report that a regional database built on the model of and compatible with the Eurodac database is to be set up in this framework. A limited-access document summarising discussions held at a JHA Council meeting with the Balkan countries also confirms this EU initiative: &#034;The Western Balkan partners expressed support to enhance information exchange with the EU, and in the region through the development of interoperable domestic information systems, modelled on Eurodac standards, to record data on migrants. The EU expressed readiness to provide technical support&#8221;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;According to the various EU delegations in the Balkan countries, Frontex would be in charge of evaluating for each country the work needed to ensure the regional interconnectivity of national databases and their compatibility with European databases. In the region, Frontex is already in charge of developing national coordination centres for the collection and exchange of data related to migration management and border control . These centres are built on the model of those of the Member States with a view to their future interconnection.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Millions of euros invested in cutting-edge technology in the midst of a &#034;humanitarian crisis&#8221; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The European Union is gradually equipping the Balkan countries with state-of-the-art data collection and exchange systems. After Serbia , it is now Bosnia and Herzegovina's turn to be equipped with AFIS (Automated Fingerprint Identification System) technology, which allows for the automatic recognition of fingerprints and is a prerequisite for the implementation of the Eurodac database. To improve its capacities in terms of data collection related to migration, the latter has received a total of &#8364;17 million from the IPA fund between 2015 and 2020, with the ultimate objective of implementing an operational database, an analytical tool and a system for monitoring migrants' biometric data . It should be noted that Switzerland is also providing significant support in this undertaking .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In Bosnia and Herzegovina, to access most camps and basic humanitarian services, people on the move are now required to have each of their ten fingerprints scanned. However, they are not told how this data will be used. In Blazuj, an overcrowded and unsanitary container camp near Sarajevo where more than 3,000 people are crammed together, the level of sophistication of the data collection technologies contrasts with the archaic living conditions to which the people on the move are subjected. &#034;In the IOM camps, people suffer from scabies and still die of pneumonia. Who dies of pneumonia nowadays?&#034; asks the Sarajevo-based journalist Nidzara Ahmetasevic, referring to a young boy who died for lack of medical care. No access to medical services, no shelter for thousands of people forced to sleep outside in freezing temperatures, no serious protection measures against COVID 19.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The small country is still recovering from war and is described as being in the midst of a &#034;humanitarian crisis&#034;, with around 10,000 people on the move stranded and barely surviving. The amount of European funding allocated within this situation to such advanced technologies is nothing but indecent.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Connecting the Balkan countries to the Eurodac database even before they join the EU?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The European Commission makes no secret of the fact that its ambition is eventually to integrate the Balkan countries into the Eurodac database. However, it specifies that this connection will not be possible before their accession to the European Union . Therefore, the current development of biometric data collection systems for migrants in the Balkan countries is arguably only intended to prepare them for future membership.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;But the lack of short- and even medium-term prospects for accession of most of the Balkan countries raises questions: why spend millions to help states set up data collection and exchange systems that they will not be able to use for several years, or even decades, at the risk that the technologies used will become obsolete in the meantime? In fact, the accession process has long seemed to be at a standstill, both for reasons specific to the EU (mistrust of any enlargement, particularly since the Brexit crisis) and for reasons specific to the candidate countries, such as the lack of political will, institutional or diplomatic blockages or the deterioration of the economic situation. Even more than other Balkan countries, Bosnia-Herzegovina's accession is merely hypothetical. It does not currently even have official candidate status.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Raising further suspicion, Serbia indicated that it would implement the Dublin and Eurodac Regulations two years before joining the EU . As the Belgrade-based NGO Klikaktiv notes, &#034;this would be a unique case of a country signing the Dublin and EURODAC regulations before becoming an EU Member State&#034; . In its 2020 report on the state of Serbia's EU accession process , the European Commission also reveals that the Serbian Ministry of Interior is now using a single database to identify and register asylum seekers and that &#034;preparations for connecting to the EU asylum fingerprint database (Eurodac) are in their initial phase&#034; . According to the assessment of Klikaktiv, this connection would be illegal, as Serbian law does not allow the exchange of this type of data with EU countries.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The interconnection of Eurodac and the databases of the Balkan countries before the completion of the accession process would additionally constitute a flagrant violation of European standards on the protection of personal data. It seems that the EU is not so far away from illegality in this area . As one can read in a Council of the EU document summarising the positions of the Balkan countries on the prospect of interconnection: &#034;The claim that [connection to the Eurodac database] cannot be done because of the fact that data protection legislation does not stand, as the Western Balkan countries have already signed an operational cooperation agreement with Europol, while national legislation is approximated to that of the European Union&#8221; . Whether the interconnection of databases is legal or not, the EU could consider the possibility of integrating the Balkan countries into the Eurodac system, without them being part of the EU.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Frontex: the link to connect the Balkan countries' databases to Eurodac?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;To enable early interconnection of databases, the EU seems to rely on Frontex. Indeed, since the agency's mandate was extended in 2019 to increase its capacity to act in third countries, the agency is increasingly present in the Balkan states. The EU has negotiated agreements authorising its operational deployment with Albania, Montenegro, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Northern Macedonia. In May 2019, Frontex launched its first official joint operation on a non-European territory, on Albania's border with Greece , followed by two operations in Montenegro in July and October 2020. While the agreement with Serbia entered into force on 10 March 2021 after being unanimously adopted by the Serbian Parliament, Bosnia and Herzegovina is also preparing to give its green light to Frontex deployment.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The cooperation agreements that Frontex signs with the Balkan states give the agency certain rights to consult national databases. As Statewatch notes, &#034;the agreements with Albania and Montenegro allow the host state to authorise [Frontex] members of the team to consult national databases if necessary for operational aims or for return operations&#034; . In parallel, the adoption of the &#034;interoperability&#034; regulation in 2019 will facilitate Frontex access to the various European databases, including Eurodac. Thanks to this double access, the agency could thus be able to compare the data collected by the national authorities of the Balkan countries with the ones in the Eurodac database.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This possibility seems to be exploited in Albania, where Frontex officers are deployed at the Greek border. Since the start of the operation in 2019, the agency has ensured that people intercepted at the border by Albanian police are taken to container camps . There they are registered before often being illegally returned to Greece. According to various testimonies , Frontex officers compare the data collected during this registration procedure with the data of various European databases (SIS, Europol, Eurodac...). The Council raised this possibility in January 2020 . According to the current legal framework and until the new amendments have been agreed upon, this would be an illegal practice regarding the Eurodac. Upon request, the Frontex Press office denies, contrary to the information received on the ground, that it conducts such data cross-checks as part of its Balkan operations&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Frontex could thus serve as an intermediary link allowing the EU to access the databases of the Balkan states . By allowing only one-way consultation (the Balkan countries do not have direct access to Eurodac), this strategy has the advantage of circumventing the various restrictions on personal data protection and maintaining a centre-periphery relationship with these countries, in which the EU can continue to serve its own interests in migration management.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Hotspots for the EU, outside the EU&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The potential interest of the European Union in extending the Eurodac system to the Balkan countries is clear. This would be a prelude to the establishment of an &#8220;extended Dublin mechanism&#034; and would complete the implementation of the EU's &#034;hotspot approach&#034; in the region. As a result, the extension of the Eurodac database into this region would allow authorities to know which countries people on the move - those apprehended crossing a border &#034;irregularly&#034; or applying for asylum in an EU Member State - previously crossed during their migratory journey. These countries would then be responsible for examining the person's asylum application or, if the application is rejected, for deporting the person to their country of origin. A person arriving in Italy, but whose fingerprints were collected in a camp in Sarajevo, could thus be sent back to Bosnia.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;At a meeting of the inter-institutional working group preparing the integration of North Macedonia into the European Union, the representative of the Macedonian Ministry of Interior expressed concern that Brussels &#8220;imposes the idea of establishing so-called BALKANDAC, following the EURODAC template, a fingerprint database in EU. This database is accepted by the countries in the region, but it does not offer an opportunity for us to access it. This is a trap for us because countries in EU will know which migrants were registered here and will return them, and we will not be able to return them to Greece. There is no bad intention in this, but it is still evident that the EU is treating us in a paternalistic way&#8220;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The possibility for a Member State to return a third-country national who has transited through the territory of one of the Balkan countries is already possible via readmission agreements that the EU has signed with the latter . However, the implementation of a data collection system could in the future make the dream of an &#034;extra-European Dublin&#034; a reality. For several decades now, the EU has clearly expressed its desire to turn the Balkan region into a storage place for migrants trying to reach its territory . In a document dated 12 May 2020, the Croatian Presidency regretted that the countries of the Western Balkans continue to see themselves as transit countries and recalled the need to encourage them to enhance &#034;their overall migration capacities - including the asylum system, the reception conditions and return capacities&#034; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_3540 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;25&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='https://migreurop.org/IMG/jpg/train.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH374/train-57d59.jpg?1717937403' width='500' height='374' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Train - mission Balkans
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Abandoned railway cars occupied by exiles in the town of Sombor, at the Serbian-Hungarian border (Sophie-Anne Bisiaux, April 2021)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In sum, the EU has a threefold objective for this region: to store people on the move blocked at European borders, to readmit to transit countries those whom the EU does not want on its territory and to send people back to their country of origin. Therefore, the EU has been supporting for several years the strengthening of the expulsion capacities of the Balkan countries, notably in cooperation with Frontex and IOM . Increasing the capacity of detention and expulsion centres, training escorts to accompany expulsions, reinforcing &#034;voluntary&#034; return programmes, encouraging the signing of readmission agreements with the countries of origin of the people on the move ... Everything is done to transform the Balkans into a storage zone with increased capacities to expel the &#034;undesirables&#034;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Passing the Balkan states off as &#034;safe third countries&#8221;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;To facilitate the outsourcing of migration management to Balkan countries, the European Union presents countries as &#034;safe&#034;. The concept of &#034;safe third countries&#034; , enshrined in the Procedures Directive (2013), facilitates the return of asylum seekers to third countries without a thorough examination of their application (application of an accelerated procedure). But while the European Commission spends millions strengthening the legislation and capacities of these countries in terms of asylum processing in order to make them look like &#034;safe&#034; countries, on the ground, civil society organisations note the persistence and sometimes even the aggravation of violations of rights of people on the move. Whether in Kosovo, Albania, North Macedonia, Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina or Montenegro, access to asylum applications is often impossible and expulsions are systematic at certain borders.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Despite the ongoing reports of rights violations by civil society in the region, the Commission plans in its new pact to include the Balkan countries on a European list of &#034;safe third countries&#034; . And while this concept is currently optional for Member States, the Commission plans to make its application mandatory. This would complete the outsourcing strategy of subcontracting European asylum applications to countries whose standards of protection and respect for fundamental rights are far lower than those of the European Union.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;However, in order to send migrants back to the Balkan countries at all costs, the Member States did not wait for the completion of the well-oiled expulsion machine that the European Union seems to be setting up. Since 2016, the practice of expulsions from EU Member States to Balkan countries has multiplied. This goes with no regard to the fundamental rights of people who have come to the European Union seeking protection. Ever more violent and systematic, these practices continue under the complacent eye of the EU, when it does not directly support them .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Denouncing these mass rights violations is essential and urgent. Combating the European border regime that enables and encourages them is equally urgent. Whether people on the move are kept away from European borders by the force of a police stick or by a large-scale biometric database - any case is unacceptable.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Sophie-Anne Bisiaux (Migreurop) and Lorenz Naegeli (independent researcher), with the support of Statewatch, Migreurop and Matthias Monroy&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Annexes:&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Annex 1 &#8211; European Council, &#034;EU-Western Balkans Justice and Home Affairs Ministerial videoconference on 22 October 2020 - summary of discussions&#034;&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Annex 2 &#8211; European Council, &#034;Council conclusions on enhancing cooperation with Western Balkans partners in the field of migration and security&#034;, 5 June 2020&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Annex 3 &#8211; European Council Presidency, &#034;Agenda for the EU - Western Balkans Ministerial videoconference on Justice and Home Affairs on 22 October 2020&#034; &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Annex 4 - Government of the Republic of Serbia, &#8220;Development Strategy of the Ministry of Interior for the period 2018-2023&#8221;, 2020&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Annex 5 &#8211; EU delegation in Bosnia and Herzegovina, &#034;Regular IPA II assistance on migration &amp; border control&#034;. Document sent by the EU delegation to Bosnia and Herzegovina on 28 January 2021&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Annex 6 - Swiss State Secretariat for Migration (SEM), &#034;Support to efficient migration and border management in Bosnia and Herzegovina&#034; &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Annex 7 &#8211; European Council, EU-Western Balkans Justice and Home Affairs Dialogue - Senior Officials Meeting: Informal written consultation - Summary of the replies of the Western Balkans partners in the area of Home Affairs, 18 June 2020&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Annex 8 &#8211; European Council Presidency, &#8220;Enhancing Cooperation with the Western Balkan Countries: Combating Migrants Smuggling - Presidency Discussion Paper&#8221;, 14 January 2020&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
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	</item>
<item xml:lang="en">
		<title>Country sheet Macedonia</title>
		<link>https://migreurop.org/article2847.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://migreurop.org/article2847.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2017-12-06T15:56:27Z</dc:date>
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		<dc:subject>Mac&#233;doine</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;The Republic of Macedonia is one of the successor states of the former Yugoslavia, from which it declared independence in 1991. It shares its borders with one EU Schengen state, Greece, one EU non-Schengen state, Bulgaria, and three non-EU Schengen states, Albania, Kosovo and Serbia. Even if the Republic of Macedonia applied for EU membership in 2004 and was granted the status of candidate country in 2005 , it has still not become a member state of the EU due to some difficulties link with (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


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 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Republic of Macedonia is one of the successor states of the former Yugoslavia, from which it declared independence in 1991. It shares its borders with one EU Schengen state, Greece, one EU non-Schengen state, Bulgaria, and three non-EU Schengen states, Albania, Kosovo and Serbia. Even if the Republic of Macedonia applied for EU membership in 2004 and was granted the status of candidate country in 2005&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;In the framework of the association and stabilization process for the (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh1&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, it has still not become a member state of the EU due to some difficulties link with the Macedonian-Greek conflict&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;In 1991, Greece refused to recognize the Republic of Macedonia called &#171; (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Little know in Western Europe, the Republic of Macedonia was suddenly highly visible in the media in the context of the so-called &#034;refugee crisis&#034;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;We will use the expression &#034;so-called&#034; referring to the refugee crisis in (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; in 2015-2016, when larger groups of individuals in migration&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;The expression &#034;individuals in migration&#034; will be used in the all document (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; arrived in Europe through the &#034;Balkan routes&#034;. Nevertheless, the importance of the migration of human beings in the History of this country should also be reminded. Indeed, from Alexander the Great to the dislocation of the former Yugoslavia, passing by the Ottoman Empire, the country, in its current borders, faced several displacements of population. Since its independence in 1991, the Republic of Macedonia has hosted refugees with the arrival of refugees from Bosnia-and Herzegovina and Croatia. And a further influx,of significant proportions, was experienced in 1999 during the Kosovo conflict. Thus, the country &#8211; whose population is estimated around 2 million of inhabitants &#8211; is characterized by the presence of several minorities: Albanians at around 25 percent, followed by Turks, Romani, Serbs, for the most important minorities&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;According to the 2002 census: Macedonian 64.2%, Albanian 25.2%, Turkish (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5&#034;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In the last recent years, the country was also characterized by an important emigration of young Macedonian to other countries&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb6&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Aleksandar Janev, &#201;migration : la catastrophe d&#233;mographique qui menace la (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh6&#034;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Thus, regarding all of these displacements and movements of population, the Republic of Macedonia can be defined as a country of immigration for some other nationalities in the Balkan&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb7&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;This observation might be regarding keeping in mind the context of the (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh7&#034;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; and a country of emigration. But since the early 2000's, it is also more and more defined as a country of transit from EU's point of view. Indeed, since the early 2000's and the &#034;closure&#034; of borders in the south of the EU&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb8&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See the implementation of the Spanish security system (SIVE), in 1999, which (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh8&#034;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, the &#034;Balkans' routes&#034; are more and more used. In this context and due to its geographical situation, the Republic of Macedonia has been holding a special place in terms of &#034;mixed migration&#034; and EU policies. Sharing its borders with Greece on the one hand and Serbia and Bulgaria on the other hand, but also because of its proximity to the Aegean Sea (see map above), the Republic of Macedonia is a privileged way to reach the EU&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb9&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;The country is located along the routes of individuals coming from North of (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh9&#034;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Nevertheless, in 2015 the Republic of Macedonia became more and more visible, in the context of the so called refugee crisis (...)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;hr /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_notes'&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb1&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 1&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;In the framework of the association and stabilization process for the Western Balkan launched by the EU member states during the Summit of Zagreb in 2000, the Republic of Macedonia was the first state who signed one Stabilization and Association Agreement in 2001. In 2003, during the Thessaloniki Summit, the Republic of Macedonia was defined as a potential candidate by the EU member, which explain the acceleration of the process of accession in 2004.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 2&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;In 1991, Greece refused to recognize the Republic of Macedonia called &#171; Macedonia &#187; due to historical conflicts around the term of Macedonia. This explains why the Republic of Macedonia could integrate the UN under the name of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYRM). In the present document, the choice was to use the official denomination of the country: Republic of Macedonia.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 3&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;We will use the expression &#034;so-called&#034; referring to the refugee crisis in order to show our disagreement with the idea of a refugee crisis which is more s a crisis of EU responsibility. Moreover, using &#034;so-called&#034;, we also would like to invite the readers to be careful with the instrumentalization of language and data regarding migration phenomena.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 4&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;The expression &#034;individuals in migration&#034; will be used in the all document to include at the same time asylum seekers, refugees, economic migrants, climatic migrants, etc. without any hierarchization between the different groups of persons that we can meet on the routes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;According to the 2002 census: Macedonian 64.2%, Albanian 25.2%, Turkish 3.9%, Romani 2.7% (usually underestimated), Serb 1.8%, other 2.2%. More information: Index Mundi, Macedonia demographics profile 2017, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.indexmundi.com/macedonia/demographics_profile.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;https://www.indexmundi.com/macedoni...&lt;/a&gt; [accessed on 28/09/2017]. Note: data regarding the population in Republic of Macedonia and the ethnic groups are a huge issue in the country and the last official data on these issues are from 2002.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb6&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh6&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 6&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Aleksandar Janev, &#201;migration : la catastrophe d&#233;mographique qui menace la Mac&#233;doine, Kapital (Macedonia), translation by Jaklina Naumovski, for Le courrier des Balkans, October 2015. Available at: &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.courrierdesbalkans.fr/articles/lamacedoine-se-vide-de-ses-habitants-plus-de-20-500-departs-en-un-an.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;http://www.courrierdesbalkans.fr/ar...&lt;/a&gt; [accessed on 29/09/2017]&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb7&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh7&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 7&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;This observation might be regarding keeping in mind the context of the dislocation of Yugoslavia and the creation of new states in the Balkan.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb8&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh8&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 8&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See the implementation of the Spanish security system (SIVE), in 1999, which consequences are increasing border controls in the route from Western Africa to Canaries island, the development of the migration route to the EU from Ceuta and Melilla, where border controls were also intensified, followed by the development of the migration route from to and Italia and of the routes of the East of Europe.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb9&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh9&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 9&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;The country is located along the routes of individuals coming from North of Africa, but also from Syria, Pakistan, Iraq, Iran. Thus, from Turkey they can join Greece. From there, they can go to the Republic of Macedonia, cross the state using the railway that go from the South to the North of the country, and continue their route to the EU through Bulgaria or through Serbia. There, they can reach Hungary or Croatia.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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		<title>JOINT INITIATIVE: MACEDONIA: Human rights concerns in relation with the recent measures taken by macedonian government aimed to restrict the alleged abuse of the visa-free regime</title>
		<link>https://migreurop.org/article2013.html</link>
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		<dc:date>2011-08-03T11:09:35Z</dc:date>
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		<dc:subject>Mac&#233;doine</dc:subject>

		<description>&lt;p&gt;A joint letter to express NGOs concerns regarding the Macedonian's restriction to the visa free regime.&lt;/p&gt;

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 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Please, see document enclosed.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Signatories: &lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Chachipe a.s.b.l., Luxembourg&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Roma Union Grenzland e.V., Aachen/Germany&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Project Roma Center e.V., G&#246;ttingen/Germany&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Union des Roms d'Ex-Yougoslavie en Diaspora (URYD), France&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Union fran&#231;aise des Roms du Kosovo, Saint Etienne/France&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Rom e.V., Cologne/Germany&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
F&#246;rderverein Roma e.V., Frankfurt am Main/Germany&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Pro Asyl e.V., Frankfurt am Main/Germany&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Migreurop network&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Fl&#252;chtlingsrat Niedersachsen e.V., Hildesheim/Germany&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Centre de M&#233;diation des Gens du Voyage et des Roms en Wallonie, Namur/Belgium&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Romane Aglonipe e.V., Hannover/Germany&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Hessischer Fl&#252;chtlingsrat e.V., Frankfurt am Main/Germany&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
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