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	<title>MIGREUROP</title>
	<link>https://migreurop.org/</link>
	<description>Migreurop est un r&#233;seau europ&#233;en et africain de militant&#183;e&#183;s et chercheur&#183;euse&#183;s dont l'objectif est de faire conna&#238;tre et de lutter contre la g&#233;n&#233;ralisation de l'enfermement des &#233;trangers et la multiplication des camps, dispositif au c&#339;ur de la politique d'externalisation de l'Union europ&#233;enne.</description>
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		<title>MIGREUROP</title>
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		<link>https://migreurop.org/</link>
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<item xml:lang="en">
		<title>&#034;THE FORTRESS&#034;, a documentary on European border externalisation </title>
		<link>http://migreurop.org/article3619.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">http://migreurop.org/article3619.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2026-08-27T08:06:17Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>en</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Sarah Bachellerie</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>Externalisation</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Militarisation of borders</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Balkans</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Bosnia and Herzegovina</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Serbie</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Greece</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Turkey</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>S&#233;n&#233;gal</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Mauritania</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Morocco</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Migreurop is a partner of the film &#034;THE FORTRESS&#034;, written and directed by Romain Kosellek, an individual member of the network. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt; Documentary, 106 minutes France, 2026 Director: Romain Kosellek Production: L'image d'apr&#232;s, Nakama Films Film website: https://thefortress-lefilm.work &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Synopsis: &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
In the border regions of the European Union, the Exile moves from country to country in search of stability. Between attempts, he talks with his fellow travelers about their experiences: the (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/rubrique469.html" rel="directory"&gt;Film partners&lt;/a&gt;

/ 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot168.html" rel="tag"&gt;Externalisation&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot174.html" rel="tag"&gt;Militarisation of borders&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot181.html" rel="tag"&gt;Balkans&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot31.html" rel="tag"&gt;Bosnia and Herzegovina&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot199.html" rel="tag"&gt;Serbie&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot33.html" rel="tag"&gt;Greece&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot49.html" rel="tag"&gt;Turkey&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot192.html" rel="tag"&gt;S&#233;n&#233;gal&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot23.html" rel="tag"&gt;Mauritania&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot184.html" rel="tag"&gt;Morocco&lt;/a&gt;

		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L146xH150/affiche_finale_web_low_rvb_1_-_copie-2-e0af4.jpg?1787818270' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='146' height='150' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_chapo'&gt;&lt;p&gt;Migreurop is a partner of the film &#034;THE FORTRESS&#034;, written and directed by Romain Kosellek, an individual member of the network.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;Documentary, 106 minutes&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
France, 2026&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Director: Romain Kosellek&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Production: L'image d'apr&#232;s, Nakama Films&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Film website: &lt;a href=&#034;https://thefortress-lefilm.work&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;https://thefortress-lefilm.work&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_6148 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center'&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/jpg/the_fortress_lidap_nakama_3.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH209/the_fortress_lidap_nakama_3-97ae1.jpg?1787817993' width='500' height='209' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Synopsis: &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;In the border regions of the European Union, the Exile moves from country to country in search of stability. Between attempts, he talks with his fellow travelers about their experiences: the locations of squats, areas that are more or less under control, smugglers' fees&#8230; Around him, landscapes and faces come and go. His journey constantly takes unexpected turns, slowed down by barriers, drones, patrols, and other checkpoints that dot the route.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;The Exile entrusted his story to a volunteer with an NGO assisting migrants at the French-British border. She, in turn, shares his story with us. Between Istanbul, Dakar, Grande-Synthe, and Subotica, a shifting geography takes shape: that of solidarity on the roads of exile and their dead ends as they wind through the fortress that the European Union is gradually building.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Trailer:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class=&#034;spip_document_6146 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_video spip_documents_center spip_document_center ressource oembed oembed_video oembed_video oembed_vimeo&#034; &gt; &lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;div class=&#034;oembed oe-video async clearfix center&#034; style=&#034;max-width:600px;&#034;&gt; &lt;div class=&#034;rwd-video-container oe-play-button&#034; style=&#034;width:100%;height:0;padding-bottom:41.83%;background-image:url('IMG/jpg/affiche_finale_web_low_rvb_1_-2.jpg?1787737518');background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center;background-size:cover;&#034; data-content=&#034;%3Ciframe%20src%3D%22https%3A%2F%2Fplayer.vimeo.com%2Fvideo%2F786283715%3Fdnt%3D1%26app_id%3D122963%26autoplay%3D1%22%20width%3D%22600%22%20height%3D%22251%22%20frameborder%3D%220%22%20allow%3D%22autoplay%3B%20fullscreen%3B%20picture-in-picture%3B%20clipboard-write%3B%20encrypted-media%3B%20web-share%22%20referrerpolicy%3D%22strict-origin-when-cross-origin%22%20title%3D%22The%20Fortress%2C%20un%20film%20de%20Romain%20Kosellek%20%2F%20Bande-annonce%22%3E%3C%2Fiframe%3E&#034;&gt; &lt;button&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;oe-play-button_label&#034;&gt;Play&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/button&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;style&gt;&lt;!--/**/.oe-video .loading {background-image:url(&#034;prive/themes/spip/images/searching.gif&#034;)!important;background-size:auto !important;}/**/--&gt;&lt;/style&gt;
&lt;/div&gt; &lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://vimeo.com/786283715&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;The Fortress, un film de Romain Kosellek / Bande-annonce&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_credits '&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://vimeo.com/limagedapres&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;L'image d'apr&#232;s&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/figcaption&gt; &lt;div class=&#034;base64javascript19574247836ad02bcc2976e2.83734288&#034; title=&#034;PHNjcmlwdD5qUXVlcnkoZnVuY3Rpb24oKXsgalF1ZXJ5KCcub2VtYmVkLm9lLXZpZGVvLmFzeW5jJykubm90KCcuZG9uZScpLmFkZENsYXNzKCdkb25lJykub24oJ2NsaWNrJywgJy5vZS1wbGF5LWJ1dHRvbicsZnVuY3Rpb24oZSl7dmFyICRtZSA9IGpRdWVyeSh0aGlzKSxjb250ZW50ID0gZGVjb2RlVVJJQ29tcG9uZW50KCRtZS5kYXRhKCdjb250ZW50JykpOyRtZS5yZW1vdmVDbGFzcygnb2UtcGxheS1idXR0b24nKS5hZGRDbGFzcygnbG9hZGluZycpLmh0bWwoY29udGVudCk7fSl9KTwvc2NyaXB0Pg==&#034;&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In this film, the &#8220;fortress&#8221; is Europe, which several exiles attempt to reach via different routes, where they face the violence of migration policies and the consequences of the externalization of European borders. The film travels through various border regions: Turkey, Greece, the Balkans, then Senegal, Mauritania, and Morocco.&lt;strong&gt; This broad-scale view of the militarization of the EU's borders is what makes the film unique and powerful; its decentralized, critical approach&#8212;centered on the lived experiences of migrants&#8212;mirrors that of the Migreurop atlases.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;This film was the result of a collective effort supported by several members of the network&lt;/strong&gt;. It notably features maps by &lt;strong&gt;Lucie Bacon, &lt;/strong&gt; an individual member and cartographer with Migreurop. Other members contributed to the film's production through their advice or contacts, and the &lt;strong&gt;AMSV&lt;/strong&gt;, a Moroccan association and member of the network, represented by Hassane Amari, also appears in the film.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#128467;&#65039;The preview screening will take place on &lt;strong&gt;September 14th, 2026 in Paris&lt;/strong&gt;, at la SCAM (5 avenue V&#233;lasquez, 75008), at 6.30 pm (screening in French).&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
(Reservations required: &lt;a href=&#034;https://thefortress-lefilm.work/contact&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;find here the contact adress&lt;/a&gt; to make a reservation).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_6153 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center'&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/jpg/affiche_finale_web_rvb-2.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH707/affiche_finale_web_rvb-2-4371e.jpg?1787818271' width='500' height='707' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
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	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>&#034;THE FORTRESS&#034;, un documentaire sur l'externalisation des fronti&#232;res europ&#233;ennes</title>
		<link>http://migreurop.org/article3618.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">http://migreurop.org/article3618.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2026-08-27T08:06:07Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Sarah Bachellerie</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>Externalisation</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Militarisation des fronti&#232;res</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Balkans</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Serbie</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Gr&#232;ce</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Turquie</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>S&#233;n&#233;gal</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Mauritanie</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Maroc</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Migreurop est partenaire du film THE FORTRESS, &#233;crit et r&#233;alis&#233; par Romain Kosellek, membre individuel du r&#233;seau. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt; Documentaire, 106 minutes France, 2026 R&#233;alisation : Romain Kosellek Production : L'image d'apr&#232;s, Nakama films Site web du film : https://thefortress-lefilm.work &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Synopsis : &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Dans les zones fronti&#232;res de l'Union europ&#233;enne, l'Exil&#233; passe de pays en pays &#224; la recherche de stabilit&#233;. Entre deux tentatives, il &#233;change avec ses compagnons de route sur leurs exp&#233;riences : (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/rubrique469.html" rel="directory"&gt;Films partenaires&lt;/a&gt;

/ 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot168.html" rel="tag"&gt;Externalisation&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot174.html" rel="tag"&gt;Militarisation des fronti&#232;res&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot181.html" rel="tag"&gt;Balkans&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot31.html" rel="tag"&gt;Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot199.html" rel="tag"&gt;Serbie&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot33.html" rel="tag"&gt;Gr&#232;ce&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot49.html" rel="tag"&gt;Turquie&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot192.html" rel="tag"&gt;S&#233;n&#233;gal&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot23.html" rel="tag"&gt;Mauritanie&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot184.html" rel="tag"&gt;Maroc&lt;/a&gt;

		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L146xH150/affiche_finale_web_low_rvb_1_-_copie-af641.jpg?1787818208' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='146' height='150' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_chapo'&gt;&lt;p&gt;Migreurop est partenaire du film THE FORTRESS, &#233;crit et r&#233;alis&#233; par Romain Kosellek, membre individuel du r&#233;seau.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;Documentaire, 106 minutes&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
France, 2026&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
R&#233;alisation : Romain Kosellek&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Production : L'image d'apr&#232;s, Nakama films&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Site web du film : &lt;a href=&#034;https://thefortress-lefilm.work&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;https://thefortress-lefilm.work&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_6148 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center'&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/jpg/the_fortress_lidap_nakama_3.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH209/the_fortress_lidap_nakama_3-97ae1.jpg?1787817993' width='500' height='209' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Synopsis : &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Dans les zones fronti&#232;res de l'Union europ&#233;enne, l'Exil&#233; passe de pays en pays &#224; la recherche de stabilit&#233;. Entre deux tentatives, il &#233;change avec ses compagnons de route sur leurs exp&#233;riences : l'emplacement des squats libres, les zones plus ou moins contr&#244;l&#233;es, les tarifs des passeurs ... Autour de lui, les paysages et les visages se succ&#232;dent. Son trajet bifurque sans cesse, ralenti par les barri&#232;res, les drones, les patrouilles et les autres dispositifs de contr&#244;le qui jalonnent la route.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;L'Exil&#233; a confi&#233; son r&#233;cit &#224; une volontaire d'ONG d'aide aux personnes migrantes &#224; la fronti&#232;re franco-britannique. Elle nous transmet &#224; son tour son histoire. Entre Istanbul, Dakar, Grande-Synthe et Subotica se dessine une g&#233;ographie mouvante : celle des solidarit&#233;s sur les routes de l'exil et de leurs impasses &#224; travers la forteresse que construit peu &#224; peu l'Union europ&#233;enne.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bande-annonce :&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class=&#034;spip_document_6146 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_video spip_documents_center spip_document_center ressource oembed oembed_video oembed_video oembed_vimeo&#034; &gt; &lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;div class=&#034;oembed oe-video async clearfix center&#034; style=&#034;max-width:600px;&#034;&gt; &lt;div class=&#034;rwd-video-container oe-play-button&#034; style=&#034;width:100%;height:0;padding-bottom:41.83%;background-image:url('IMG/jpg/affiche_finale_web_low_rvb_1_-2.jpg?1787737518');background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center;background-size:cover;&#034; data-content=&#034;%3Ciframe%20src%3D%22https%3A%2F%2Fplayer.vimeo.com%2Fvideo%2F786283715%3Fdnt%3D1%26app_id%3D122963%26autoplay%3D1%22%20width%3D%22600%22%20height%3D%22251%22%20frameborder%3D%220%22%20allow%3D%22autoplay%3B%20fullscreen%3B%20picture-in-picture%3B%20clipboard-write%3B%20encrypted-media%3B%20web-share%22%20referrerpolicy%3D%22strict-origin-when-cross-origin%22%20title%3D%22The%20Fortress%2C%20un%20film%20de%20Romain%20Kosellek%20%2F%20Bande-annonce%22%3E%3C%2Fiframe%3E&#034;&gt; &lt;button&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;oe-play-button_label&#034;&gt;Lecture&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/button&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;style&gt;&lt;!--/**/.oe-video .loading {background-image:url(&#034;prive/themes/spip/images/searching.gif&#034;)!important;background-size:auto !important;}/**/--&gt;&lt;/style&gt;
&lt;/div&gt; &lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://vimeo.com/786283715&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;The Fortress, un film de Romain Kosellek / Bande-annonce&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_credits '&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://vimeo.com/limagedapres&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;L'image d'apr&#232;s&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/figcaption&gt; &lt;div class=&#034;base64javascript3756908916ad02f22b69e11.30222143&#034; title=&#034;PHNjcmlwdD5qUXVlcnkoZnVuY3Rpb24oKXsgalF1ZXJ5KCcub2VtYmVkLm9lLXZpZGVvLmFzeW5jJykubm90KCcuZG9uZScpLmFkZENsYXNzKCdkb25lJykub24oJ2NsaWNrJywgJy5vZS1wbGF5LWJ1dHRvbicsZnVuY3Rpb24oZSl7dmFyICRtZSA9IGpRdWVyeSh0aGlzKSxjb250ZW50ID0gZGVjb2RlVVJJQ29tcG9uZW50KCRtZS5kYXRhKCdjb250ZW50JykpOyRtZS5yZW1vdmVDbGFzcygnb2UtcGxheS1idXR0b24nKS5hZGRDbGFzcygnbG9hZGluZycpLmh0bWwoY29udGVudCk7fSl9KTwvc2NyaXB0Pg==&#034;&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dans ce film, la &#034;forteresse&#034; est l'Europe, que plusieurs personnes exil&#233;es tentent d'atteindre par diff&#233;rentes routes, o&#249; elles sont confront&#233;es &#224; la violence des politiques migratoires et aux cons&#233;quences de l'externalisation des fronti&#232;res europ&#233;ennes. Le film voyage entre diff&#233;rentes zones frontali&#232;re : la Turquie, la Gr&#232;ce, les Balkans, puis le S&#233;n&#233;gal, la Mauritanie et la Maroc.&lt;strong&gt; Cette vision &#224; grande &#233;chelle de la militarisation des fronti&#232;res de l'UE fait l'originalit&#233; et la force du film, dont l'approche d&#233;centralis&#233;e, critique et centr&#233;e sur l'exp&#233;rience v&#233;cue des personnes migrantes, refl&#232;te celle des atlas de Migreurop.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ce film a &#233;t&#233; le fruit d'une dynamique collective accompagn&#233;e par plusieurs membres du r&#233;seau&lt;/strong&gt;. On y trouve notamment des cartes de &lt;strong&gt;Lucie Bacon, &lt;/strong&gt; membre individuelle et cartographe de Migreurop. D'autres membres ont particip&#233;, par leurs conseils ou leurs contacts, &#224; la production du film, et on y voit appara&#238;tre l'&lt;strong&gt;AMSV&lt;/strong&gt;, association marocaine membre du r&#233;seau, repr&#233;sent&#233;e par Hassane Amari.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#128467;&#65039;L'avant-premi&#232;re aura lieu le &lt;strong&gt;14 septembre 2026 &#224; Paris&lt;/strong&gt;, &#224; la SCAM (5 avenue V&#233;lasquez, 75008), &#224; 18h30 &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
(entr&#233;e sur r&#233;servation : &lt;a href=&#034;https://thefortress-lefilm.work/contact&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;voir ici l'adresse de contact&lt;/a&gt; pour r&#233;server).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_6152 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center'&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/jpg/affiche_finale_web_rvb.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH707/affiche_finale_web_rvb-f0059.jpg?1787818621' width='500' height='707' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
		</content:encoded>


		

	</item>
<item xml:lang="en">
		<title>Press Review March 2026</title>
		<link>http://migreurop.org/article3572.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">http://migreurop.org/article3572.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2026-04-08T15:12:53Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>en</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Camille</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>Libya</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Tunisia</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>German</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Belgium</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Croatia</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Bosnia and Herzegovina</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Spain</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Portugal</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Su&#232;de</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Royaume-Uni</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Nigeria</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Union Europ&#233;enne</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Asile</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Criminalisation of solidarities</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Detention</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Externalisation</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Frontex</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Migration policies </dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Racisme</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Forced returns</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Monitoring and control </dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>r&#232;glement retour</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Libya InfoMigrants, &#8216;Mediterranean: 2,500 migrants intercepted at sea and forcibly returned to Libya since the start of 2026', 12 March 2026 &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Since the beginning of 2026, more than 2,500 migrants have been intercepted in the Mediterranean by the Libyan coastguard and forcibly returned to Libya. These interceptions are carried out on the basis of an agreement concluded in 2017 between Italy and Libya, which provides for logistical and financial support from Italy and the European Union to (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/rubrique461.html" rel="directory"&gt;Press review&lt;/a&gt;

/ 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot39.html" rel="tag"&gt;Libya&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot187.html" rel="tag"&gt;Tunisia&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot16.html" rel="tag"&gt;German&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot22.html" rel="tag"&gt;Belgium&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot180.html" rel="tag"&gt;Croatia&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot31.html" rel="tag"&gt;Bosnia and Herzegovina&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot19.html" rel="tag"&gt;Spain&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot27.html" rel="tag"&gt;Portugal&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot55.html" rel="tag"&gt;Su&#232;de&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot202.html" rel="tag"&gt;Royaume-Uni&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot229.html" rel="tag"&gt;Nigeria&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot208.html" rel="tag"&gt;Union Europ&#233;enne&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot203.html" rel="tag"&gt;Asile&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot172.html" rel="tag"&gt;Criminalisation of solidarities&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot169.html" rel="tag"&gt;Detention&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot168.html" rel="tag"&gt;Externalisation&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot173.html" rel="tag"&gt;Frontex&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot194.html" rel="tag"&gt;Migration policies &lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot206.html" rel="tag"&gt;Racisme&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot176.html" rel="tag"&gt;Forced returns&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot195.html" rel="tag"&gt;Monitoring and control &lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot227.html" rel="tag"&gt;r&#232;glement retour&lt;/a&gt;

		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L150xH150/visuel_rp_1_-2-df049.png?1775661276' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='150' height='150' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;div class=&#034;cs_sommaire cs_sommaire_avec_fond&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire&#034;&gt; &lt;div class=&#034;cs_sommaire_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;div class=&#034;cs_sommaire_titre_avec_fond&#034;&gt; Sommaire &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#034;cs_sommaire_corps&#034;&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Libya&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=31&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_0'&gt;Libya&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Tunisia&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=31&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_1'&gt;Tunisia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Germany&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=31&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_2'&gt;Germany&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Belgium&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=31&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_3'&gt;Belgium&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Croatia/Bosnia and Herzegovina&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=31&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_4'&gt;Croatia/Bosnia and Herzegovina&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Spain&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=31&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_5'&gt;Spain&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Portugal&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=31&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_6'&gt;Portugal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sweden&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=31&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_7'&gt;Sweden&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;United Kingdom&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=31&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_8'&gt;United Kingdom&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;United Kingdom/Nigeria&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=31&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_9'&gt;United Kingdom/Nigeria&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Adoption of the Return Regulation&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=31&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_10'&gt;Adoption of the Return Regulat&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;EU/Nigeria agreement&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=31&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_11'&gt;EU/Nigeria agreement&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Frontex&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=31&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_12'&gt;Frontex&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_0&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=31&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Libya&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;InfoMigrants, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/70330/mediterranee--2-500-migrants-interceptes-en-mer-et-ramenes-de-force-en-libye-depuis-le-debut-de-lannee-2026&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8216;Mediterranean: 2,500 migrants intercepted at sea and forcibly returned to Libya since the start of&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; 2026', 12 March 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Since the beginning of 2026, more than 2,500 migrants have been intercepted in the Mediterranean by the Libyan coastguard and forcibly returned to Libya. These interceptions are carried out on the basis of an agreement concluded in 2017 between Italy and Libya, which provides for logistical and financial support from Italy and the European Union to the Libyan authorities in order to prevent departures to Europe. An informal agreement that has effectively established a mechanism of systematic &#8216;pullbacks'&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;These operations aim to &#8220;physically prevent migrants from leaving the (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh1&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; : interceptions at sea, coordinated by the European agency Frontex, followed by the forced return of people to the Libyan coast by local authorities, who are formally responsible for the search and rescue (SAR) zone. Migrants are then detained in Libyan camps. It is against this backdrop that the European Commission's recent decision to fund the construction of a Maritime Rescue Coordination Centre (MRCC) in Benghazi&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See on this subject InfoMigrants, &#8220;Mediterranean: EU to fund opening of (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; has been taken. The project, promoted by the Italian government, extends the &#8216;pullback' mechanism to eastern Libya, complementing the centre already operational in Tripoli. Furthermore, the management of the new centre could be linked to the Tareq Ben Zayed militia, which controls the territory and is suspected of being involved in the attack on the humanitarian vessel Ocean Viking in August 2025&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See on this subject Migreurop, &#8220;European Union News &#8211; December 2025/February (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Over the years, the cooperation between the European Union and Libya has facilitated the refoulement, arbitrary detention and torture of thousands of people&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See in particular the press release from Mediterranea, &#8220;More millions of (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. A confidential European Union report from 2022&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See in particular AP, &#8220;Migrant abuses continue in Libya. So does EU border (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5&#034;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; also notes &#8220;excessive use of force, disproportionate acts and armed violence&#8221; during interceptions at sea by the Libyan authorities. Furthermore, the conditions of detention for migrants in Libya have been the subject of numerous alerts due to serious human rights violations&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb6&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See, for example, the latest report by the OHCHR and UNSMIL, &#8220;Business as (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh6&#034;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; . Libya offers no guarantee of protection in line with international standards on protection and asylum. Despite this, European and Italian funding, aimed at outsourcing the management of migration to this unsafe country, continues to pour in.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_1&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=31&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Tunisia&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;BBC N&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;ews &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;Africa&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.bbc.com/afrique/articles/czexg1nklkwo&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8216;Prominent anti-racism activist in Tunisia sentenced to eight years in prison'&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;, 21 March 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The Tunis Court of First Instance has sentenced anti-racism activist Saadia Mosbah to eight years in prison and a heavy fine for &#8220;money laundering&#8221; and &#8220;illicit enrichment&#8221;. This verdict comes against a backdrop of increasing criminalisation of migrant rights defenders in Tunisia. In recent years, Mosbah, president of the Mn&#232;mty association, has been at the forefront of defending the rights of migrants from sub-Saharan Africa, against President Ka&#239;s Sa&#239;ed's racist rhetoric and policies. For the past two years, Mn&#232;mty and many other organisations supporting migrants have been targeted by a wave of repression: government-orchestrated smear campaigns on social media, and the arrest and prosecution of activists. &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The criminalisation of Tunisian civil society continues with the tacit consent of the European Union, which has granted over &#8364;100 million in funding to Tunisia under a migration deal concluded in 2023, aimed at preventing migrants from crossing the Mediterranean. Mosbah and the convicted activists are now paying the price for this arrangement&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb7&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See in particular the joint statement &#8220;For the release of activist Saadia (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh7&#034;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; : by supporting Sa&#239;ed's migration policy with the aim of deterring departures, the EU bears responsibility for the arbitrary arrests of human rights defenders in Tunisia and for the violations of their fundamental rights.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_2&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=31&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Germany&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Info&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;Migrants&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;,&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/70638/allemagne--apres-la-visite-dalcharaa-merz-espere-un-retour-massif-des-refugies-syriens&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8216;Germany: following al-Charaa's visit, Merz hopes for a mass return of Syrian refugees'&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;', 31 March 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;During a visit by Syrian President Ahmed al-Charaa to Berlin on Monday 30 March, German Chancellor Friedrich Merz stated his intention to deport, in the medium term, 80% of Syrian refugees currently in Germany. According to him, there would no longer be any reason for these people to remain on German soil following the fall of the Assad regime.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The idea of deporting such a large number of people reveals a xenophobic and racist approach, aimed at getting rid of those considered &#8216;undesirable' on German soil as quickly as possible and at any cost&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb8&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;As demonstrated by recent agreements with the Taliban in Afghanistan (2025) (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh8&#034;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; . Furthermore, Syria remains a deeply unstable country, marked by the destruction of essential infrastructure. In October 2025, the German Foreign Minister stated during a visit to the country that it was &#8220;practically impossible for people to live there with dignity in the short term&#8221;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb9&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See on this subject Migreurop, Press Review December 2025, 5 January 2025&#034; id=&#034;nh9&#034;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; . Serious human rights violations also continue to be documented in the country. On 12 March, the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic presented its latest report to the United Nations Human Rights Council, revealing that the political transition remains undermined by human rights violations such as extrajudicial executions, acts of torture and ill-treatment, as well as enforced disappearances&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb10&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;United Nations Human Rights Council, &#8216;Report of the Independent (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh10&#034;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Under these circumstances, the safety of the deported nationals cannot be guaranteed, and Germany risks becoming complicit in such human rights violations.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_3&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=31&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Belgium&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Politi&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;co&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.politico.eu/article/belgium-migration-asylum-seeker-court-suspension-anneleen-van-bossuyt/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8216;Belgium to press ahead with restriction on asylum-seekers despite court decision'&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;, 4 March 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The Belgian Constitutional Court has temporarily suspended a measure aimed at restricting access to material reception conditions for migrants who have already been granted protection in another EU Member State. The Court emphasised that this provision could cause &#8220;serious and difficult-to-repair harm&#8221; by exposing people to precarious circumstances&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb11&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Constitutional Court, Judgment No. 23/2026, 26 February 2026&#034; id=&#034;nh11&#034;&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Despite this suspension, the Belgian government has stated its intention to continue applying this measure in order to &#8220;avoid overburdeningthe reception system&#8221;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Since 2021, the Belgian authorities have refused to adapt this system to the increase in asylum applications, exposing many migrants to undignified living conditions, without access to healthcare or appropriate accommodation. More than 12,000 rulings by national and international courts have ordered Belgium to provide dignified reception. Yet these rulings have been systematically ignored and circumvented, particularly since the new government came to power in 2023, adopting a more restrictive migration policy&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb12&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See on this subject Amnesty International &#8220;Belgium. Persistent shortcomings (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh12&#034;&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. This disregard for Belgian court rulings is part of a broader context of challenges to national, European and international law on migration: it comes as no surprise that the country features on the list of states that signed an open letter in 2025 calling for a more flexible interpretation of the European Convention on Human Rights, in particular Article 3 (prohibition of inhuman or degrading treatment) and Article 8 (protection of private and family life)&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb13&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See the open letter signed by the Heads of State of Italy, Denmark, Austria, (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh13&#034;&gt;13&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Belgium has thus chosen to protect its borders from an imagined migration threat, in defiance of human rights.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_4&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=31&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Croatia/Bosnia and Herzegovina&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;In&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;foM&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;igrants&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;,&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/70231/migration-management-measures-reinforced-in-bosnia-herzegovina-and-croatia residents'&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8216;On the border between Croatia and Bosnia, the construction of a reception centre divides&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;, 13 March 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Croatia recently announced the construction of a new &#8220;reception centre&#8221; for migrants on its border with Bosnia and Herzegovina. At the same time, the European agency Frontex plans to increase the presence of its officers in Bosnia, which the EU considers a major &#8220;geopolitical investment&#8221; in the management of migration flows. The stated aim is to achieve a &#8220;high level&#8221; of cooperation with the Bosni an border police in the &#8220;fight against illegal immigration and the prevention of cross-border crime&#8221;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Bosnia and Herzegovina is a candidate for accession to the European Union and constitutes a stop on the Balkan migration route: a key location for the consolidation of &#8216;Fortress Europe'. Its border with Croatia is notoriously marked by impunity for human rights violations committed by Croatian and Bosnian authorities&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb14&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See in this regard the report by the Border Violence Monitoring Network, (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh14&#034;&gt;14&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. The pushbacks of migrants attempting to reach European soil are rife, and asylum seekers who manage to reach Croatia are placed in asylum seeker centres (currently two in the country) under appalling conditions. Access to healthcare is limited, hygiene conditions are poor, and cases of arbitrary rejection of certain applications for protection have been documented&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb15&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See in particular the Asylum Information Database (AIDA) and the European (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh15&#034;&gt;15&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; . Reports have also highlighted that the Croatian authorities have been implicated in the arbitrary detention and torture of people in so-called &#8216;irregular' situations in ad hoc facilities&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb16&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See the Global Detention Project's overview of Croatia, n.d.&#034; id=&#034;nh16&#034;&gt;16&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; . The construction of a centre on the border risks leading to an increase in such situations.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In this context, the increased presence of Frontex (which operates in Bosnia under a status agreementsigned in 2025 between the EU and Sarajevo&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb17&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;SeeCouncil Decision (EU) 2025/1348, 27 January 2025&#034; id=&#034;nh17&#034;&gt;17&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; ) risks contributing to the human rights violations described above. All the more so given that, under this agreement (Article 12), the agency enjoys immunity for all acts carried out as part of a joint operation in Bosnia and Herzegovina, before any criminal, civil or administrative court in the country&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb18&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See on this subject Migreurop, Press Review June 2025, 7 July 2025&#034; id=&#034;nh18&#034;&gt;18&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_5&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=31&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Spain&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;La &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;Vanguardia&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.lavanguardia.com/vida/20260310/11486000/gobierno-garantiza-sanidad-publica-personas-inmigrantes-situacion-irregular.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8216;Undocumented migrants will be able to access healthcare by making a sworn statement&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;', 10 March 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Since 10 March 2026, the Spanish healthcare system has been open to people without the necessary documents to reside in the country. This measure removes administrative barriers that previously prevented many people from accessing medical care. Under the new rules, anyone able to prove their residence in Spain can apply for healthcare coverage at their local health centre and immediately benefit from temporary cover whilst their application is being processed. As the Spanish Minister of Health emphasised, this measure &#8220;aims to ensure fairness and prevent inequalities&#8221;, whilst enabling &#8220;better monitoring of illnesses in primary care and a more efficient use of public resources&#8221;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This decision follows an &#8216;extraordinary' regularisation measure for migrants (2026) and the Spanish government's explicit refusal to support the European &lt;i&gt;&#8216;&lt;/i&gt;returnhubs' project (countries outside Europe to which people without the right to stay in Europe would be deported), established by the Return Regulation, the negotiating mandate for which was confirmed on 26 March by the European Parliament. It should nevertheless be noted that Spain continues to outsource the management of migration, particularly to Morocco and Mauritania, which makes it complicit in the human rights violations committed against people on the move in these countries&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb19&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See on this subject: Human Rights Watch, &#8220;Mauritania: Years of abuses linked (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh19&#034;&gt;19&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_6&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=31&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Portugal&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;The &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;Po&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;rtug&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;al &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;Post, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://theportugalpost.com/posts/portugal-tightens-immigration-laws-detention-extended-to-18-months-and-deportation-rules-transformed&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8216;Portugal Tightens Immigration Laws: Detention Extended to 18 Months and Deportation Rules Transformed&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; ', 19 March 2025&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The Portuguese government has approved a bill marking a further step in the repressive shift in its policy towards migrants. The maximum period of administrative detention for people without the right to stay has been extended (from 60 to 540 days) and those who apply for protection after entering the country outside authorised border posts will be subject to stricter coercive measures, including detention, while their case is being examined. The text also introduces an entry ban in the event of forced expulsion for up to five years, a period which may be extended in the event of a criminal conviction or a threat to national security. Furthermore, lodging an application for protection will no longer suspend the deportation procedure, and finally, any person without the right to reside is subject to an &#8216;obligation to leave voluntarily' (!) : those concerned must leave the country without waiting for formal notification, on pain of forced deportation and therefore a ban on entry. This reform removes the interim period between formal notification and the actual loss of the right to reside, a period which until now allowed individuals to regularise their administrative status or consult a lawyer. It should be noted that, according to the text, these forced removal measures will not apply to minors under the age of 16. The draft bill is currently under parliamentary scrutiny.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Several organisations defending the rights of migrants have condemned this as a political manoeuvre by the centre-right coalition aimed at appealing to a more conservative electorate in the run-up to future elections. This strategy is part of a broader trend observed in other European states where migrants are being exploited for electoral purposes, with a populist agenda.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;With the adoption of a new European regulation on the return of persons without the right to reside in the EU, which is directly applicable in Member States, measures against migrants awaiting deportation are set to become even harsher.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_7&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=31&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sweden&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Le &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;Mon&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;de&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2026/03/24/la-suede-presente-un-projet-de-loi-qui-prevoit-d-expulser-les-migrants-qui-ne-menent-pas-une-vie-honnete_6674072_3210.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8216;Sweden presents a bill to deport migrants who do not lead an &#8216;honest life'&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;', 24 March 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;R&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;F&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;I&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.rfi.fr/fr/europe/20260325-su%C3%A8de-le-gouvernement-poursuit-un-projet-de-loi-visant-%C3%A0-d%C3%A9noncer-les-migrants-sans-titre-de-s%C3%A9jour&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8216;Sweden: government pushes ahead with bill to report migrants without residence&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; permits'&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;, 25 March 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;At the end of March, the Swedish government presented two bills aimed at stepping up the deportation of migrants. The first provides for the deportation of migrants who do not lead an &#8216;honest life'. The second would oblige six public administrations (the employment agency, social security, the prison service, the debt collection agency, the pensions authority and the tax authority) to report to the police those suspected of so-called &#8220;irregular&#8221; residence. It also introduces new grounds for revoking residence permits when a person is considered a &#8216;threat' to public order or national security, or when they have provided inaccurate information in their application.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The first measure causes serious concern due to its vague and discretionary nature. What criteria would be used to define an &#8216;honest life'? What methods would be employed to assess an individual's alleged moral character? This measure, which relies on deeply subjective assessments, would pave the way for the establishment of two parallel normative systems. Statements that are not criminally punishable could thus lead to the deportation of migrants, whereas they would have no legal consequences for Swedish citizens. Furthermore, there is a risk of creating a chilling effect on freedom of expression and of reinforcing self-censorship among migrants.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The second bill is part of a broader, Europe-wide drive to strengthen widespread surveillance of private and public spaces in order to &#8216;flush out' those without the right to reside. It would accentuate the role of government agencies as tools of control, threatening the right to privacy due to the potential sharing of sensitive data, encouraging racial profiling and discrimination based on appearance, and creating ethical dilemmas for public sector professionals&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb20&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;The same concerns have been raised regarding the &#8216;Return' Regulation, (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh20&#034;&gt;20&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_8&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=31&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;United Kingdom&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;The &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;Gu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;ardian&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2026/mar/05/what-are-shabana-mahmoods-changes-to-the-asylum-system&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8216;What are Shabana Mahmood's changes to the asylum system?&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; ', 5 March 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On 5 March, the British Home Secretary Shabana Mahmood announced the implementation of new measures on migration and asylum. Refugee status is now reduced from five years to 30 months (renewable). At the end of this period, if the third country is considered safe, its nationals may be deported there. Furthermore, the period required to obtain permanent resident status has been extended from 10 to 20 years, the obligation to provide public financial support to asylum seekers has been suspended, and up to &#163;40,000 will be offered to families whose asylum applications have been rejected to return voluntarily to their country: if they refuse, the authorities will be able to use force, including against minors.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The latest in a long line of tightening measures in UK immigration policy, this new set of repressive measures strays from the spirit, if not the letter, of the human rights conventions to which the United Kingdom is a State part. Firstly, migrant people will be kept in a state of constant uncertainty, preventing them from rebuilding their lives and exposing them to a constant threat of deportation&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb21&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See, on this subject, The Guardian, &#8216;Mahmood's new rules will leave refugees (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh21&#034;&gt;21&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; . Furthermore, the possibility of forcibly returning families whose asylum applications have been or will be rejected risks violating the right to respect for private and family life, protected by Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights, as well as the principle of the best interests of the child, enshrined in the Convention on the Rights of the Child and recognised by all European human rights instruments. Finally, the forced return of nationals from countries considered safe could constitute a form of discrimination based on nationality.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Several British civil society organisations have condemned these developments in a joint statement. They are calling on the government to suspend the reduction in the duration of refugee status, describing the UK policy as &#8216;performative cruelty', a source of instability, injustice and inefficiency&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb22&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See in particular Scottish Refugee Council, &#8220;Charities urge UK government to (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh22&#034;&gt;22&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_9&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=31&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;United Kingdom/Nigeria&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;C&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crm1w24p8p7o&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;UK agrees deal to ease migrant returns to Nigeria&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#8221;, 19 March 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On 19 March, the UK and Nigeria reached an agreement aimed at speeding up the deportation of Nigerian nationals who do not have the right to remain, have been convicted by the courts, or whose asylum applications have been rejected. From now on, the British authorities will no longer have to wait for Nigeria to issue consular laissez-passer to proceed with a deportation: the Nigerian authorities will accept identification documents issued by the United Kingdom (the &lt;i&gt;&#8216;UK &lt;/i&gt;letters'). The agreement also provides for enhanced cooperation in the fight against &#8220;smuggling networks&#8221;. In this regard, Nigeria has committed to reviewing its national legislation to ensure harsher penalties for &#8220;migration-related offences&#8221;, which risks leading to increased criminalisation of migrants, as well as solidarity organisations.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The use of informal documents such as &lt;i&gt;UK letters &lt;/i&gt;could lead to arbitrary deportations, due to unilateral identification (identity and nationality) of the person forcibly returned by the UK. This measure could also infringe upon the right to private and family life of Nigerians residing in the UK.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This agreement marks a new stage in the &#8216;return diplomacy'&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb23&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See in particular Migreurop, Press review October 2025, 15 November 2025&#034; id=&#034;nh23&#034;&gt;23&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; pursued by the UK since Keir Starmer's government came to power. As early as September 2025, Home Secretary Shabana Mahmood had implemented a strategy to suspend the issuance of visas for nationals of certain African countries (Democratic Republic of the Congo, Namibia, Angola) as a means of pressure to secure more &#8216;effective' cooperation from these countries in the readmission of deported individuals&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb24&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See InfoMigrants, &#8220;UK uses visa restrictions to pressure African countries (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh24&#034;&gt;24&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_10&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=31&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Adoption of the Return Regulation&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Lib&#233;ration&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;,&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.liberation.fr/international/europe/le-parlement-europeen-en-passe-dapprouver-des-hubs-de-retour-pour-migrants-20260326_2ORGECM5GVEDHKBQ4HXLG7FVFM/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;European Parliament approves creation of &#8216;return hubs' for migrants outside the EU&#8221;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;, 26 March 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On 26 March 2026, the European Parliament confirmed in plenary the negotiating mandate adopted by the LIBE Committee for a new common system regarding the expulsion of third-country nationals without the right to reside in the Union (known as the &#8216;Return Regulation'), resulting from an alliance between the right and the far right. Among the measures envisaged: systematic detention for all migrants (extension of the grounds for detention, maximum detention period increased to 24 months and cumulative across Member States, possibility of detention in prisons); deportations to third countries (&lt;i&gt;return hubs&lt;/i&gt;), without effective oversight by European institutions and without a suspension clause in the event of rights violations; an acceleration of forced returns through the mutual recognition of deportation measures between Member States, potentially without individual review, and which may be enforced prior to any final decision; in certain cases, permanent entry bans into EU territory are envisaged.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The umpteenth milestone in the war on migrants that began 30 years ago, this regulation consolidates the long-standing erosion of rights, crossing new red lines. It risks leading, in very concrete terms, to dangerous returns, violations of the right to an effective remedy and the principle of non-refoulement, and exposing people on the move to inhuman and degrading treatment&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb25&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See in particular the Migreurop press release,&#8220;Adoption of the European (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh25&#034;&gt;25&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; . The speed of this vote is also worrying, as the proposed text was adopted by the European Parliament barely a year after the Commission's proposal. This reveals that the far-right agenda is now taking hold at the highest levels of the European institutions: in the wake of the European Pact, the Return Regulation enshrines a reshaping of EU law to adapt it to a racist, anti-migration and anti-democratic ideology&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb26&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Ibid.&#034; id=&#034;nh26&#034;&gt;26&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_11&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=31&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EU/Nigeria agreement&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Euobserv&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;er&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;,&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://euobserver.com/208101/eu-offers-cash-and-defence-deal-as-it-inks-migrant-returns-pact-with-nigeria/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; hreflang=&#034;en&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;EU offers cash and defence deal as it links migrant returns pact with Nigeria&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8221;, 23 March 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Nigeria and the European Union have concluded an agreement for the return of Nigerian nationals without the right to reside in the EU, in exchange for &#8364;288 million in funding for digitalisation, the modernisation of the health sector and agricultural value chains in Nigeria.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The agreement illustrates the European trend of linking cooperation on deportations to promises of economic and diplomatic benefits (the &#8216;cash-for-migrants' approach), to the detriment of the fundamental rights of displaced persons. Nigeria is indeed facing growing insecurity, high inflation, violence by local armed groups, allegations of torture and deep-seated exclusion of young people, exacerbated by a decline in civil and political freedoms. In this context, the deportation of Nigerian nationals from the EU could expose some individuals to inhuman and degrading treatment and social exclusion, due to limited prospects for reintegration. Furthermore, similar informal agreements in the Sahel region have coincided with harsh anti-migration laws, the criminalisation of civil society, and the militarisation of borders, contributing to the normalisation of repression under the guise of ensuring &#8216;stability' and &#8216;order'&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb27&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;In particular the 2022 EU-Niger partnership&#034; id=&#034;nh27&#034;&gt;27&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; at the national level.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_12&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=31&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Frontex&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;Le Monde,&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2026/03/24/fabrice-leggeri-ex-directeur-de-frontex-et-eurodepute-rn-vise-par-une-enquete-pour-complicite-de-crimes-contre-l-humanite_6674028_3224.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Fabrice Leggeri, former director of Frontex and RN MEP, under investigation for complicity in crimes against humanity'&lt;/a&gt;&#8221;, 24 March 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Following a complaint lodged by NGOs (the Human Rights League and Utopia 56) in April 2024, anU e investigation was opened in France against Fabrice Leggeri, former director of Frontex (2015&#8211;2022) and far-right MEP (Patriots for Europe group). He is accused of complicity in crimes against humanity and the crime of torture, in connection with acts of , pushbacks and failure to assist refugees at sea, linked to the deterrence practices implemented by Member States and their enforcement arm, Frontex.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Whilst the opening of an investigation into Leggeri, who sits in the European Parliament as an MEP for the National Rally, represents an important symbolic step, it should be noted that Frontex's mandate and activities have, since the agency's creation, been fundamentally incompatible with respect for fundamental rights. The rights violations committed with impunity and with the complicity of Frontex &#8211; denounced by NGOs since 2004 &#8211; took place before Leggeri's appointment and continued after his resignation in 2022.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Frontex is the instrument of a repressive policy of mobility restriction that has proven to be incompatible with respect for rights. Within the framework of the agency's mandate, numerous illegal operations have been carried out and extensively documented: collective expulsions, obstruction of the right to asylum, mass pushbacks on the high seas, failure to assist persons in danger, and collaboration with Libyan militias to intercept boats before they reach European territorial waters.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Since its creation in 2004, its mandate, powers and resources have been continually strengthened, and its budget has multiplied in recent years (rising from &#8364;6 million in 2005 to over &#8364;1 billion in 2026). In June 2026, the European Commission will present to Parliament a fifth revision of the agency's mandate, aimed at further expanding its activities and resources (increased use of surveillance technologies, third-country removals, and an increase in staff from 10,000 to 30,000).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Whilst Frontex had hitherto enjoyed structural impunity, in December 2025 the Court of Justice of the EU ruled that EU law imposed obligations on Frontex regarding the protection of fundamental rights&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb28&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See on this subject Migreurop, Press review December 2025, 5 January 2026&#034; id=&#034;nh28&#034;&gt;28&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; . It was about time.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;hr /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_notes'&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb1&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 1&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;These operations aim to &#8220;physically prevent migrants from leaving the territory of their country of origin or a transit country, or to forcibly return them to that territory, before they can reach the jurisdiction of their country of destination. This means that, unlike &#8216;pushbacks', which are carried out when a person actually crosses the border, &#8216;pullbacks' take place before that.&#8221; &#8221;, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, May 2021.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 2&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See on this subject InfoMigrants, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/69469/mediterranee--lue-va-financer-louverture-dun-centre-de-sauvetage-dans-lest-libyen-pour-intercepter-les-migrants-en-mer&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Mediterranean: EU to fund opening of rescue centre in eastern Libya to intercept migrants at&lt;/a&gt; sea&#8221;, 27 January 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 3&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See on this subject Migreurop, &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article3548.html?lang_article=fr&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;European Union News &#8211; December 2025/February&lt;/a&gt; 2026&#8221;, 4 March 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 4&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See in particular the press release from Mediterranea, &lt;a href=&#034;https://mediterranearescue.org/it/news/ancora-milioni-di-euro-per-la-collaborazione-con-criminali-di-guerra-in-libia&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;More millions of euros for collaboration with war criminals in Libya&lt;/a&gt;&#8221;, 9 January 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See in particular AP, &lt;a href=&#034;https://apnews.com/article/coronavirus-pandemic-business-health-libya-migration-a30dd342513aeeede5a7558de4c3089d&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Migrant abuses continue in Libya. So does EU border&lt;/a&gt; training&#8221;, 25 January 2022, and the report by the Council of the European Union &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/21185907-libyan-coast-guard-and-navy-monitoring-four-months-report-august-november-2021/%20du%20Co&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Four monthly Libyan coast guard and navy monitoring&lt;/a&gt; report&#8221;, August&#8211;November 2021&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb6&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh6&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 6&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See, for example, the latest report by the OHCHR and UNSMIL, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/reports/business-usual-human-rights-violations-and-abuses-against-migrants-asylum-seekers&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Business as Usual: Human Rights Violations and Abuses against Migrants, Asylum-Seekers, and Refugees in&lt;/a&gt; Libya&#8221;, 17 February 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb7&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh7&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 7&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See in particular the joint statement &#8220;&lt;a href=&#034;https://tunisiansolidarity.org/ar/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;For the release of activist Saadia&lt;/a&gt; Mosbah&#8221;, 10 March 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb8&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh8&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 8&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;As demonstrated by recent agreements with the Taliban in &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/70091/lallemagne-expulse-20-criminels-afghans-vers-kaboul&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/a&gt; (2025) and with &lt;a href=&#034;https://turkishminute.com/2024/09/28/germany-turkey-odd-over-migrant-deportation-deal/?utm_source=chatgpt.com&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Turkey&lt;/a&gt; (2024), aimed at speeding up the deportation of their nationals, Afghans and Turks make up a large proportion of the migrant populations living in Germany.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb9&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh9&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 9&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See on this subject Migreurop, &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article3516.html?lang_article=fr#outil_sommaire_2&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Press Review December 2025&lt;/a&gt;, 5 January 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb10&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh10&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 10&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;United Nations Human Rights Council, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/hrbodies/hrcouncil/sessions-regular/session61/advance-version/a-hrc-61-62-auv.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8216;Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab&lt;/a&gt; Republic', 12 March 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb11&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh11&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 11&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Constitutional Court, &lt;a href=&#034;https://fr.const-court.be/public/f/2026/2026-023f.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Judgment No. 23/2026&lt;/a&gt;, 26 February 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb12&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh12&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 12&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; See on this subject Amnesty International &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.amnesty.org/fr/latest/news/2025/04/belgium-persistent-failure-to-provide-reception-violates-rights-and-dignity-of-people-seeking-asylum/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Belgium. Persistent shortcomings in reception violate the rights and dignity of asylum&lt;/a&gt; seekers&#8221;, 3 April 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb13&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh13&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 13&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;13&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See the &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.governo.it/sites/governo.it/files/Lettera_aperta_22052025.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;open letter&lt;/a&gt; signed by the Heads of State of Italy, Denmark, Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland, 22 May 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb14&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh14&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 14&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;14&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See in this regard the report by the Border Violence Monitoring Network, &lt;a href=&#034;https://borderviolence.eu/blog/clothes-in-rivers-backpacks-on-fire-the-visibility-of-border-crossings-and-illegal-pushbacks-at-the-croatian-bosnian-border&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Clothes in the river, backpacks on fire: The (in)visibility of pushbacks at the Croatian-Bosnian&lt;/a&gt; border&#8221;, 11 June 2024&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb15&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh15&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 15&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;15&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See in particular the Asylum Information Database (AIDA) and the European Council on Refugees and Migrants (ECRE), &lt;a href=&#034;https://asylumineurope.org/reports/country/croatia/reception-conditions/housing/conditions-reception-facilities/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Conditions in reception facilities:&lt;/a&gt; Croatia&#8221;, last updated 20 January&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb16&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh16&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 16&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;16&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.globaldetentionproject.org/countries/europe/croatia&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;the&lt;/a&gt; Global Detention Project's &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.globaldetentionproject.org/countries/europe/croatia&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;overview of Croatia&lt;/a&gt;, n.d.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb17&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh17&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 17&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;17&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See&lt;a href=&#034;https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2025/1348/oj/fra&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Council Decision (EU) 2025/1348&lt;/a&gt;, 27 January 2025 &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb18&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh18&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 18&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;18&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See on this subject Migreurop, &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article3434.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Press Review June 2025&lt;/a&gt;, 7 July 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb19&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh19&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 19&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;19&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See on this subject: Human Rights Watch, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.hrw.org/fr/news/2025/08/27/mauritanie-des-annees-dabus-lies-aux-controles-des-migrations&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Mauritania: Years of abuses linked to migration&lt;/a&gt; controls&#8221;, 27 August 2025; ASGI &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.asgi.it/en/publication/morocco-border-policies-at-the-root-of-forced-disappearances-and-human-rights-violations/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Morocco: Border policies at the root of forced disappearances and human rights&lt;/a&gt; violations&#8221;, 14 April 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb20&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh20&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 20&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;20&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;The same concerns have been raised regarding the &#8216;Return' Regulation, adopted on 26 March by the European Parliament. See on this subject the joint press release &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.gisti.org/spip.php?article7685&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8216;Return Regulation: no to a European law that authorises home searches, police in public services and racial&lt;/a&gt; profiling', 23 February 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb21&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh21&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 21&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;21&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See, on this subject, The Guardian, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2026/mar/08/mahmoods-new-rules-will-leave-refugees-in-cruel-state-of-uncertainty&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8216;Mahmood's new rules will leave refugees in a cruel state of&lt;/a&gt; uncertainty', 8 March 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb22&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh22&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 22&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;22&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See in particular Scottish Refugee Council, &lt;a href=&#034;https://scottishrefugeecouncil.org.uk/refugee-asylum-labour-changes-shabanamahmood/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Charities urge UK government to &#8216;step up' and be honest about realities of&lt;/a&gt; migration&#8221;, 5 March 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb23&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh23&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 23&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;23&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See in particular Migreurop, &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article3482.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Press review October 2025&lt;/a&gt;, 15 November 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb24&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh24&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 24&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;24&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See InfoMigrants, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/68956/uk-uses-visa-restrictions-to-pressure-african-countries-on-deportation-deals&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;UK uses visa restrictions to pressure African countries on deportation&lt;/a&gt; deals&#8221;, 30 December 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb25&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh25&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 25&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;25&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See in particular the Migreurop press release,&lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article3560.html?lang_article=fr&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Adoption of the European &#8216;return' regulation: the death of international law&lt;/a&gt;&#8221;, 26 March 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb26&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh26&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 26&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;26&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Ibid.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb27&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh27&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 27&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;27&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;In particular the 2022 &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.eeas.europa.eu/niger/lunion-europeenne-et-le-niger_fr&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;EU-Niger partnership&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb28&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh28&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 28&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;28&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See on this subject Migreurop, &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article3516.html?lang_article=fr&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Press review December 2025&lt;/a&gt;, 5 January 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Revue de presse mars 2026</title>
		<link>http://migreurop.org/article3571.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">http://migreurop.org/article3571.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2026-04-08T13:22:39Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Camille</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>Libye</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Tunisie</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Allemagne</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Belgique</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Croatie</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Espagne</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Portugal</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Su&#232;de</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Royaume-Uni</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Nigeria</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Union Europ&#233;enne</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Asile</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Criminalisation des solidarit&#233;s</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Enfermement</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Externalisation</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Frontex</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Politiques migratoires</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Racisme</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Renvois forc&#233;s</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Surveillance et contr&#244;le</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>r&#232;glement retour</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Libye InfoMigrants, &#171; M&#233;diterran&#233;e : 2 500 migrants intercept&#233;s en mer et ramen&#233;s de force en Libye depuis le d&#233;but de l'ann&#233;e 2026 &#187;, 12 mars 2026 &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Depuis d&#233;but 2026, plus de 2 500 migrant&#183;e&#183;s ont &#233;t&#233; intercept&#233;&#183;e&#183;s en M&#233;diterran&#233;e par les garde-c&#244;tes libyens et renvoy&#233;&#183;e&#183;s de force en Libye. Ces interceptions s'inscrivent dans le cadre d'un arrangement conclu en 2017 entre l'Italie et la Libye, qui pr&#233;voit un soutien logistique et financier de l'Italie et de l'Union europ&#233;enne aux (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/rubrique461.html" rel="directory"&gt;Revues de presse&lt;/a&gt;

/ 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot39.html" rel="tag"&gt;Libye&lt;/a&gt;, 
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&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot22.html" rel="tag"&gt;Belgique&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot180.html" rel="tag"&gt;Croatie&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot31.html" rel="tag"&gt;Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot19.html" rel="tag"&gt;Espagne&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot27.html" rel="tag"&gt;Portugal&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot55.html" rel="tag"&gt;Su&#232;de&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot202.html" rel="tag"&gt;Royaume-Uni&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot229.html" rel="tag"&gt;Nigeria&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot208.html" rel="tag"&gt;Union Europ&#233;enne&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot203.html" rel="tag"&gt;Asile&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot172.html" rel="tag"&gt;Criminalisation des solidarit&#233;s&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot169.html" rel="tag"&gt;Enfermement&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot168.html" rel="tag"&gt;Externalisation&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot173.html" rel="tag"&gt;Frontex&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot194.html" rel="tag"&gt;Politiques migratoires&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot206.html" rel="tag"&gt;Racisme&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot176.html" rel="tag"&gt;Renvois forc&#233;s&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot195.html" rel="tag"&gt;Surveillance et contr&#244;le&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot227.html" rel="tag"&gt;r&#232;glement retour&lt;/a&gt;

		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L150xH150/visuel_rp-2-38691.png?1775654589' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='150' height='150' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;div class=&#034;cs_sommaire cs_sommaire_avec_fond&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire&#034;&gt; &lt;div class=&#034;cs_sommaire_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;div class=&#034;cs_sommaire_titre_avec_fond&#034;&gt; Sommaire &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#034;cs_sommaire_corps&#034;&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Libye&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=31&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_0'&gt;Libye&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Tunisie&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=31&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_1'&gt;Tunisie&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Allemagne&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=31&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_2'&gt;Allemagne&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Belgique&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=31&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_3'&gt;Belgique&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Croatie/Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=31&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_4'&gt;Croatie/Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Espagne&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=31&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_5'&gt;Espagne&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Portugal&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=31&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_6'&gt;Portugal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Su&#232;de&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=31&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_7'&gt;Su&#232;de&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Royaume-Uni&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=31&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_8'&gt;Royaume-Uni&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Royaume-Uni/Nigeria&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=31&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_9'&gt;Royaume-Uni/Nigeria&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Adoption du r&#232;glement retour&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=31&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_10'&gt;Adoption du r&#232;glement retour&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Arrangement UE / Nigeria&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=31&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_11'&gt;Arrangement UE / Nigeria&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Frontex&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=31&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_12'&gt;Frontex&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_0&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=31&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Libye&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;InfoMigrants, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/70330/mediterranee--2-500-migrants-interceptes-en-mer-et-ramenes-de-force-en-libye-depuis-le-debut-de-lannee-2026&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;M&#233;diterran&#233;e : 2 500 migrants intercept&#233;s en mer et ramen&#233;s de force en Libye depuis le d&#233;but de l'ann&#233;e 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, 12 mars 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Depuis d&#233;but 2026, plus de 2 500 migrant&#183;e&#183;s ont &#233;t&#233; intercept&#233;&#183;e&#183;s en M&#233;diterran&#233;e par les garde-c&#244;tes libyens et renvoy&#233;&#183;e&#183;s de force en Libye. Ces interceptions s'inscrivent dans le cadre d'un arrangement conclu en 2017 entre l'Italie et la Libye, qui pr&#233;voit un soutien logistique et financier de l'Italie et de l'Union europ&#233;enne aux autorit&#233;s libyennes afin d'emp&#234;cher les d&#233;parts vers l'Europe. Un accord informel qui a de fait mis en place un m&#233;canisme de &#171; pullbacks &#187;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Ces op&#233;rations visent &#224; &#171; emp&#234;cher physiquement les migrant&#183;e&#183;s de quitter (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-1&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; syst&#233;matiques : des interceptions en mer, coordonn&#233;es par l'agence europ&#233;enne Frontex, suivies du renvoi forc&#233; des personnes vers les c&#244;tes libyennes par les autorit&#233;s locales, formellement responsables de la zone de recherche et de sauvetage (SAR). Les personnes migrantes sont ensuite enferm&#233;es dans des camps libyens. C'est dans ce contexte que s'inscrit la d&#233;cision r&#233;cente de la Commission europ&#233;enne de financer la construction d'un centre de coordination des secours maritimes (MRCC) &#224; Benghazi&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet InfoMigrants, &#171; M&#233;diterran&#233;e : l'UE va financer l'ouverture (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-2&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Le projet, port&#233; par le gouvernement italien, &#233;tend le m&#233;canisme de &#171; pullback &#187; &#224; l'est de la Libye, en compl&#233;ment du centre d&#233;j&#224; op&#233;rationnel &#224; Tripoli. Par ailleurs, la gestion du nouveau centre pourrait &#234;tre li&#233;e &#224; la milice Tareq Ben Zayed, qui contr&#244;le le territoire et est soup&#231;onn&#233;e d'&#234;tre impliqu&#233;e dans l'attaque du navire humanitaire Ocean Viking en ao&#251;t 2025&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet Migreurop, &#171; Actualit&#233;s de l'Union europ&#233;enne - d&#233;cembre (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-3&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cette coop&#233;ration entre l'Union europ&#233;enne et la Libye a permis, au fil des ann&#233;es, le refoulement, la d&#233;tention arbitraire et la torture de milliers de personnes&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir notamment le communiqu&#233; de Mediterranea, &#171; Ancora milioni di euro per (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-4&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Un rapport confidentiel de l'Union europ&#233;enne datant de 2022&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-5&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir notamment AP, &#171; Migrant abuses continue in Libya. So does EU border (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-5&#034;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; fait d'ailleurs &#233;tat &#171; d'un usage excessif de la force, d'actes disproportionn&#233;s et de violence arm&#233;e &#187; lors des interceptions en mer par les autorit&#233;s libyennes. Par ailleurs, les conditions de d&#233;tention des migrant&#183;e&#183;s en Libye ont fait l'objet de nombreuses alertes en raison de graves violations des droits humains&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-6&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir, par exemple, le dernier rapport de l'OHCHR et de l'UNSMIL &#171; Business (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-6&#034;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. La Libye n'offre aucune garantie de protection conforme aux standards internationaux en mati&#232;re de protection et d'asile. Malgr&#233; cela, les financements europ&#233;ens et italiens, visant &#224; externaliser la gestion des mouvements migratoiresvers ce pays non s&#251;r, continuent d'affluer.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_1&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=31&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Tunisie&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;BBC News Afrique, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.bbc.com/afrique/articles/czexg1nklkwo&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Une militante antiraciste de premier plan en Tunisie condamn&#233;e &#224; huit ans de prison&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 21 mars 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le tribunal de premi&#232;re instance de Tunis a condamn&#233; la militante antiraciste Saadia Mosbah, &#224; huit ans de prison et &#224; une lourde amende pour &#171; blanchiment d'argent &#187; et &#171; enrichissement illicite &#187;. Ce verdict s'inscrit dans un contexte de criminalisation croissante des d&#233;fenseur&#183;e&#183;s des droits des migrant&#183;e&#183;s en Tunisie. Ces derni&#232;res ann&#233;es, Mosbah, pr&#233;sidente de l'association Mn&#232;mty, s'est retrouv&#233;e en premi&#232;re ligne dans la d&#233;fense des droits des migrant&#183;e&#183;s originaires d'Afrique subsaharienne, face &#224; la rh&#233;torique et aux politiques racistes du pr&#233;sident Ka&#239;s Sa&#239;ed. Depuis deux ans, Mn&#232;mty et de nombreuses autres organisations de solidarit&#233; avec les migrant&#183;e&#183;s sont particuli&#232;rement cibl&#233;es par une vague r&#233;pressive : campagnes de diffamation sur les r&#233;seaux sociaux orchestr&#233;s par le gouvernement, militant&#183;e&#183;s arr&#234;t&#233;&#183;e&#183;s et poursuivi&#183;e&#183;s.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La criminalisation de la soci&#233;t&#233; civile tunisienne se poursuit avec l'assentiment tacite de l'Union europ&#233;enne, qui a accord&#233; un financement de plus de 100 millions d'euros &#224; la Tunisie dans le cadre d'un arrangement migratoire conclu en 2023, visant &#224; emp&#234;cher les migrant&#183;e&#183;s de traverser la M&#233;diterran&#233;e. Mosbah et les activistes condamn&#233;&#183;e&#183;s paient aujourd'hui le prix de cet arrangement&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-7&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir notamment le communiqu&#233; conjoint &#171; Pour la lib&#233;ration de l'activiste (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-7&#034;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; : en soutenant la politique migratoire de Sa&#239;ed dans un objectif de dissuasion des d&#233;parts, l'UE porte une responsabilit&#233; dans les arrestations arbitraires de d&#233;fenseur&#183;e&#183;s des droits en Tunisie et dans les violations de leurs droits fondamentaux.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_2&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=31&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Allemagne&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;InfoMigrants, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/70638/allemagne--apres-la-visite-dalcharaa-merz-espere-un-retour-massif-des-refugies-syriens&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Allemagne : apr&#232;s la visite d'al-Charaa, Merz esp&#232;re un retour massif des r&#233;fugi&#233;s syriens&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 31 mars 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dans le cadre d'une visite du pr&#233;sident syrien Ahmed al-Charaa &#224; Berlin, le lundi 30 mars, le chancelier allemand Friedrich Merz a d&#233;clar&#233; vouloir expulser, &#224; moyen terme, 80 % des r&#233;fugi&#233;&#183;e&#183;s syrien&#183;ne&#183;s pr&#233;sent&#183;e&#183;s en Allemagne. Selon lui, il n'y aurait plus de raison pour ces personnes de rester sur le territoire allemand apr&#232;s la chute du r&#233;gime d'Assad.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;L'id&#233;e d'expulser un nombre aussi &#233;lev&#233; de personnes r&#233;v&#232;le une approche x&#233;nophobe et raciste, visant &#224; se d&#233;barrasser, le plus rapidement possible et &#224; tout prix, de celles et ceux consid&#233;r&#233;&#183;e&#183;s comme &#171; ind&#233;sirables &#187; sur le territoire allemand&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-8&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Comme l'ont d&#233;montr&#233; les r&#233;cents arrangements avec les Talibans en (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-8&#034;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Par ailleurs, la Syrie demeure un pays profond&#233;ment instable, marqu&#233; par la destruction d'infrastructures essentielles. En octobre 2025, le ministre allemand des Affaires &#233;trang&#232;res avait d&#233;clar&#233; qu'il &#233;tait &#171; pratiquement impossible pour les gens d'y vivre dans la dignit&#233; dans le court terme &#187;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-9&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet Migreurop, Revue de presse d&#233;cembre 2025, 5 janvier 2025&#034; id=&#034;nh2-9&#034;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, lors d'une visite sur place. De graves violations des droits humains continuent &#233;galement d'&#234;tre document&#233;es dans le pays. Le 12 mars, La Commission d'enqu&#234;te internationale ind&#233;pendante sur la R&#233;publique arabe syrienne a pr&#233;sent&#233; son dernier rapport devant le Conseil des droits de l'Homme des Nations unies, r&#233;v&#233;lant que la transition politique demeure compromise par des violations des droits telles que des ex&#233;cutions extrajudiciaires, des actes de torture et des mauvais traitements, ainsi que des disparitions forc&#233;es&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-10&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Conseil des droits de l'homme des Nations Unies, &#171; Report of the Independent (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-10&#034;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Dans ces conditions, la s&#233;curit&#233; des ressortissant&#183;e&#183;s expuls&#233;&#183;e&#183;s ne saurait &#234;tre garantie, et l'Allemagne risquerait de se rendre complice de telles violations de droits.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_3&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=31&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Belgique&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Politico, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.politico.eu/article/belgium-migration-asylum-seeker-court-suspension-anneleen-van-bossuyt/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Belgium to press ahed with restriction on asylum-seekers despite court decision&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 4 mars 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La Cour constitutionnelle belge a suspendu temporairement une mesure visant &#224; limiter l'acc&#232;s aux conditions mat&#233;rielles d'accueil pour les migrant&#183;e&#183;s ayant d&#233;j&#224; obtenu une protection dans un autre &#201;tat membre de l'UE. La Cour a soulign&#233; que cette disposition pourrait causer un &#171; pr&#233;judice grave et difficilement r&#233;parable &#187;, en exposant des personnes &#224; la pr&#233;carit&#233;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-11&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Cour constitutionnelle,arr&#234;t n&#176; 23/2026, 26 f&#233;vrier 2026&#034; id=&#034;nh2-11&#034;&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Malgr&#233; cette suspension, le gouvernement belge a d&#233;clar&#233; vouloir poursuivre l'application de cette mesure afin d' &#171; &#233;viter de surcharger le syst&#232;me d'accueil &#187;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Depuis 2021, les autorit&#233;s belges ont refus&#233; d'adapter ce syst&#232;me &#224; l'augmentation des demandes d'asile, exposant de nombreux&#183;euse&#183;s exil&#233;&#183;e&#183;s &#224; des conditions de vie indignes, sans acc&#232;s aux soins ni &#224; un h&#233;bergement appropri&#233;. Plus de 12 000 d&#233;cisions de juridictions nationales et internationales ont ordonn&#233; &#224; la Belgique de fournir un accueil digne. Pourtant, ces d&#233;cisions ont syst&#233;matiquement &#233;t&#233; ignor&#233;es et contourn&#233;es, surtout depuis l'arriv&#233;e au pouvoir du nouveau gouvernement en 2023, qui a adopt&#233; une politique migratoire plus restrictive&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-12&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet Amnesty International &#171; Belgique. Les manquements (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-12&#034;&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Le m&#233;pris des d&#233;cisions judiciaires belgess'inscrit dans un contexte g&#233;n&#233;ral de remise en cause du droit national, europ&#233;en et international en mati&#232;re migratoire : c'est sans surprise que le pays figure dans la liste des &#201;tats ayant sign&#233; en 2025 une lettre ouverte appelant &#224; une interpr&#233;tation plus souple de la Convention europ&#233;enne des droits de l'Homme, notamment de l'article 3 (interdiction des traitements inhumains ou d&#233;gradants) et de l'article 8 (protection de la vie priv&#233;e et familiale)&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-13&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir la lettre ouvertesign&#233;e par les chefs d'&#201;tat de l'Italie, du Danemark, (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-13&#034;&gt;13&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. La Belgique choisit ainsi de prot&#233;ger ses fronti&#232;res d'une menace migratoire fantasm&#233;e, au m&#233;pris des droits humains.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_4&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=31&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Croatie/Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;InfoMigrants, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/70231/migration-management-measures-reinforced-in-bosnia-herzegovina-and-croatia&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;A la fronti&#232;re entre la Croatie et la Bosnie, la construction d'un centre d'accueil divise les habitants&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 13 mars 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La Croatie a r&#233;cemment annonc&#233; la construction d'un nouveau &#171; centre d'accueil &#187; pour les personnes migrantes &#224; sa fronti&#232;re avec la Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine. Parall&#232;lement, l'agence europ&#233;enne Frontex pr&#233;voit de renforcer la pr&#233;sence de ses agents en Bosnie, consid&#233;r&#233;e par l'UE comme un &#171; investissement g&#233;opolitique &#187; majeur dans la gestion des mouvements migratoires. L'objectif affich&#233; est d'atteindre un &#171; niveau &#233;lev&#233; &#187; de coop&#233;ration avec la police des fronti&#232;res bosniennes dans la &#171; lutte contre l'immigration clandestine et la pr&#233;vention de la criminalit&#233; transfrontali&#232;re &#187;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine est candidate &#224; l'entr&#233;e dans l'Union europ&#233;enne et constitue une &#233;tape sur la route migratoire des Balkans : un lieu n&#233;vralgique de consolidation de l' &#171; Europe Forteresse &#187;. Sa fronti&#232;re avec la Croatie est notoirement marqu&#233;e par l'impunit&#233; des violations des droits commises par les autorit&#233;s croates et bosniennes&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-14&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet le rapport de Border Violence Monitoring Network, &#171; Clothes (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-14&#034;&gt;14&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; : les refoulements des migrant&#183;e&#183;s qui tentent d'arriver sur le sol europ&#233;en sont l&#233;gion et les demandeur&#183;euse&#183;s d'asile qui parviennent en Croatie sont plac&#233;es dans des centres pour demandeurs d'asile (actuellement deux dans le pays) dans des conditions indignes. L'acc&#232;s aux soins y est limit&#233;, les conditions d'hygi&#232;ne sont pr&#233;caires et des cas de refus arbitraire de certaines demandes de protection ont &#233;t&#233; document&#233;s&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-15&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir notamment Asylum Information Database (AIDA),Conseil europ&#233;en pour les (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-15&#034;&gt;15&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Des rapports ont &#233;galement mis en avant que les autorit&#233;s croates ont &#233;t&#233; impliqu&#233;es dans la d&#233;tention arbitraire et la torture de personnes en situation dite &#171; irr&#233;guli&#232;re &#187; dans des installations ad hoc&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-16&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir l'aper&#231;u g&#233;n&#233;rale de la Croatie du Global Detention Project, s.d.&#034; id=&#034;nh2-16&#034;&gt;16&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. La construction d'un centre &#224; la fronti&#232;re risque d'entra&#238;ner une multiplication de ce type de situations.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dans ce cadre, le renforcement de la pr&#233;sence de Frontex (qui op&#232;re en Bosnie &#224; la suite d'un accord de statut sign&#233; en 2025 entre l'UE et Sarajevo&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-17&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voirla d&#233;cision (UE) 2025/1348 du Conseil, 27 janvier 2025&#034; id=&#034;nh2-17&#034;&gt;17&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;) risque de contribuer aux violations des droits d&#233;crites ci-dessus. D'autant plus que, en vertu de cet accord (article 12), l'agence b&#233;n&#233;ficie d'une immunit&#233; pour tous les actes r&#233;alis&#233;s dans le cadre d'une op&#233;ration conjointe en Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine, devant toute juridiction p&#233;nale, civile ou administrative du pays&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-18&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet Migreurop,Revue de presse juin 2025, 7 juillet 2025&#034; id=&#034;nh2-18&#034;&gt;18&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_5&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=31&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Espagne&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;La Vanguardia, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.lavanguardia.com/vida/20260310/11486000/gobierno-garantiza-sanidad-publica-personas-inmigrantes-situacion-irregular.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Los inmigrantes sin papeles acceder&#225;n a la sanidad con una declaraci&#243;n responsable&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 10 mars 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Depuis le 10 mars 2026, le syst&#232;me de sant&#233; espagnol est ouvert aux personnes d&#233;pourvues de documents pour s&#233;journer dans le pays. Cette mesure supprime des obstacles administratifs qui emp&#234;chaient auparavant de nombreuses personnes d'acc&#233;der aux soins m&#233;dicaux. Selon les nouvelles r&#232;gles, toute personne en mesure de prouver sa r&#233;sidence en Espagne peut d&#233;poser une demande de prise en charge aupr&#232;s de son centre de sant&#233; local et b&#233;n&#233;ficier imm&#233;diatement d'une couverture temporaire pendant le traitement de son dossier. Comme l'a soulign&#233; la ministre de la Sant&#233; espagnole, cette mesure &#171; vise &#224; garantir l'&#233;quit&#233; et &#224; pr&#233;venir les in&#233;galit&#233;s &#187;, tout en permettant &#171; un meilleur suivi des maladies dans les soins primaires et une utilisation plus efficace des ressources publiques &#187;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cette d&#233;cision fait suite &#224; une mesure de r&#233;gularisation dite extraordinaire des personnes migrantes (2026) et au refus explicite du gouvernement espagnol de soutenir le projet europ&#233;en de &#171; &lt;i&gt;return hubs &lt;/i&gt; &#187; (pays hors Europe o&#249; seraient expuls&#233;es les personnes sans droit au s&#233;jour en Europe), pr&#233;vu dans le r&#232;glement retour dont le mandat de n&#233;gociation a &#233;t&#233; confirm&#233; le 26 mars par le Parlement europ&#233;en. Il convient n&#233;anmoins de rappeler que l'Espagne continue d'externaliser la gestion des mouvements migratoires, notamment vers le Maroc et la Mauritanie, ce qui engage sa responsabilit&#233; dans les violations des droits humains commises &#224; l'encontre des exil&#233;&#183;e&#183;s dans ces pays&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-19&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet : Human Rights Watch, &#171; Mauritanie : Des ann&#233;es d'abus li&#233;s (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-19&#034;&gt;19&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_6&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=31&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Portugal&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;The Portugal Post, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://theportugalpost.com/posts/portugal-tightens-immigration-laws-detention-extended-to-18-months-and-deportation-rules-transformed&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Portugal Tightens Immigration Laws : Detention Extended to 18 Months and Deportation Rules Transformed&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 19 mars 2025&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le gouvernement portugais a approuv&#233; un projet de loi en mati&#232;re de migration marquant une &#233;tape suppl&#233;mentaire dans le tournant r&#233;pressif de sa politique &#224; l'&#233;gard des personnes exil&#233;es. La dur&#233;e maximale de d&#233;tention administrative pour les personnes sans droit au s&#233;jour a &#233;t&#233; prolong&#233;e(de 60 &#224; 540 jours) et les personnes qui feront une demande de protection apr&#232;s une entr&#233;e sur le territoire en-dehors des postes fronti&#232;res habilit&#233;s seront soumises &#224; des mesures coercitives plus strictes, dont la d&#233;tention, pendant l'examen de leur dossier. Le texte introduit &#233;galement une interdiction d'entr&#233;e en cas d'expulsion forc&#233;e pouvant atteindre cinqans, dur&#233;e prolongeable en cas de condamnation p&#233;nale ou de menace pour la s&#233;curit&#233; nationale. En outre, le d&#233;p&#244;t d'une demande de protection ne suspendra plus la proc&#233;dure d'expulsion, et enfin toute personne sans droit au s&#233;jour est soumise &#224; une &#171; obligation de d&#233;part volontaire &#187; : les personnes concern&#233;es devront quitter le territoire sans attendre de notification formelle, sous peine d'expulsion forc&#233;e et donc d'interdiction d'entr&#233;e. Cette r&#233;forme supprime la p&#233;riode interm&#233;diaire entre la notification formelle et la perte effective du droit au s&#233;jour, p&#233;riode qui permettait jusqu'&#224; pr&#233;sent de r&#233;gulariser sa situation administrative ou de consulter un avocat. &#192; noter que selon le texte, ces mesures de renvoi forc&#233; ne s'appliqueront pas aux mineurs de moins de 16 ans. Le projet de loi est actuellement en cours d'examen parlementaire.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Plusieurs organisations de d&#233;fense des droits des personnes migrantes d&#233;noncent une man&#339;uvre politique de la coalition de centre-droit visant &#224; s&#233;duire un &#233;lectorat plus conservateur &#224; l'approche de futures &#233;ch&#233;ances &#233;lectorales. Cette strat&#233;gie s'inscrit dans une tendance plus large observ&#233;e dans d'autres &#201;tats europ&#233;ens o&#249; les migrant&#183;e&#183;s sont instrumentalis&#233;&#183;e&#183;s &#224; des fins &#233;lectorales, dans une optique populiste.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#192; l'heure de l'adoption d'un nouveau r&#232;glement europ&#233;en sur le retour des personnes d&#233;pourvues de droit de s&#233;jour dans l'UE, d'applicabilit&#233; directe dans les &#201;tats membres, les mesures &#224; l'encontre des personnes exil&#233;es en instance d'expulsion vont encore s'aggraver.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_7&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=31&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Su&#232;de &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Le Monde, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2026/03/24/la-suede-presente-un-projet-de-loi-qui-prevoit-d-expulser-les-migrants-qui-ne-menent-pas-une-vie-honnete_6674072_3210.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;La Su&#232;de pr&#233;sente un projet de loi qui pr&#233;voit d'expulser les migrants qui ne m&#232;nent pas une &#171; vie honn&#234;te&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;, le 24 mars 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;RFI, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.rfi.fr/fr/europe/20260325-su%C3%A8de-le-gouvernement-poursuit-un-projet-de-loi-visant-%C3%A0-d%C3%A9noncer-les-migrants-sans-titre-de-s%C3%A9jour&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Su&#232;de : le gouvernement poursuit un projet de loi visant &#224; d&#233;noncer les migrants sans titre de s&#233;jour&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 25 mars 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Fin mars, le gouvernement su&#233;dois a pr&#233;sent&#233; deux projets de loi visant &#224; intensifier les expulsions des personnes exil&#233;es. Le premier pr&#233;voit l'expulsion des migrant&#183;e&#183;s qui ne m&#232;neraient pas une &#171; vie honn&#234;te &#187;. Le deuxi&#232;me obligerait six administrations publiques (l'agence pour l'emploi, l'assurance sociale, l'administration p&#233;nitentiaire, l'agence de recouvrement des dettes, l'autorit&#233; des retraites et l'administration fiscale) &#224; signaler &#224; la police les personnes soup&#231;onn&#233;es de s&#233;jour dit &#171; irr&#233;gulier &#187;. Il introduit &#233;galement de nouveaux motifs de retrait du titre de s&#233;jour, notamment lorsqu'une personne est consid&#233;r&#233;e comme une &#171; menace &#187;pour l'ordre public ou la s&#233;curit&#233; nationale, ou lorsqu'elle a fourni des informations inexactes dans sa demande.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La premi&#232;re mesure suscite de vives inqui&#233;tudes en raison de son caract&#232;re vague et discr&#233;tionnaire. Quels crit&#232;res permettraient de d&#233;finir une &#171; vie honn&#234;te &#187; ? Quels moyens seraient utilis&#233;s pour &#233;valuer une pr&#233;tendue moralit&#233; individuelle ? Cette mesure, qui repose sur des &#233;valuations profond&#233;ment subjectives, ouvrirait la voie &#224; la mise en place de deux syst&#232;mes normatifs parall&#232;les. Des d&#233;clarations non p&#233;nalement r&#233;pr&#233;hensibles pourraient ainsi entra&#238;ner l'expulsion des migrant&#183;e&#183;s, alors qu'elles n'auraient aucune cons&#233;quence juridique pour des citoyen&#183;ne&#183;s su&#233;dois&#183;e&#183;s. Par ailleurs, il existe un risque de produire un effet dissuasif sur la libert&#233; d'expression et de renforcer l'autocensure parmi les personnes migrantes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le deuxi&#232;me projet de loi s'inscrit dans une volont&#233; plus g&#233;n&#233;rale, &#224; l'&#233;chelle europ&#233;enne, de renforcer un contr&#244;le g&#233;n&#233;ralis&#233; des espaces priv&#233;s et publics afin de &#171; d&#233;busquer &#187; les personnes d&#233;pourvues de doit au s&#233;jour. Il accentuerait le r&#244;le des administrations comme outils de contr&#244;le, en mena&#231;ant le droit &#224; la vie priv&#233;e, en raison du partage potentiel de donn&#233;es sensibles, en favorisant le profilage racial et les discriminations au faci&#232;s, et en cr&#233;ant des conflits &#233;thiques pour les professionnel&#183;le&#183;s de l'administration publique&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-20&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Les m&#234;mes inqui&#233;tudes ont &#233;t&#233; soulev&#233;es concernant le r&#232;glement &#171; retour &#187;, (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-20&#034;&gt;20&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_8&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=31&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Royaume-Uni&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;The Guardian, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2026/mar/05/what-are-shabana-mahmoods-changes-to-the-asylum-system&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;What are Shabana Mahmood's changes to the asylum system ?&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 5 mars 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le 5 mars, la ministre de l'Int&#233;rieur britannique Shabana Mahmood a annonc&#233; la mise en application de nouvelles mesures en mati&#232;re de migration et d'asile. Le statut de r&#233;fugi&#233; est d&#233;sormais r&#233;duit de cinq ans &#224; 30 mois (renouvelables). Au terme de cette p&#233;riode, si le pays tiers est consid&#233;r&#233; comme s&#251;r, ses ressortissant&#183;e&#183;s pourront y &#234;tre expuls&#233;&#183;e&#183;s. Par ailleurs, la p&#233;riode pour obtenir le statut de r&#233;sident&#183;e permanent&#183;e passe de 10 &#224; 20 ans, l'obligation de soutien financier public aux demandeur&#183;euse&#183;s d'asile est suspendue, et jusqu'&#224; 40 000 &#163; seront offerts aux familles dont la demande d'asile a &#233;t&#233; rejet&#233;e pour rentrer volontairement dans leur pays : en cas de refus, les autorit&#233;s pourront recourir &#224; la force, y compris &#224; l'encontre des mineur&#183;e&#183;s.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#201;ni&#232;me durcissement de la politique migratoire britannique, cette nouvelle s&#233;rie de mesures r&#233;pressives s'&#233;loigne de l'esprit, sinon de la lettre, des conventions relatives aux droits humains dont le Royaume-Uni est signataire. Tout d'abord, les personnes exil&#233;es seront maintenues dans un &#233;tat d'incertitude permanente, les emp&#234;chant de reconstruire leur vie et les exposant &#224; une menace constante d'expulsion&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-21&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet The Guardian, &#171; Mahmood's new rules will leave refugees in (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-21&#034;&gt;21&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Par ailleurs, la possibilit&#233; de renvoyer de force des familles dont la demande d'asile a &#233;t&#233; ou sera rejet&#233;e risque d'entra&#238;ner une violation du droit au respect de la vie priv&#233;e et familiale, prot&#233;g&#233; par l'article 8 de la Convention europ&#233;enne des droits de l'Homme, ainsi que du principe de l'int&#233;r&#234;t sup&#233;rieur de l'enfant, consacr&#233; par la Convention relative aux droits de l'enfant et reconnu par tous les instruments europ&#233;ens de protection des droits humains. Enfin, le renvoi forc&#233; des ressortissant&#183;e&#183;s de pays consid&#233;r&#233;s comme s&#251;rs pourrait constituer une forme de discrimination fond&#233;e sur la nationalit&#233;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Plusieurs organisations de la soci&#233;t&#233; civile britannique ont d&#233;nonc&#233; ces &#233;volutions dans un communiqu&#233; commun. Elles appellent le gouvernement &#224; suspendre la r&#233;duction de la dur&#233;e du statut de r&#233;fugi&#233; en taxant la politique britannique de &#171; cruaut&#233; performative &#187;, source d'instabilit&#233;, d'injustice et d'inefficacit&#233;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-22&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir notamment Scottish Refugee Council, &#171; Charities urge UK government to (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-22&#034;&gt;22&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_9&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=31&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Royaume-Uni/Nigeria&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;BBC, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crm1w24p8p7o&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;UK agrees deal to ease migrant returns&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; to Nigeria&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 19 mars 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le 19 mars, le Royaume-Uni et le Nigeria ont conclu un arrangement visant &#224; acc&#233;l&#233;rer les expulsions de ressortissant&#183;e&#183;s nig&#233;rian&#183;e&#183;s d&#233;pourvu&#183;e&#183;s de droit au s&#233;jour, ou condamn&#233;&#183;e&#183;s par la justice ou encore dont la demande d'asile a &#233;t&#233; rejet&#233;e. D&#233;sormais, les autorit&#233;s britanniques n'auront plus &#224; attendre la d&#233;livrance de laissez-passer consulaires par le Nigeria pour proc&#233;der &#224; une expulsion : les autorit&#233;s nig&#233;rianes accepteront des documents d'identification &#233;mis par le Royaume-Uni (les &#171; &lt;i&gt;UK letters&lt;/i&gt; &#187;). L'arrangement pr&#233;voit en outre un renforcement de la coop&#233;ration dans la lutte contre les &#171; r&#233;seaux de passeurs &#187;. Dans ce sens, le Nigeria s'est engag&#233; &#224; revoir sa l&#233;gislation nationale afin de garantir des sanctions plus s&#233;v&#232;res contre &#171; les infractions li&#233;es aux migrations &#187;, ce qui risque de conduire &#224; une intensification de la criminalisation des personnes migrantes, ainsi que des organisations solidaires.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;L'utilisation de documents informels comme les &lt;i&gt;UK letters&lt;/i&gt; pourrait entra&#238;ner des expulsions arbitraires, du fait d'une identification unilat&#233;rale (identit&#233; et nationalit&#233;) de la personne renvoy&#233;e de force par le R.U. Cette mesure pourrait &#233;galement porter atteinte au droit &#224; la vie priv&#233;e et familiale des Nig&#233;rian&#183;e&#183;s r&#233;sidant&#183;e&#183;s au Royaume-Uni.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cet accord marque une nouvelle &#233;tape dans la &#171; diplomatie du renvoi &#187;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-23&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir notamment Migreurop,Revue de presse octobre 2025, 15 novembre 2025&#034; id=&#034;nh2-23&#034;&gt;23&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;engag&#233;e par le Royaume-Uni depuis l'arriv&#233;e au pouvoir du gouvernement de Keir Starmer. D&#233;j&#224; en septembre 2025, la ministre de l'Int&#233;rieur Shabana Mahmood avait mis en place une strat&#233;gie de suspension de la d&#233;livrance de visas pour les ressortissant&#183;e&#183;s de certains pays africains (R&#233;publique d&#233;mocratique du Congo, Namibie, Angola) comme moyen de pression pour obtenir une coop&#233;ration plus &#171; efficace &#187; de ces pays dans la r&#233;admission des personnes expuls&#233;es&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-24&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet InfoMigrants, &#171; UK uses visa restrictions to pressure (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-24&#034;&gt;24&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_10&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=31&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Adoption du r&#232;glement retour&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Lib&#233;ration, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.liberation.fr/international/europe/le-parlement-europeen-en-passe-dapprouver-des-hubs-de-retour-pour-migrants-20260326_2ORGECM5GVEDHKBQ4HXLG7FVFM/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt; Le Parlement europ&#233;en approuve la cr&#233;ation de &#171; hubs de retour &#187; pour migrants hors de l'UE&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 26 mars 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le 26 mars 2026, le Parlement europ&#233;en a confirm&#233; en pl&#233;ni&#232;re le mandat de n&#233;gociation adopt&#233; par la Commission Parlementaire LIBE pour un nouveau syst&#232;me commun en mati&#232;re d'expulsions des ressortissant&#183;e&#183;s de pays tiers sans droit au s&#233;jour dans l'Union (dit &#171; r&#232;glement retour &#187;), r&#233;sultant d'une alliance entre la droite et l'extr&#234;me droite. Parmi les mesures pr&#233;vues : une d&#233;tention syst&#233;matique pour toutes les personnes exil&#233;es(extension des motifs de d&#233;tention, dur&#233;e maximale d'enfermement port&#233;e &#224; 24 mois et cumulable d'un &#201;tat membre &#224; l'autre, possibilit&#233; d'enfermement dans des &#233;tablissements p&#233;nitentiaires) ; des expulsions vers des pays tiers (&lt;i&gt;return hubs&lt;/i&gt;), sans contr&#244;le effectif par les institutions europ&#233;ennes et sans clause de suspension en cas de violation des droits ; une acc&#233;l&#233;ration des renvois forc&#233;s gr&#226;ce &#224; la reconnaissance mutuelle des mesures d'expulsion entre &#201;tats membres, potentiellement sans r&#233;examen individuel, et pouvant &#234;tre ex&#233;cut&#233;es avant toute d&#233;cision d&#233;finitive ; dans certains cas, des interdictions d'entr&#233;e d&#233;finitives dans le territoire de l'UE sont pr&#233;vues.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#201;ni&#232;me jalon de la guerre aux migrant&#183;e&#183;s d&#233;but&#233;e il y a 30 ans, ce r&#232;glement consolide la destruction du droit entam&#233;e de longue date, en franchissant de nouvelles lignes rouges. Il risque d'entra&#238;ner tr&#232;s concr&#232;tement des renvois dangereux, des violations du droit &#224; un recours effectif et du principe de non-refoulement, et d'exposer les exil&#233;&#183;e&#183;s &#224; des traitements inhumains et d&#233;gradants&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-25&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir notamment le communiqu&#233; de Migreurop, &#171; Adoption du r&#232;glement europ&#233;en (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-25&#034;&gt;25&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. La rapidit&#233; de ce vote est en outre inqui&#233;tante, le texte propos&#233; ayant &#233;t&#233; adopt&#233; par le Parlement europ&#233;en &#224; peine un an apr&#232;s la proposition de la Commission. Cela r&#233;v&#232;le que l'agenda de l'extr&#234;me droite s'impose d&#233;sormais au sommet des institutions europ&#233;ennes : dans le sillage du Pacte europ&#233;en, le r&#232;glement retour ent&#233;rine un remodelage du droit de l'Union afin de l'adapter &#224; une id&#233;ologie raciste, anti-migratoire et anti-d&#233;mocratique&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-26&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Ibidem&#034; id=&#034;nh2-26&#034;&gt;26&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_11&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=31&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Arrangement UE / Nigeria&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Euobserver, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://euobserver.com/208101/eu-offers-cash-and-defence-deal-as-it-inks-migrant-returns-pact-with-nigeria&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;EU offers cash and defence deal as it links migrant returns pact with Nigeria&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, 23 mars 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le Nigeria et l'Union europ&#233;enne ont conclu un arrangement pour le renvoi des ressortissant&#183;e&#183;s nig&#233;rian&#183;ne&#183;s d&#233;pourvu&#183;e&#183;s de droit au s&#233;jour dans l'Union, en contrepartie d'un financement de 288 millions d'euros destin&#233; &#224; la digitalisation, &#224; la modernisation du secteur de la sant&#233; et aux cha&#238;nes de valeur agricoles au Nigeria.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;L'arrangement illustre la tendance europ&#233;enne &#224; lier la coop&#233;ration en mati&#232;re d'expulsions &#224; des promesses d'avantages &#233;conomiques et diplomatiques (approche &#171; &lt;i&gt;cash-for-migrants&lt;/i&gt; &#187;), au d&#233;triment des droits fondamentaux des personnes exil&#233;es. Le Nigeria est en effet confront&#233; &#224; une ins&#233;curit&#233; croissante, &#224; une forte inflation, &#224; la violence de groupesarm&#233;s locaux, &#224; des all&#233;gations de torture et &#224; une exclusion profonde des jeunes, aggrav&#233;e par un recul des libert&#233;s civiles et politiques. Dans ce contexte, les expulsions de ressortissant&#183;e&#183;s nig&#233;rian&#183;e&#183;s depuis l'UE pourraient exposer certaines personnes &#224; des traitements inhumains et d&#233;gradants et &#224; l'exclusion sociale, en raison de perspectives de r&#233;int&#233;gration limit&#233;es. Par ailleurs, des accords informels similaires dans la r&#233;gion du Sahel ont co&#239;ncid&#233; avec des lois anti-migration s&#233;v&#232;res,une criminalisation de la soci&#233;t&#233; civile, et la militarisation des fronti&#232;res, contribuant &#224; la normalisation de la r&#233;pression sous couvert de garantir la &#171; stabilit&#233; &#187; et l'&#171; ordre &#187;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-27&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Notamment le partenariat UE-Niger de 2022&#034; id=&#034;nh2-27&#034;&gt;27&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &#224; l'&#233;chelle nationale.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_12&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=31&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Frontex&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Le Monde, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2026/03/24/fabrice-leggeri-ex-directeur-de-frontex-et-eurodepute-rn-vise-par-une-enquete-pour-complicite-de-crimes-contre-l-humanite_6674028_3224.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Fabrice Leggeri, ex-directeur de Frontex et eurod&#233;put&#233; RN, vis&#233; par une enqu&#234;te pour complicit&#233; de crimes contre l'humanit&#233;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 24 mars 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A la suite de la plainte d'ONG (Ligue des droits de l'Homme et Utopia 56) d&#233;pos&#233;e en avril 2024, une enqu&#234;te a &#233;t&#233; ouverte en France contre Fabrice Leggeri, ancien directeur de Frontex (2015-2022) et eurod&#233;put&#233; d'extr&#234;me droite (groupe Patriotes pour l'Europe). Il est accus&#233;de complicit&#233; de crimes contre l'humanit&#233; et crime de torture, dans des faits de refoulements et de non-assistance aux exil&#233;.e.s en mer, li&#233;s aux pratiques de dissuasion mises en &#339;uvre par les &#201;tats membres et son bras arm&#233; Frontex.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Si l'ouverture d'une enqu&#234;te &#224; l'encontre de Leggeri, qui si&#232;ge au Parlement europ&#233;en comme eurod&#233;put&#233; du Rassemblement National, constitue une &#233;tape symbolique importante, il convient de rappeler que le mandat et les activit&#233;s de Frontex sont, depuis la cr&#233;ation de l'agence, intrins&#232;quement incompatibles avec le respect des droits fondamentaux. Les violations des droits commises en toute impunit&#233; avec la complicit&#233; de Frontex - d&#233;nonc&#233;es depuis 2004 par les ONG - avaient lieu avant la nomination de Leggeri et se sont poursuivies apr&#232;s sa d&#233;mission en 2022.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Frontex est l'instrument d'une politique r&#233;pressive de restriction des mobilit&#233;s qui a d&#233;montr&#233; &#234;tre incompatible avec le respect des droits. Dans le cadre du mandat de l'agence, denombreuses op&#233;rations ill&#233;gales ont &#233;t&#233; men&#233;es et largement document&#233;es : expulsions collectives, entraves au droit d'asile, refoulements massifs en pleine mer, non-assistance &#224; personne en danger, collaboration avec des milices libyennes pour intercepter des embarcations avant qu'elles n'atteignent les eaux territoriales europ&#233;ennes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Depuis sa cr&#233;ation en 2004, son mandat, ses pr&#233;rogatives et ses moyens n'ont cess&#233; d'&#234;tre renforc&#233;s, et son budget a &#233;t&#233; d&#233;multipli&#233; ces derni&#232;res ann&#233;es (passant de 6 millions d'euros en 2005 &#224; plus d'un milliard en 2026). En juin 2026, la Commission europ&#233;enne pr&#233;sentera au Parlement une 5e r&#233;vision du mandat de l'agence, visant &#224; &#233;largir encore ses activit&#233;s et moyens (recours accru aux technologies de surveillance, expulsions de pays tiers &#224; pays tiers, passage de 10 000 &#224; 30 000 agents).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Si Frontex jouissait jusqu'ici d'une impunit&#233; structurelle, la Cour de justice de l'UE a consid&#233;r&#233; en d&#233;cembre 2025 que le droit de l'Union imposait &#224; Frontex des obligations en mati&#232;re de protection des droits fondamentaux&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-28&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet Migreurop, Revue de presse d&#233;cembre 2025, 5 janvier 2026&#034; id=&#034;nh2-28&#034;&gt;28&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Il &#233;tait temps.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;hr /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_notes'&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-1&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-1&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Ces op&#233;rations visent &#224; &#171; emp&#234;cher physiquement les migrant&#183;e&#183;s de quitter le territoire de leur &#201;tat d'origine ou d'un &#201;tat de transit, ou &#224; les renvoyer de force vers ce territoire, avant qu'ils ne puissent atteindre la juridiction de leur &#201;tat de destination. Cela signifie que, contrairement au &#171; pushback &#187;, qui est effectu&#233; lorsqu'une personne franchit effectivement la fronti&#232;re, les &#171; pullbacks &#187; ont lieu avant cela &#187;. &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Issues/Migration/OHCHR-thematic-report-SAR-protection-at-sea.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Lethal Disregard&#8221; : Search and rescue and the protection of migrants in the central Mediterranean Sea&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, Haut-Commissariat aux droits de l'Homme,mai 2021.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-2&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-2&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet InfoMigrants, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/69469/mediterranee--lue-va-financer-louverture-dun-centre-de-sauvetage-dans-lest-libyen-pour-intercepter-les-migrants-en-mer&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;M&#233;diterran&#233;e : l'UE va financer l'ouverture d'un centre de sauvetage dans l'est libyen pour intercepter les migrants en mer&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 27 janvier 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-3&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-3&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet Migreurop, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article3548.html?lang_article=fr&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Actualit&#233;s de l'Union europ&#233;enne - d&#233;cembre 2025/f&#233;vrier 2026 &lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 4 mars 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-4&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-4&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir notamment le communiqu&#233; de Mediterranea, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://mediterranearescue.org/it/news/ancora-milioni-di-euro-per-la-collaborazione-con-criminali-di-guerra-in-libia&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Ancora milioni di euro per la collaborazione con criminali di guerra in Libia}&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 9 janvier 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-5&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-5&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-5&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir notamment AP, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://apnews.com/article/coronavirus-pandemic-business-health-libya-migration-a30dd342513aeeede5a7558de4c3089d&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Migrant abuses continue in Libya. So does EU border training&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 25 janvier 2022, et le rapportdu Conseil de l'Union europ&#233;enne &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/21185907-libyan-coast-guard-and-navy-monitoring-four-months-report-august-november-2021/ du Co&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Four monthly Libyan coast guard and navy monitoring report &lt;/a&gt; &#187;, ao&#251;t-novembre 2021&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-6&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-6&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-6&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir, par exemple, le dernier rapport de l'OHCHR et de l'UNSMIL &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/reports/business-usual-human-rights-violations-and-abuses-against-migrants-asylum-seekers&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Business as Usual : Human Rights Violations and Abuses against Migrants, Asylum-Seekers, and Refugees in Libya&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 17 f&#233;vrier 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-7&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-7&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-7&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir notamment le communiqu&#233; conjoint &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://tunisiansolidarity.org/ar/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Pour la lib&#233;ration de l'activiste Saadia Mosbah &lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 10 mars 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-8&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-8&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-8&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Comme l'ont d&#233;montr&#233; les r&#233;cents arrangements avec les Talibans en &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/70091/lallemagne-expulse-20-criminels-afghans-vers-kaboul&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/a&gt;(2025) et avec la &lt;a href=&#034;https://turkishminute.com/2024/09/28/germany-turkey-odd-over-migrant-deportation-deal/?utm_source=chatgpt.com&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Turquie&lt;/a&gt; (2024), destin&#233;s &#224; acc&#233;l&#233;rer les expulsions de leurs ressortissant&#183;e&#183;s, les personnes afghanes et turques constituent une grande partie des populations exil&#233;es vivant en Allemagne.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-9&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-9&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-9&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet Migreurop, &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article3516.html?lang_article=fr#outil_sommaire_2&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Revue de presse d&#233;cembre 2025&lt;/a&gt;, 5 janvier 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-10&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-10&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-10&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Conseil des droits de l'homme des Nations Unies, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/hrbodies/hrcouncil/sessions-regular/session61/advance-version/a-hrc-61-62-auv.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic&lt;/a&gt; &#187; 12 mars 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-11&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-11&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-11&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Cour constitutionnelle,&lt;a href=&#034;https://fr.const-court.be/public/f/2026/2026-023f.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;arr&#234;t n&#176; 23/2026&lt;/a&gt;, 26 f&#233;vrier 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-12&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-12&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-12&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet Amnesty International &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.amnesty.org/fr/latest/news/2025/04/belgium-persistent-failure-to-provide-reception-violates-rights-and-dignity-of-people-seeking-asylum/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Belgique. Les manquements persistants en mati&#232;re d'accueil bafouent les droits et la dignit&#233; des personnes en qu&#234;te d'asile&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 3 avril 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-13&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-13&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-13&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;13&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir la &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.governo.it/sites/governo.it/files/Lettera_aperta_22052025.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;lettre ouverte&lt;/a&gt;sign&#233;e par les chefs d'&#201;tat de l'Italie, du Danemark, de l'Autriche, de la Belgique, de la R&#233;publique tch&#232;que, de l'Estonie, de la Lettonie, de la Lituanie et de la Pologne, 22 mai 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-14&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-14&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-14&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;14&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet le rapport de Border Violence Monitoring Network, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://borderviolence.eu/blog/clothes-in-rivers-backpacks-on-fire-the-visibility-of-border-crossings-and-illegal-pushbacks-at-the-croatian-bosnian-border&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Clothes in the river, backpacks on fire : The (in)visibility of pushbacks at the Croatian-Bosnian border &lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 11 juin 2024&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-15&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-15&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-15&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;15&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir notamment Asylum Information Database (AIDA),Conseil europ&#233;en pour les personnes r&#233;fugi&#233;es et exil&#233;es (ECRE), &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://asylumineurope.org/reports/country/croatia/reception-conditions/housing/conditions-reception-facilities/#&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Conditions in reception facilities : Croatia &lt;/a&gt; &#187;, derni&#232;re mise &#224; jour le 20 janvier&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-16&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-16&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-16&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;16&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir l'&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.globaldetentionproject.org/countries/europe/croatia&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;aper&#231;u g&#233;n&#233;rale de la Croatie&lt;/a&gt; du Global Detention Project, s.d.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-17&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-17&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-17&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;17&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voirla d&lt;a href=&#034;https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2025/1348/oj/fra&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#233;cision (UE) 2025/1348 du Conseil&lt;/a&gt;, 27 janvier 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-18&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-18&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-18&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;18&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet Migreurop,&lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article3434.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Revue de presse juin 2025&lt;/a&gt;, 7 juillet 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-19&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-19&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-19&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;19&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet : Human Rights Watch, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.hrw.org/fr/news/2025/08/27/mauritanie-des-annees-dabus-lies-aux-controles-des-migrations&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Mauritanie : Des ann&#233;es d'abus li&#233;s aux contr&#244;les des migrations&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 27 ao&#251;t 2025 ; ASGI &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.asgi.it/en/publication/morocco-border-policies-at-the-root-of-forced-disappearances-and-human-rights-violations/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Morocco : Border policies at the root of forced disappearances and human rights violations&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 14 avril 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-20&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-20&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-20&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;20&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Les m&#234;mes inqui&#233;tudes ont &#233;t&#233; soulev&#233;es concernant le r&#232;glement &#171; retour &#187;, adopt&#233; le 26 mars par le Parlement europ&#233;en. Voir &#224; ce sujet le communiqu&#233; conjoint &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.gisti.org/spip.php?article7685&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;R&#232;glement retour : non &#224; une loi europ&#233;enne qui autorise les perquisitions &#224; domicile, la police dans les services publics et le profilage racial &lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 23 f&#233;vrier 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-21&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-21&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-21&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;21&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet The Guardian, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2026/mar/08/mahmoods-new-rules-will-leave-refugees-in-cruel-state-of-uncertainty&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Mahmood's new rules will leave refugees in cruel state of uncertainty&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 8 mars 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-22&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-22&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-22&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;22&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir notamment Scottish Refugee Council, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://scottishrefugeecouncil.org.uk/refugee-asylum-labour-changes-shabanamahmood/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Charities urge UK government to &#8216;step up' and be honest about realities of migration&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 5 mars 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-23&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-23&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-23&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;23&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir notamment Migreurop,&lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article3482.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Revue de presse octobre 2025&lt;/a&gt;, 15 novembre 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-24&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-24&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-24&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;24&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet InfoMigrants, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/68956/uk-uses-visa-restrictions-to-pressure-african-countries-on-deportation-deals&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;UK uses visa restrictions to pressure African countries on deportation deals&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 30 d&#233;cembre 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-25&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-25&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-25&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;25&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir notamment le communiqu&#233; de Migreurop, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article3560.html?lang_article=fr&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Adoption du r&#232;glement europ&#233;en &#171; retour &#187; : la mise &#224; mort du droit international&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 26 mars 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-26&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-26&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-26&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;26&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Ibidem&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-27&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-27&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-27&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;27&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Notamment le &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.eeas.europa.eu/niger/lunion-europeenne-et-le-niger_fr&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;partenariat UE-Niger&lt;/a&gt; de 2022&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-28&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-28&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-28&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;28&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet Migreurop, &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article3516.html?lang_article=fr&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Revue de presse d&#233;cembre 2025&lt;/a&gt;, 5 janvier 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		</content:encoded>


		
		<enclosure url="http://migreurop.org/IMG/pdf/draft_revue_de_presse_mars_2026-1.pdf" length="281357" type="application/pdf" />
		

	</item>
<item xml:lang="hr">
		<title>Ako si na krivoj obali, rijeke su smrtonosne</title>
		<link>http://migreurop.org/article3524.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">http://migreurop.org/article3524.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2026-01-15T13:34:26Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>hr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Camille</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>&lt;span lang='fr'&gt;Croatie&lt;/span&gt;</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>&lt;span lang='fr'&gt;Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine&lt;/span&gt;</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>&lt;span lang='fr'&gt;Albanie&lt;/span&gt;</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>&lt;span lang='fr'&gt;Mort&#183;e&#183;s aux fronti&#232;res&lt;/span&gt;</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>&lt;span lang='fr'&gt;Enfermement&lt;/span&gt;</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>&lt;span lang='fr'&gt;Externalisation&lt;/span&gt;</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>&lt;span lang='fr'&gt;Politiques migratoires&lt;/span&gt;</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>&lt;span lang='fr'&gt;Surveillance et contr&#244;le&lt;/span&gt;</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Europski sporazum o migracijama i azilu koji je prihva&#263;en ovog prolje&#263;a mogao bi dovesti do poja&#269;anog nadzora ljudi u pokretu na Balkanu. Od prije dvadesetak godina, pa sve do danas, Europska unija i Frontex razvijaju sisteme nadzora sa smrtonosnim posljedicama. Prate&#263;i tokove rijeka koje dijele nekoliko dr&#382;ava u regiji, ovaj niz istra&#382;iva&#269;kih &#269;lanaka vodi nas izvorima kruga nasilja. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Da biste vidjeli razli&#269;ite epizode, kliknite na odgovaraju&#263;u karticu. &#10549;&#65039; Epizoda br. 1 &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Na prolje&#263;e 2024. (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/rubrique482.html" rel="directory"&gt;Publications des membres&lt;/a&gt;

/ 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot180.html" rel="tag"&gt;&lt;span lang='fr'&gt;Croatie&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot31.html" rel="tag"&gt;&lt;span lang='fr'&gt;Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot182.html" rel="tag"&gt;&lt;span lang='fr'&gt;Albanie&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot171.html" rel="tag"&gt;&lt;span lang='fr'&gt;Mort&#183;e&#183;s aux fronti&#232;res&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot169.html" rel="tag"&gt;&lt;span lang='fr'&gt;Enfermement&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot168.html" rel="tag"&gt;&lt;span lang='fr'&gt;Externalisation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot194.html" rel="tag"&gt;&lt;span lang='fr'&gt;Politiques migratoires&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot195.html" rel="tag"&gt;&lt;span lang='fr'&gt;Surveillance et contr&#244;le&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;

		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L150xH84/2__una_vue_de_bihac-3-417bb.jpg?1768484207' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='150' height='84' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Europski sporazum o migracijama i azilu koji je prihva&#263;en ovog prolje&#263;a mogao bi dovesti do poja&#269;anog nadzora ljudi u pokretu na Balkanu. Od prije dvadesetak godina, pa sve do danas, Europska unija i Frontex razvijaju sisteme nadzora sa smrtonosnim posljedicama. Prate&#263;i tokove rijeka koje dijele nekoliko dr&#382;ava u regiji, ovaj niz istra&#382;iva&#269;kih &#269;lanaka vodi nas izvorima kruga nasilja.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&#034;background-color:#EAEAEC; padding:0px 2px;&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Da biste vidjeli razli&#269;ite epizode, kliknite na odgovaraju&#263;u karticu. &#10549;&#65039;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class=&#034;onglets_bloc_initial&#034;&gt;&lt;div class=&#034;onglets_contenu&#034;&gt;&lt;h2 class=&#034;cs_onglet&#034;&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;#&#034;&gt;Epizoda br. 1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Na prolje&#263;e 2024. Morgane Dujmovi&#263;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Morgane Dujmovi&#263; je geografkinja i politologinja pri CNRS-u. Trenutno radi u (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-1&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; provodila je istra&#382;ivanje na Balkanu s jednim pitanjem: za&#353;to prelazak granica na Balkanu danas prati toliko nasilja? Ve&#263;ina izbjeglica dolazi iz Azije, Afrike i Bliskog istoka. Kao i na ostalim europskim granicama, do&#382;ivljavaju policijsko nasilje i sve vi&#353;e se suo&#269;avaju sa smrtnom opasno&#353;&#263;u.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Prva stanica u sklopu istra&#382;ivanja bio je Unsko-sanski kanton na sjeverozapadu Bosne i Hercegovine koji je za one koji poku&#353;avaju prije&#263;i granicu s Hrvatskom posljednja postaja prije Schengenskog prostora. Ovdje je opresivna atmosfera gradova na granici u kontrastu s rastu&#263;om turisti&#269;kom industrijom. &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&#268;ut &#263;emo mi&#353;ljenja lokalnih stanovnika, prodava&#269;a, taksista i policajaca.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ovaj portfelj-&#269;lanak prvi je u nizu &#269;lanaka koji prati posljedice eksternalizacije europskih migracijskih politika na Balkanu na ljude u pokretu. &#268;lanak je pod nazivom &#8222;Ako si na krivoj obali, rijeke su smrtonosne&#8220; prvi put objavljen na portalima &lt;a href=&#034;https://blogs.mediapart.fr/morgane-dujmovic/blog/220824/les-cours-d-eau-sont-mortels-pour-qui-n-est-pas-du-bon-cote-episode-2&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Mediapart&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.courrierdesbalkans.fr/Blog-o-Les-rescape-e-s-de-la-frontiere&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Le Courrier des Balkans&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt; i &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.visionscarto.net/route-des-balkans-les-rescape-es&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;visioncarto.net&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Zahvaljujemo timu portala &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.visionscarto.net/route-des-balkans-les-rescape-es&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;visionscarto.net&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt; na lekturi i ure&#273;enju teksta, pogotovo Isabelli Saint-Saint-Sa&#235;ns na verziji na engleskom jeziku.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr&gt;&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;Epizoda br. 1: Dvije boje bosanskog prolje&#263;a&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;hr&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Od Korane do Une, turisti, lokalci i migranti&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Izme&#273;u masiva Velebita i planine Dinare koja slu&#382;i kao prirodna granica izme&#273;u Hrvatske i Bosne i Hercegovine, nalazi se Lika, &#269;ija se visoka kr&#353;ka zaravan razabire kroz prigu&#353;eno proljetno svjetlo. Prizori &#353;tandova s medom i sirom izmjenjuju se s prizorima &#382;ivahnih stada krava i krda konja. Tu se nalazi i uto&#269;i&#353;te za ranjene medvjede u kojem rade francuski i austrijski volonteri &#8211; zaljubljenici u prirodu, a tu su i turisti koji iz cijelog svijeta hrle posjetiti slapove i jezera Nacionalnog parka Plitvice&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Diljem svijeta poznati nacionalni park, na UNESCO-ovom popisu svjetske (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-2&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Jedinu sumornu nijansu ovog krajolika sa&#269;injavaju brojne razru&#353;ene farme koje nas podsje&#263;aju na to da se ba&#353; du&#382; ovog dijela granice od 1991. do 1995. odvijala jedna od naj&#382;e&#353;&#263;ih epizoda u sukobu izme&#273;u Hrvata i Srba&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Godine 1991. nakon progla&#353;enja hrvatske nezavisnosti progla&#353;ena je Republika (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-3&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Tko bi pomislio da su sada kada vlada mir, ove visoke planine i dalje okru&#382;enje u kojem dolazi do brutalnih te ponekad smrtonosnih okr&#353;aja prsa o prsa.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dok se kre&#263;em obalom rijeke Korane, moj pogled prati obrise Dinare. Pribli&#382;avaju&#263;i se granici s Bosnom i Hercegovinom, broj vozila hrvatske grani&#269;ne policije raste kao i grani&#269;ni pregledi iz smjera Bosne i Hercegovine prema Hrvatskoj. U blizini Plitvica, policija ovla&#353; provjerava identitet putnika i pita ih kamo idu. Ponekad na komadu papira zapi&#353;u imena radi nadzora ljudi i vozila koja su ve&#263; pregled pro&#353;la: grani&#269;ni pregledi ne smiju biti prepreka ranoj turisti&#269;koj sezoni.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_5831 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;66&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;xx&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/jpg/panneau_jaune.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH666/panneau_jaune-e4b4b.jpg?1768488430' width='500' height='666' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Li&#269;ka visoravan prema Plitvicama i Biha&#263;u, 2024
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_credits '&gt;Morgane Dujmovi&#263;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Penjem se na planinu i pribli&#382;avam se grani&#269;nom prijelazu izme&#273;u Li&#269;kog Petrovog Sela (Hrvatska) / Iza&#269;i&#263; (Bosna i Hercegovina). Ovdje ima mnogo vi&#353;e kombija grani&#269;ne policije; neki stoje na mjestu dok su drugi u ophodnji. Policajac patrolira u jednoj od nebrojenih zapu&#353;tenih zgrada u vlasni&#353;tvu srpskog stanovni&#353;tva koje je ovdje &#382;ivjelo prije vojne operacije Oluja, a kojom je Hrvatskoj vra&#263;eno podru&#269;je Krajine. Prema onom &#353;to vidim kroz rupe u razru&#353;enim zidovima, jasno mi je da bi to moglo biti skloni&#353;te dana&#353;njih migranata. Gledaju&#263;i razru&#353;ene zidove moglo bi se pretpostaviti da netko od ljudi u pokretu danas na tom mjestu tra&#382;i skrovi&#353;te. Me&#273;utim, posljedice ove sramotne no&#263;ne igre ma&#269;ke i mi&#353;a osje&#263;aju se tek kad se prije&#273;e bosanskohercegova&#269;ka granica.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Gejm (eng. &lt;i&gt;game&lt;/i&gt;)&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;je cini&#269;an naziv za neprestano smi&#353;ljanje na&#269;ina kako prije&#263;i granicu i na&#263;i se u Europskoj uniji, a bosanski Unsko-sanski kanton je, nakon zatvaranja slu&#382;benog balkanskog koridora aktivnog izme&#273;u 2015. i 2016&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;O zatvaranju koridora 2016. godine, vidi primjerice Emina Bu&#382;inki&#263; i (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-4&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, postao pozornica gejma. Budu&#263;i da je smje&#353;tena u krajnjem sjeverozapadnom dijelu Bosne, ova regija predstavlja jednu od od naizravnijih veza izme&#273;u ju&#382;nog Balkana i Schengenskog podru&#269;ja. Od 2017. godine pa nadalje, s ja&#269;anjem kontrola na granicama izme&#273;u Srbije i Ma&#273;arske te Srbije i Hrvatske, ljudi na balkanskoj ruti se sve vi&#353;e kre&#263;u u smjeru Unsko-sanskog kantona u nadi da &#263;e tim putem sti&#263;i u Sloveniju koja se nalazi na nekih sto kilometara udaljenosti. Budu&#263;i da je Hrvatska po&#269;etkom 2023. godine u&#353;la u Schengen&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-5&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Hrvatska se pridru&#382;ila Schengenskom podru&#269;ju u 1. sije&#269;nja 2023. kada su (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-5&#034;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, teoretski se podru&#269;je slobodnog kretanja nalazi s druge strane planine koja se nazire iza upravnog centra kantona&lt;strong&gt; &#8211; &lt;/strong&gt;grada Biha&#263;a.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_5833 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;82&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;xx&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH281/cadenas-2468c.jpg?1768488430' width='500' height='281' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Planine prema Hrvatskoj, s mosta na rijeci Uni kod Biha&#263;a, 2024
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_credits '&gt;Morgane Dujmovi&#263;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Tijekom zadnjih dvadeset godina, zahtjev za &#269;lanstvom u Europskoj uniji, a potom i ulazak u Schengen zna&#269;ili su drasti&#269;no pove&#263;anje resursa usmjerenih na ja&#269;anje bosanskohercegova&#269;ke i hrvatske granice u smislu ljudskih, tehnolo&#353;kih i nov&#269;anih resursa&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-6&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Vidi doktorski rad autorice u kojem se prate spomenuti procesi od 2000. do (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-6&#034;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Na strani Bosne i Hercegovine, podru&#269;ja uz granicu time su postala prioritetna podru&#269;ja kontrole migracija prema schengenskim granicama: Europska unija implementirala je mjere kojima se uspostavlja selektivna tampon zona &#269;iji je cilj odvojiti &#382;ito od kukolja, odnosno odvojiti one migracije koje se smatraju prihvatljivima od onih koje se smatraju ne&#382;eljenima.&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-7&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Ova funkcija &#8220;filtracije&#8221; odnosi se na cijeli Balkanski poluotok od 2000. (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-7&#034;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ovaj proces eksternalizacije odvija se pod neprestanim financijskim i politi&#269;kim pritiskom vezanom uz priklju&#269;ivanje BiH Europskoj uniji. Vije&#263;e Europe potvrdilo je Bosni i Hercegovini Status dr&#382;ave kandidata 2022. godine, gotovo sedam godina nakon &#353;to je BiH podnijela zahtjev za &#269;lanstvom&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-8&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Zahtjev za &#269;lanstvom Bosne i Hercegovine predan je 15. velja&#269;e 2016. godine, (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-8&#034;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_5834 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;88&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;xx&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/jpg/carte_2.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH375/carte_2-67751.jpg?1768488535' width='500' height='375' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Balkanska tampon zona, nova tranzitna ruta prema Europi, 2015
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_credits '&gt;Morgane Dujmovi&#263; i Simon
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dostupno na Migreurop, closethecamps.org na &lt;a href=&#034;https://closethecamps.org/2015/12/09/le-sas-des-balkans/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;francuskom&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&#034;https://ar.closethecamps.org/2015/12/09/&#1605;&#1605;&#1585;&#1617;-&#1575;&#1604;&#1576;&#1604;&#1602;&#1575;&#1606;-&#1605;&#1603;&#1575;&#1606;-&#1593;&#1576;&#1608;&#1585;-&#1580;&#1583;&#1610;&#1583;-&#1573;&#1604;&#1609;-&#1583;&#1608;&#1604;-&#1575;&#1604;&#1575;/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;arapskom&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&#034;https://en.closethecamps.org/2015/12/09/the-balkan-buffer-zone/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;engleskom&lt;/a&gt; i &lt;a href=&#034;https://es.closethecamps.org/2015/12/09/la-esclusa-de-los-balkanes/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#353;panjolskom&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Uloga tampon zone koju ima Bosna i Hercegovina posebno se o&#269;ituje u Unsko-sanskom kantonu zbog njegovih specifi&#269;nih geografskih obilje&#382;ja. Radi se o poluenklavi u obliku d&#382;epa koja je, za ljude &#269;ije je putovanje ovdje stalo, poput slijepe ulice&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-9&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Ovakvo strate&#353;ki isplanirano kori&#353;tenje prostora je sli&#269;no onom koje je (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-9&#034;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Kao i na drugim granicama i ovdje se mogu vidjeti grupe ljudi kako pje&#353;ice prelaze petnaest kilometara dug put izme&#273;u grada i grani&#269;nog prijelaza Iza&#269;i&#263;, a koje je hrvatska policija upravo vratila s grani&#269;nog prijelaza ili grupe koje se kre&#263;u prema granici da jo&#353; jednom oku&#353;aju sre&#263;u u&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;gejmu&lt;i&gt;.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_5811 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;95&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;xx&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH281/1000000100000309000001b5c019c019-d23bb.png?1768484208' width='500' height='281' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Iza&#269;i&#263;, prema hrvatskom grani&#269;nom prijelazu koji je vidljiv u pozadini, 2024
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_credits '&gt;Morgane Dujmovi&#263;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Stanovnici Biha&#263;a ve&#263; sedam godina svjedo&#269;e nasilnim strategijama kojima Hrvatska odbija migrante i vra&#263;a u kanton. Vrhunac nasilja vezanog uz prelazak granica dogodio se 2018. godine.&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-10&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Prema statistici koju je prikupio IOM u Bosni i Hercegovini broj ulazaka u (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-10&#034;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; Prema rije&#269;ima vlasnika jednog du&#263;ana iz Biha&#263;a:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8222;Do COVID-a je bilo jako te&#353;ko, ljudi su spavali posvuda: u gradu, u &#353;umi, na mjestima koja uop&#263;e nisu bila prikladna. Vidjeli smo mnogo ljudi iz Afganistana, Pakistana, bilo je Kurda, crnaca iz afri&#269;kih zemalja a &#269;esto i obitelji s jako malom djecom. Mi itekako dobro razumijemo ljude koji bje&#382;e iz zemalja koje su u ratu i &#382;ivot u kampu: mi smo pre&#382;ivjeli rat i &#269;etiri godine opsade Biha&#263;a.&#8221;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-11&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Kazivanje zabilje&#382;eno u travnju 2024. Prevela autorica.&#034; id=&#034;nh3-11&#034;&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Retorika otvorenosti i suosje&#263;anja mije&#353;a se i s nezadovoljstvom lokalnog stanovni&#353;tva: istim onim nezadovoljstvom zbog kojeg je u listopadu 2020. godine zatvoren kamp Bira koji je bio smje&#353;ten u samom centru Biha&#263;a&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-12&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Vidi tada objavljen &#269;lanak: &#8221;Stotine migranata izmje&#353;tene iz IOM kampa u (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-12&#034;&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Na vrhuncu COVID-19 pandemije, dio ljudi koji su bili smje&#353;teni u tom kampu premje&#353;teni su u drugi kamp, koji se nalazi 27 kilometara od grada u udaljenoj seoskoj sredini, daleko od hrvatske granice&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-13&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;O kronololo&#353;kom tijeku uspostavljanja ovog mjesta, vidi kratak pregled (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-13&#034;&gt;13&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. U prolje&#263;e 2024. godine taj kamp bio je jedini slu&#382;beni smje&#353;taj za mu&#353;karce bez obitelji. Samo su djeca i maloljetnici mogli biti u gradu, u kampu Bori&#263;i koji je poznat kao &#8221;obiteljski kamp&#8221;. Za preobrazbu tog nekada&#353;njeg studentskog doma u kamp od 2018. godine je povu&#269;eno milijun eura iz prora&#269;una EU, za rekonstrukciju i redovnu djelatnost.&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-14&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Vidi statistiku koju je delegacija Europske unije u Bosni i Hercegovini (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-14&#034;&gt;14&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_5844 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;50&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;x&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH281/poubelle-fdfc6.jpg?1768490611' width='500' height='281' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Kamp za obitelji &#8222;Bori&#263;i&#8221;, 2024
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_credits '&gt;Morgane Dujmovi&#263;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Kamp Bori&#263;i (&#8220;borova &#353;uma&#8221; na bosanskom jeziku), kojem je fasada obnovljena u ljeto 2022. godine, nalazi se u borovoj &#353;umi po kojoj je i dobio ime. Zbog mirne atmosfere gotovo da i zaboravimo na tjeskobu koju ljudi koji su ovdje smje&#353;teni svakodnevno osje&#263;aju. Iako su ih humanitarne organizacije klasificirale kao &#8220;ranjive&#8221;, ove izolirane grupe &#382;ena, obitelji i djece suo&#269;avaju se s nasilnim protjerivanjem svaki put kada ne uspiju preko planine prije&#263;i u Hrvatsku. Za one koji su ve&#263; poku&#353;ali prije&#263;i granicu, kamp je vje&#269;na prostorna petlja, mjesto privremenog ali krhkog predaha. Sva su osjetila u potpunosti usmjerena na mogu&#263;nost da sljede&#263;i poku&#353;aj uspije. &#268;lan jedne od obitelji koju sam upoznala oporavljao se od ozljede koju je zadobio na balkanskoj ruti. Oni nisu mogli u prelazak granice: &#8220;Ne no&#263;as&#8221;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_5813 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;68&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;xx&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH282/10000001000002990000017849bea561-236c4.png?1768484208' width='500' height='282' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&#8222;Ne no&#263;as&#8220;, pogled prema planinama Hrvatske, 2024
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_credits '&gt;Morgane Dujmovi&#263;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Nastavljam put i kre&#263;em prema kampu Lipa. Uz obalu rijeke Une, turisti&#269;ka obilje&#382;ja podsjetnik su na to da smo u kraju koji je nekima sinonim za tupu tjeskobu, a nekima mjesto zabave i istra&#382;ivanja. U Nacionalnom parku Una, kao i na hrvatskoj strani, pune se privatni apartmani za novu sezonu dok prve grupe turista u&#382;ivaju u proljetnoj atmosferi, vodenim sportovima i slapovima.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ministarstvo sigurnosti Bosne i Hercegovine izrazilo je jasnu namjeru da ovakvu slobodu kretanja uskladi s &#8220;europskim standardima&#8221; kontrole migracija&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-15&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Vidi primjerice stranicu Ministarstva sigurnosti i Slu&#382;bu za poslove sa (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-15&#034;&gt;15&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. U zadnjih nekoliko godina, Biha&#263; i Unsko-sanski kanton postali su jedno od mnogih grani&#269;nih podru&#269;ja u kojima se stvara &#8222;bipolarna diferencijacija&#8220;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-16&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Vidi Saskia Sassen: Villes entre vieilles fronti&#232;res et nouvelles cl&#244;tures (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-16&#034;&gt;16&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; izme&#273;u svijeta dobrodo&#353;le i profitabilne migracije turista i one druge, nepo&#382;eljnih migracija, satkanih od ljudi koji uglavnom dolaze s Bliskog istoka, Azije i Afrike i koji bje&#382;e od nasilja, rata, progona ili nepodno&#353;ljivih dru&#353;tveno-ekonomskih okolnosti.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Nekoliko suptilnih pokazatelja ove duboke nejednakosti u mogu&#263;nostima kretanja privla&#269;i pozornost u ina&#269;e idili&#269;nom krajoliku. Na zadnjem kri&#382;anju koje vodi prema kampu Lipa, na turisti&#269;kim znakovima uz cestu, naljepnice ukazuju na sveprisutnost taksija i postojanje &#8220;pu&#353;bek&#8221; karte.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_5814 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;80&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;xx&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH281/100000010000033b000001d1df9cddaf-078fb.png?1768484208' width='500' height='281' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Turisti&#269;ke oznake uz prilaznu cestu za prema kampu Lipa, 2024
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_credits '&gt;Morgane Dujmovi&#263;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class='spip_document_5815 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;51&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;x&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH259/10000000000003e100000204aa927b6b-34c07.png?1768484208' width='500' height='259' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Turisti&#269;ke oznake, detalji, 2024
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_credits '&gt;Morgane Dujmovi&#263;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;U EU-kampu Lipa: tko profitira od &#8222;&lt;i&gt;gejma&lt;/i&gt;&#8220;?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pribli&#382;avaju&#263;i se kampu Lipa padaju mi na pamet dvije rije&#269;i: mjese&#269;eva povr&#353;ina. Osim &#353;to je udaljen od grada, pristup ote&#382;ava i vijugava staza duga gotovo 3 kilometara, kao i izrupana cesta koja vodi kroz planine do nenaseljene visoravni. Ispred kampa, osje&#263;aj da smo u pustinji u kontrastu je s arhitekturom prostora opasanog ogradom koji se nadgleda sustavom video-nadzora. Uz sveprisutne znakove zabrane ulaska i fotografiranja tu su i upozorenja koje izgovaraju svi policajci: &#8220;Cijeli kamp je pod video-nadzorom&#8221;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_5816 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;39&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;x&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH235/10000001000005660000028ab8c2d2fe-f7ff8.png?1768484208' width='500' height='235' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Dolazak u Lipu, 2024
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_credits '&gt;Morgane Dujmovi&#263;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ovdje je opipljiva &#382;elja da se izolira ljude u pokretu. Ona je u skladu s interesima hrvatske policije i policije BiH da mu&#353;karce koji se nalaze u kampu dr&#382;i podalje od granice i obeshrabruje ih od gejma. Za op&#263;inske vlasti, njihovo udaljavanje iz naselja i gradova je, &#269;ini se, ciljana strategija, jer kamp Lipa se povremeno koristi za njihovo izmje&#353;tanje iz napu&#353;tenih objekata u gradu, kako je u prolje&#263;e 2021. godine i najavio gradona&#269;elnik Biha&#263;a:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8222;&lt;i&gt;Postoji jo&#353; nekoliko lokacija u gradu na kojima borave migranti. To je, prije svega zgrada biv&#353;e tvornice 'Krajinametal' koju &#263;emo tako&#273;er u narednim danima isprazniti, o&#269;istiti i zape&#269;atiti&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;.&#8220;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-17&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Izvadak je s bosanskohercegova&#269;kog prevela autorica. Vidi cijeli &#269;lanak: (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-17&#034;&gt;17&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Nadalje, lokacija kampa je u skladu je s o&#269;ekivanjima Europske unije, koja je financirala njegovu infrastrukturu i rad kroz program &#8222;EU podr&#353;ka upravljanju migracijama i granicama u BiH&#8220;. Lipa je dio niza kampova uspostavljenih u Bosni i Hercegovini izme&#273;u 2018. i 2021. godine, zajedno s kampovima u Biri, Sedri i Miralu (koji su u me&#273;uvremenu zatvoreni), te onima u Bori&#263;ima, U&#353;ivku i Bla&#382;uju, koji su na prolje&#263;e 2024. godine i dalje u funkciji. Europska sredstva kojima su se tijekom godina financirali ovi &#8222;privremeni prihvatni centri&#8220; , kako se slu&#382;beno zovu (TRC od engleskog &lt;i&gt;Temporary Reception Center&lt;/i&gt;), ukupno su iznosila 100 milijuna eura&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-18&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Vidi priop&#263;enje za javnost IOM-a u kojem se spominje ova svota.&#034; id=&#034;nh3-18&#034;&gt;18&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Taj se iznos redovito koristi kao sna&#382;an argument za vr&#353;enje pritiska na bosanskohercegova&#269;ke vlasti. Primjerice, u sije&#269;nju 2021. godine, visoki predstavnik EU za vanjske poslove i sigurnosnu politiku Josep Borrell, iskoristio je taj financijski argument kako bi potaknuo vlasti Biha&#263;a i Unsko-sanskog kantona da ponovno stave u funkciju kamp Bira&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-19&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Vidi izvje&#353;taj koji je objavljenj iste godine. Bisiaux &amp; al., 2021, (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-19&#034;&gt;19&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_5835 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;57&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;x&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH505/centre-98555.jpg?1768488711' width='500' height='505' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Privremeni prihvatni centar Lipa, 2024
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_credits '&gt;Morgane Dujmovi&#263;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Me&#273;utim, u praksi su ta sredstva dodijeljena Me&#273;unarodnoj organizaciji za migracije (International Organization for Migration, IOM), agenciji UN-a i partneru EU, kojoj je povjeren zadatak koordiniranja i upravljanja kampovima u sklopu Strategije u oblasti migracija i azila (&lt;i&gt;Inter-Agency Migration Response&lt;/i&gt;). IOM se tako domogao ve&#263;eg dijela novca koji je do&#353;ao iz Instrumenta za pretpristupnu pomo&#263; za upravljanje migracijama i kontrolu granica, i nametnuo se kao klju&#269;ni partner u tim podru&#269;jima&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-20&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;O dvosmislenoj ulozi IOM-a, vidi sveobuhvatan izvje&#353;taj kojeg je objavila (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-20&#034;&gt;20&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. No ta se situacija po&#269;ela mijenjati od 2021. godine. U skladu s ciljevima Europske komisije, na koje se Bosnu i Hercegovinu redovito podsje&#263;a u izvje&#353;tajima o pra&#263;enju njezinog pristupa EU&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-21&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Vidi Izvje&#353;taj EU o napretku za godinu 2022. (Commission monitoring report (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-21&#034;&gt;21&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, IOM sada prelazi na plan kojim &#263;e se odgovor na migracije u potpunosti prepustiti dr&#382;avi, takozvani &#8220;&lt;i&gt;plan for a transition to a state-owned migration response&lt;/i&gt;&#8221; &#8211; formula koja jasno pokazuje da je prethodna strategija bila intervencionisti&#269;ka&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-22&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Vidi stranicu IOM-a: 'Temporary Reception Center profiles'.&#034; id=&#034;nh3-22&#034;&gt;22&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. S obzirom na prijenos ovlasti na Ministarstvo za nacionalnu sigurnost, upravljanje kampom Lipa od studenog 2021. godine pre&#353;lo je na Slu&#382;bu za poslove sa strancima (poznatiju u praksi po kratici SFA od engleskog Service for Foreigners' Affairs). Kao &#353;to je jedan od slu&#382;benika te slu&#382;be rekao, Lipa je &#8222;prvi centar kojim potpuno upravljaju nacionalne institucije u Bosni i Hercegovini&#8220;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-23&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Kazivanje zabilje&#382;eno u travnju 2024.godine. S bosanskohercegova&#269;kog prevela (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-23&#034;&gt;23&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, te je svojevrsni pilot projekt u okviru tranzicije koju o&#269;ekuju EU i IOM. Godine 2021. EU je financirala izgradnju specijaliziranog prostora za zadr&#382;avanje migranata, pretvoriv&#353;i Lipu u 'Vi&#353;enamjenski centar za prijem i identifikaciju'&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-24&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Vidi Izvje&#353;taj EU o napretku za godinu 2022, str. 57-58.&#034; id=&#034;nh3-24&#034;&gt;24&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;i&gt;M&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;ulti-purpose Reception and Identification Centre&lt;/i&gt;). To obja&#353;njava tenzije koje su dovele do ograni&#269;avanja pristupa kampu, kao i pritisak da se informacije ne dijele s osobama izvan kampa, prema rije&#269;ima migranata koji su bili tamo smje&#353;teni u prolje&#263;e 2024. godine.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Stoga se geograf Louis Fernier odlu&#269;io za metodu prostorne rekonstrukcije kako bi izradio kartu kampa uz pomo&#263; planova evakuacije te svjedo&#269;anstava.&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-25&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Vidi Louis Fernier i Morgane Dujmovi&#263;: 'Fronti&#232;res violentes, recherches &#224; (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-25&#034;&gt;25&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_5836 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;86&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;xx&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/png/camp.png' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/png&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH500/camp-15719.png?1768488834' width='500' height='500' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Rekonstrukcija plana kampa Lipa, 2023
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_credits '&gt;Louis Fernier, Nelly Martin &amp; Luuk Slegers
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Godine 2023. ljudi smje&#353;teni u Lipi govorili su o relativno dobrim uvjetima, u usporedbi s kampovima u drugim zemljama (zbog toga se na karti Louisa Ferniera koristi pojam 'VIP' kamp). Me&#273;utim, udaljenost kampa i oskudni resursi za svakodnevni &#382;ivot, doveli su ga da termina 'prostorne povrede&#8220;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-26&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Odnosi se na termin &#8222;prostorne povrede&#8220; koji obuhva&#263;a situacije u kojima (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-26&#034;&gt;26&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; protiv izbjeglica kojim se bavi u svojem doktoratu.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Tijekom prolje&#263;a 2024. godine, sve vi&#353;e se i s vi&#353;e gor&#269;ine govori o lo&#353;im &#382;ivotnim uvjetima. Unato&#269; u to vrijeme relativno povoljnim uvjetima smje&#353;taja (u Lipi je tada registrirano izme&#273;u 348 i 603 osoba, dok je kapacitet 1512 kreveta), &#269;ini se da migrantima u kampovima nedostaje sve ono &#269;ime se Europska unija i njezina delegacija u Bosni i Hercegovini ponose da financira. Sve to je u kontrastu s &#8222;dobronamjernom&#8220; atmosferom opisanoj u dvotjednim izvje&#353;&#263;ima IOM-a.&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-27&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Vidi IOM-ovu stranicu &#8220;Situation Reports&#8221; koja pokazuje razvoj u odnosu na (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-27&#034;&gt;27&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Taj je kontrast jo&#353; vidljiviji unutar kampa Lipa budu&#263;i da se logotipovi IOM-a i EU nalaze posvuda, kao i logotipovi desetak ili vi&#353;e nevladinih organizacija koje imaju dozvolu djelovanja u kampu kako bi osigurale minimalne uvjete prihvata. Prema rije&#269;ima S*: &lt;i&gt;&#8222;Lije&#269;nik dolazi samo na sat vremena ponedjeljkom i na sat vremena &#269;etvrtkom. Ako je netko na samrti, kako on mo&#382;e pomo&#263;i?&#8221;&lt;/i&gt;. Takvi opisi odra&#382;avaju mi&#353;ljenja mnogih lokalaca. &#352;tovi&#353;e, takvi uvjeti stanovanja razlog su redovitoj prisutnosti kolektiva poput No Name Kitchen, &#269;iji volonteri nastoje nadomjestiti nesta&#353;icu hrane ili neprehrambenih artikala (odje&#263;a, higijenski kompleti, itd.).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pristupni put do kampa tako&#273;er vrlo slikovito evocira spomenuti kontrast. Na ovom pra&#353;njavom, izrovanom i neodr&#382;avanom putu posjetitelji se susre&#263;u s terenskim vozilima i kombijima koji su ukra&#353;enima logom EU. Potonji su produkt skupih donacija me&#273;u kojima se posebno isti&#269;u crna terenska vozila vrijedna 370 000 eura donirana u o&#382;ujku 2023. godine Upravi za koordinaciju policijskih snaga (koja je godinu dana ranije preuzela odgovornost za sigurnost kampa).&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-28&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Ovo se odnosi na donaciju u visini od 725 000 konvertibilnih BiH maraka iz (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-28&#034;&gt;28&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; S druge strane, bijeli kamioneti i kombiji u iznosu od 500 000 eura donirani su grani&#269;noj policiji u velja&#269;i 2024. godine kako bi se 'poduprle operativne akcije u regionalnim uredima', poput biha&#263;kog.&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-29&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;U sklopu projekta &#8220;Special Measures to Support the Response to the Refugee (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-29&#034;&gt;29&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;S druge strane, segregacija i neima&#353;tina dobra su prilika za lokalne trgovce. Njihove se du&#263;ane, smje&#353;tene uz kamp usred ni&#269;ega ,tolerira: potrebni su ljudima u kampu, a na proizvodima koji se tu prodaju zahvalni su i policajci koji tamo svakodnevno dolaze kupiti kruh, cigarete&#8230; Nekoliko takvih zapu&#353;tenih baraka dokaz su nekada&#353;nje va&#382;ne trgova&#269;ke aktivnosti. Me&#273;u njima je jo&#353; uvijek i jedan ironi&#269;nog naziva: &lt;i&gt;The Game Shop&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_5819 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;42&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;x&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH278/100000010000056900000305bf319a10-8c2a3.png?1768484208' width='500' height='278' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Du&#263;an zvan &#8222;Game&#8220;, 2024
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_credits '&gt;Morgane Dujmovi&#263;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class='spip_document_5820 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;37&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;x&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH277/1000000100000563000002fb4936eb00-d8b7b.png?1768484208' width='500' height='277' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Lipa Marketi, 2024
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_credits '&gt;Morgane Dujmovi&#263;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;U glavnoj privatnoj trgovini koja jo&#353; uvijek radi, mo&#382;e se na&#263;i sve potrebno za gejm&lt;i&gt;&#8220;&lt;/i&gt;: topla odje&#263;a i planinarske &#269;izme za mu&#353;karce, vre&#263;e za spavanje, SIM kartice koje se mogu koristiti samo za internet u Hrvatskoj, Sloveniji i Italiji. Jedan od prodava&#269;a sljede&#263;im rije&#269;ima opisuje kako lokalci zara&#273;uju na migrantima:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8222;Ljudi ovdje uglavnom nisu sretni &#353;to su tu migranti i optu&#382;uju ih za najmanju kra&#273;u ili krivi&#269;no djelo, a u isto vrijeme su od toga napravili veliki biznis. Zamisli, prodaja, smje&#353;taj, taksiji!&#8220;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-30&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Kazivanje zabilje&#382;eno u travnju 2024. S bosanskohercegova&#269;kog prevela autorica.&#034; id=&#034;nh3-30&#034;&gt;30&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Zapravo, u Lipi je priljev taksija stalan a vozila se izmjenjuju kako bi mu&#353;karce smje&#353;tene u kampu prevezla do centra Biha&#263;a. &#8222;&lt;i&gt;To je posao bez kojeg ne staje, 24 sata dnevno&lt;/i&gt;&#8220;, ka&#382;e mi jedan od njih. Putovanja u grad su &#269;esta, kako bi se nabavile potrep&#353;tine, posjetili ro&#273;aci u obiteljskom kampu ili oku&#353;ala sre&#263;a u gejmu. Uvijek su tamo jedan do pet automobila koji &#269;ekaju da se napune: svaka vo&#382;nja ko&#353;ta 20 eura, pa vi&#353;e putnika ide jednim vozilom kako bi podijelili tro&#353;ak. Ispred kampa, vizitke za taksi vozila prekrivaju prljavi pod.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_5821 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;50&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;x&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH281/100000000000056300000308ed3ee38d-dbbfb.jpg?1768484208' width='500' height='281' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Taksiji ispred kampa Lipa, 2024
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_credits '&gt;Morgane Dujmovi&#263;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Prema rije&#269;ima jednog od voza&#269;a, neki voza&#269;i ne taje da se radi o vrlo unosnom poslu i da zara&#273;uju na migrantima. Drugi, malo prizemljeniji, na&#353;iroko opisuju ne tako profitabilan, a ujedno i prili&#269;no rizi&#269;an posao:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8222;&lt;i&gt;Kad se uzme u obzir gorivo i svaki put kad ne zavr&#353;i&#353; na pravom mjestu, na kraju do&#273;e&#353; na nulu. (&#8230;) Prije pet ili &#353;est godina ako nekoga prebaci&#353; samo do autobusne stanice a kamoli do granice, mogli su te uhititi i strpati u zatvor; to se dogodilo mom kolegi ali sam i ja morao na sud. Ovo je jedino mjesto na svijetu gdje te mogu zatvoriti zbog krijum&#269;arenja ljudi, a da nisi ni pre&#353;ao granicu!&#8220;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-31&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Svi iskazi voza&#269;a taksija prikupljeni su jedan na jedan i u povjerenju, a (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-31&#034;&gt;31&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pravni okvir u BiH zapravo je omogu&#263;io ka&#382;njavanje prijevoza ilegalnih migranata, &#353;to je za rezultat imalo nekoliko zatvorskih kazni za taksiste. Pravni je okvir tako&#273;er uvelike pridonio kriminalizaciji pomo&#263;i ljudima u pokretu koja se ne pru&#382;a kroz kanale humanitarnih organizacija koje su partneri vlasti. Na ovaj su na&#269;in vlasti suzbile i spontane akcije lokalnog stanovni&#353;tva te distribucije koju su provodile neovla&#353;tene nevladine organizacije (dakle, kroz administrativne prepreke, tu&#382;be, konfiskaciju putovnica, protjerivanje stranih volontera).&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-32&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Vi&#353;e o na&#269;inima i slu&#269;ajevima kriminalizacije o kojima je izvje&#353;tavala (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-32&#034;&gt;32&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Nedavno je donesena odluka koja se, &#269;ini se, donekle fleksibilizira zabranu prijevoza migranata: on je dopu&#353;ten samo u okviru profesionalne aktivnosti taksista, a iznos nov&#269;ane kazne ostao je dovoljno nizak da ta aktivnost bude isplativa (oko stotinu eura). Zbog toga se sve vi&#353;e stanovnika Biha&#263;a odnedavno posve&#263;uje ovoj aktivnosti, pa je do kraja 2023. godine izdano vi&#353;e od stotinu novih taksi licenci.&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-33&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Vidi stranice informativne agencije o migrantima na Courrier des Balkans, (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-33&#034;&gt;33&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Unato&#269; pragmati&#269;nosti lokalaca, srda&#269;ne odnose izme&#273;u voza&#269;a i mu&#353;karaca smje&#353;tenih Lipi potvr&#273;uju empati&#269;ne izjave koje sam zabilje&#382;ila:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8222;Poma&#382;emo im, radi se o novcu, ali im ipak poma&#382;emo. Imaju ogromne probleme pri prelasku granice. Hrvatska policija ih tu&#269;e, uzima im novac i mobitele, pu&#353;ta pse na njih. Vidio sam to nasilje na svoje o&#269;i.&#8220;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Osim toga, ljudi u pokretu koje je hrvatska policija vratila s granice, a do slu&#382;benog kampa u Lipi moraju do&#263;i natrag o svom tro&#353;ku. Ili &#263;e hodati dva dana ili &#263;e ili pozvati taksi. Taksisti ponekad prihva&#263;aju da im vo&#382;nja (oko s stotinu eura) plate naknadno.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Poput ve&#263;ine stanovnika Biha&#263;a, i taksisti postaju nehoti&#269;ni svjedoci represivnih praksi hrvatske policije i strategija kontrole EU na njezinim jugoisto&#269;nim granicama.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Slijede&#263;e u seriji o posljedicama migracijske politike EU-a na Balkanu &lt;/i&gt;na &#382;ivote ljudi u pokretu&lt;i&gt;: pre&#382;ivjeti europske geostrategije, nezakonite prakse hrvatske policije i Frontexov lov u mutnom, smrt na granicama i utjecaj Novog pakta&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/hr&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&#034;onglets_contenu&#034;&gt;&lt;h2 class=&#034;cs_onglet&#034;&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;#&#034;&gt;Epizoda br.2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;i&gt;Na prolje&#263;e 2024. godine, Morgane Dujmovi&#263; je prikupila tridesetak pri&#269;a ljudi smje&#353;tenih u kampu Lipa i kampu Bori&#263;i koji se nalaze na granici s Hrvatskom, na sjeverozapadnom dijelu Bosne i Hercegovine (Unsko-sanski kanton). Svaka pri&#269;a prokazuje migracijske projekte EU te otkriva tijela nad kojima je po&#269;injeno nasilje kao i &#382;ivote onih koji su zapeli na granici izme&#273;u BiH i Hrvatske, danas vanjske granice EU i schengenske zone&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-34&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Od trenutka ulaska Hrvatske u Schengensko podru&#269;je 1. sije&#269;nja 2023.&#034; id=&#034;nh3-34&#034;&gt;34&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;. Tko su ovi ljudi koji, riskiraju&#263;i sve, nastoje doprijeti do Europe? &#352;to za njih zna&#269;i nasilje na granici?&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Ovaj portfelj-&#269;lanak drugi je u nizu &#269;lanaka koji prate kakve posljedice ima eksternalizacija europskih migracijskih politika na Balkanu za one ljude koji se nalaze u pokretu. &#268;lanak je prvi put objavljen na portalima &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://blogs.mediapart.fr/morgane-dujmovic/blog/220824/les-cours-d-eau-sont-mortels-pour-qui-n-est-pas-du-bon-cote-episode-2&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Mediapart&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.courrierdesbalkans.fr/Blog-o-Les-rescape-e-s-de-la-frontiere&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Le Courrier des Balkans&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; i &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.visionscarto.net/route-des-balkans-les-rescape-es&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;visioncarto.net&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;. Zahvaljujemo timu portala visioncarto.net na lekturi i ure&#273;enju teksta, pogotovo Isabelli Saint-Saens na verziji na engleskom jeziku.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr&gt;&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;Epizoda br.2: Pre&#382;ivjeli&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;hr&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Na prolje&#263;e 2024. godine dovezla sam CartoMobile u blizinu kampova Lipa i Bori&#263;i. Ovo prera&#273;eno vozilo koje mi slu&#382;i kao pokretni istra&#382;iva&#269;ki instrument omogu&#263;ava mi da ljudima koji su zapeli na granici ponudim radionice participativnog mapiranja. Cilj mi je ove ljude potaknuti na izno&#353;enje vlastitih iskustava preko njihovih pri&#269;a dok migracijske politike poti&#269;u njihovo potiskivanje, uti&#353;avanje i nevidljivost.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;CartoMobile funkcionira kao prostor za stvaranje i rad prilago&#273;en promi&#353;ljanju i samoizra&#382;avanju; tako&#273;er je prostor za predah i odmor, kada nasilje samih uvjeta na granici to name&#263;e (nedostatak intimnog prostora, delo&#382;acija, uskra&#263;ivanje skloni&#353;ta).&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-35&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Projekt CartoMobile nastao je u okviru autori&#269;inog rada na CNRS-u, na (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-35&#034;&gt;35&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;U Lipi i Bori&#263;ima, svi ljudi koje sam primila u CartoMobileu bili su izlo&#382;eni postepenom institucionalnom nasilju tijekom njihovog putovanja u Europu. Vijest o mojoj prisutnosti pro&#353;irila se usmenim putem i ljudi su me prepoznali kao nekoga tko pi&#353;e o pitanjima granica i nasilju koje ih prati. Kao rezultat toga, neki od tamo smje&#353;tenih ljudi do&#353;li su me upoznati kako bi mi ispri&#269;ali pri&#269;u o svom gejmu&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-36&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Ovako se zovu vi&#353;estruki poku&#353;aji prelaska granice nakon kojih &#269;esto slijedi (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-36&#034;&gt;36&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Iz tih brojnih svjedo&#269;anstava proiza&#353;la je re&#269;enica koju su svi ponavljali jednoglasno: &#8220;&lt;i&gt;Hrvatska policija: problem!&lt;/i&gt;&#8221;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_5822 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;54&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;x&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH281/100000000000040000000240f90d20ef-3-59fbc.jpg?1768484208' width='500' height='281' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CartoMobile ispred kampa Lipa, 2024
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_credits '&gt;Morgane Dujmovi&#263;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;i&gt;Pu&#353;bek:&lt;/i&gt; daleko od o&#269;iju, daleko od zakona&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Stanovnici Biha&#263;a nalaze se u poziciji da mogu jasno vidjeti represivne prakse hrvatske policije (vidi epizodu 1). Me&#273;u njima su pogotovo taksisti koje se redovito kontaktira nakon pu&#353;beka kako bi ljude pokupili s mjesta s kojeg su nezakonito i prisilno vra&#263;eni s granice (obi&#269;no se radi o izoliranim podru&#269;jima u &#353;umama i planinama) te ih prebacili do kampa Lipa &#353;to potvr&#273;uje jedan od voza&#269;a koje sam upoznala u Lipi:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8222;&lt;i&gt;Poma&#382;emo im, radi se o novcu, ali im ipak poma&#382;emo. Imaju ogromne probleme pri prelasku granice. Hrvatska policija ih tu&#269;e, uzima im novac i mobitele, pu&#353;ta pse na njih. Vidio sam to nasilje na svoje o&#269;i.&#8220;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Od dvadeset i &#269;etiri osobe u pokretu koje sam upoznala, dvadeset i troje je ve&#263; poku&#353;alo prije&#263;i u Hrvatsku. Ve&#263;ina broji pet ili &#353;est neuspjelih poku&#353;aja a jedna osoba granicu je poku&#353;ala prije&#263;i 26 puta. U trenutku prisilnog vra&#263;anja nitko od njih nije dobio kopiju ikakvih dokumenata. To se dogodilo ljudima kojima su u ovom tekstu, radi postizanja anonimnosti, dodijeljena nasumi&#269;no odabrana slova: H*, R*, T* ili U*&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-37&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Kako bi se za&#353;titila njihova anonimnost, osobama u zbjegu koje se nalaze u (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-37&#034;&gt;37&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; a kojima nikada prilikom vra&#263;anja s granice nije predo&#269;en niti jedan dokument. To je slu&#269;aj i s B*-om koji je rekao da je &#8220;&lt;i&gt;potpisao mnogo dokumenata a da ih nije uop&#263;e mogao razumjeti jer su bili na hrvatskom&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8221;&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_5823 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;173&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;xxx&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH281/100000000000040000000240e4cf49c0-3-77b24.jpg?1768484208' width='500' height='281' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Zona u kojoj se odvija nezakonito vra&#263;anje migranata u blizini grani&#269;nog prijelaza kod Li&#269;kog Petrovog Sela (Hrvatska)/ Iza&#269;i&#263; (Bosna i Hercegovina), 2024
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_credits '&gt;Morgane Dujmovi&#263;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Razlog je jednostavan: ve&#263;ina ovakvih deportacija provodi se nezakonito; odvija se &#269;ak i izvan okvira razvijenih tijekom posljednjih dvadeset godina s ciljem organizacije deportacija iz zemlje kao &#353;to su primjerice sporazumi o readmisiji. Ti su sporazumi sve &#269;e&#353;&#263;i jer na njima inzistiraju institucije Europske unije kako bi osobu &#353;to br&#382;e mogle odstraniti i vratiti u dr&#382;avu u kojoj je samo kratko boravila ili kroz koju je prolazila&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-38&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Pravi razlog koji se krije iza potpisivanja sporazuma o ponovnom prihvatu je (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-38&#034;&gt;38&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. No proces readmisije odvija se uz minimalnu proceduralnu transparentnost. On obuhva&#263;a primitak pisane odluke s obrazlo&#382;enjem razloga deportacije, informiranje o pravima kao i to da je spomenuta odluka razumljiva i na poznatom jeziku.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ne samo to, ve&#263; se deportacijama (za koje znamo) otvoreno kr&#353;i Europska konvencija o ljudskim pravima (koja zabranjuje kolektivne deportacije) kao i &#381;enevska konvencija o statusu izbjeglica iz 1951., a koja bi sama po sebi trebala jam&#269;iti na&#269;elo zabrane protjerivanja. Prema ovom na&#269;elu, dr&#382;avama je zabranjeno vra&#263;anje osoba u zemlju u kojoj su njegov ili njezin &#382;ivot ili sloboda ozbiljno ugro&#382;eni &#8211; tj. ako je pojedinac u opasnosti od progona, mu&#269;enja ili poni&#382;avaju&#263;eg postupanja na temelju rase, religije, nacionalnosti, pripadnosti odre&#273;enoj grupi ili po politi&#269;koj osnovi. Zabrana prisilnog vra&#263;anja zna&#269;i da se svi zahtjevi za azilom moraju registrirati i da osoba koja je podnijela zahtjev mora imati za&#353;titu dok se on ne prou&#269;i.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ovaj tekst je utkan u pravnu ste&#269;evinu Europske unije (acquis communitaire) i sekundarno zakonodavstvo o azilu kojih se moraju pridr&#382;avati kako institucije EU tako i dr&#382;ave &#269;lanice. No bez obzira na to, zahtjevi za azilom iskazani u hrvatskim grani&#269;nim podru&#269;jima ne uzimaju se u obzir, &#353;to potvr&#273;uju sva svjedo&#269;anstva. Ljudi koji tra&#382;e za&#353;titu su ovoga itekako svjesni a mnogi su to i iskusili iz prve ruke prilikom vlastitog prisilnog vra&#263;anja. Cilj gejma nije samo u&#263;i na hrvatski teritorij nego i domo&#263;i se glavnog grada Zagreba u kojem trenutne prakse navodno vi&#353;e po&#353;tuju pravo na azil.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Mladi Sirijac B* koji je upravo vra&#263;en u Biha&#263;, unato&#269; zahtjevu za azil upu&#263;enom hrvatskoj policiji izrazio se jednostavnim rije&#269;ima: &#8220;&lt;i&gt;&#269;udna igra, potpuno luda igra&lt;/i&gt;&#8221;. Kada smo se upoznali bio je zapanjen time da da jedna institucija mo&#382;e djelovati tako otvoreno nezakonito na europskom tlu.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_5824 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;72&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;xx&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH281/1000000000000400000002400cdf3bd4-3-12bd5.jpg?1768484208' width='500' height='281' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&#352;eta&#269;i i ljudi koji su prisilno vra&#263;eni u Biha&#263;, 2024
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_credits '&gt;Morgane Dujmovi&#263;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Rije&#269; koja je postala uobi&#269;ajena za opis sve u&#269;estalijih prisilnih vra&#263;anja izvan okvira zakona je &lt;i&gt;pu&#353;bek&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-39&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Od engleskog pushbacks: vidi vi&#353;e na stranici ERIM-a&#034; id=&#034;nh3-39&#034;&gt;39&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;. &lt;/i&gt;Prema mre&#382;i Border Violence Monitoring Network (BVMN), aktivnoj na Balkanu, rije&#269; se pojavila nakon masovnih nezakonitih vra&#263;anja migranata iz Hrvatske i Ma&#273;arske u Srbiju od 2016. godine nadalje&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-40&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Vidi na stranici BVMN-a &#171; Understanding pushbacks &#187;&#034; id=&#034;nh3-40&#034;&gt;40&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, nakon &#353;to je balkanski koridor zatvoren&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-41&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Za vi&#353;e informacija o periodu kada su takozvani &#8220;koridor&#8221;, granice i (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-41&#034;&gt;41&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. U &#353;irem smislu, &lt;i&gt;pu&#353;bek&lt;/i&gt; se prakticira u svim lan&#269;anim prisilnim vra&#263;anjima (tzv. &lt;i&gt;chain removals &lt;/i&gt;na engleskom), od Austrije do ju&#382;nog Balkana, &#353;to od 2021. godine dokumentira inicijatva &lt;i&gt;Push back alarm Austria&lt;/i&gt;. Nezakonita prisilna vra&#263;anja primje&#263;uju se i du&#382; unutarnjih granica Schengenskog prostora: u Francuskoj, &lt;i&gt;Association nationale d'assistance aux fronti&#232;res&lt;/i&gt; objavljuje brojne izvje&#353;taje na tu temu&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-42&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Vidi stranicu posve&#263;enu unutarnjim granicama EU na Anaf&#233; stranici te (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-42&#034;&gt;42&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Na granici izme&#273;u Francuske i Italije takva stalna praksa dovela je i do odluke Europskog suda 21. rujna 2023. godine&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-43&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Odluka Europskog suda potvr&#273;ena je odlukom Francuskog dr&#382;avnog vije&#263;a 2. (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-43&#034;&gt;43&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_5825 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;78&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;xx&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L270xH375/1000000100000168000001f4746bb3d6-3-b0d6e.png?1768483738' width='270' height='375' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Naslovnica izvje&#353;taja Black Book of pushbacks kojeg je objavio BVMN kolektiv
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Nu&#382;na posljedica pu&#353;beka je izljev nasilja koje je omogu&#263;eno odsustvom prava. Postoje nebrojeni izvje&#353;taji istra&#382;iva&#269;a&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-44&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Vidi primjerice: Harold Robert, 2021. 'Fronti&#232;res : le &#171; game &#187; des (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-44&#034;&gt;44&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, udruga&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-45&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Vidi izvje&#353;taj No Name Kitchen kolektiva: 'Bloody Border Project' i (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-45&#034;&gt;45&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; i institucija&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-46&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Kao npr. slijede&#263;a izjava Ujedinjenih naroda u travnju 2021. godine: 'The UN (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-46&#034;&gt;46&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; koji su dokumentirali policijsko nasilje u dr&#382;avama Balkana, pogotovo od 2016. i zatvaranja slu&#382;benog balkanskog koridora. Do sada je prikupljeno na tisu&#263;e pri&#269;a a one koje je prikupila mre&#382;a BVMN mogu se prona&#263;i u mre&#382;noj bazi podataka i knjizi pod nazivom &lt;i&gt;Black Book of Pushbacks&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-47&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Vidi pro&#353;ireno izdanje iz 2022.: Black book of pushbacks i bazu podataka BVMN-a&#034; id=&#034;nh3-47&#034;&gt;47&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; u otvorenom pristupu koja predstavlja uistinu mukotrpan pothvat da se rekonstruira slijed doga&#273;aja i njihov razmjer.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Prva &lt;i&gt;Black Book of Pushbacks&lt;/i&gt;, objavljena 2020. godine, navodi 12 000 slu&#269;ajeva nasilja prikazanih na 1 500 stranica; drugo izdanje, objavljeno dvije godine kasnije, 2022. godine, , navodi 25 000 slu&#269;ajeva na 3 000 stranica opisa (vi&#353;e nego duplo).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Donja mapa smje&#353;ta &#269;inove nasilja u konkretne prostore i nastoji pokazati da se iza brojeva radi o osobama koje su na vlastitoj ko&#382;i svjedo&#269;ile nasilju. Njihovi identiteti anonimizirani su crte&#382;ima.&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-48&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Podaci za Italiju i Sloveniju nisu uklju&#269;eni u ovu mapu ali treba napomenuti (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-48&#034;&gt;48&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_5840 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;242&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;xxx&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/png/dame.png' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/png&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH687/dame-d4d6a.png?1768490611' width='500' height='687' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Biti svjedokom: solidarnost glasom i djelom. Prvi put objavljeno u Atlas des migrations dans le monde. Libert&#233;s de circulation, fronti&#232;res, in&#233;galit&#233;s, Migreurop, Casella-Colombeau Sara (dir.), Armand Colin, 2022, str. .121
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_credits '&gt;Morgane Dujmovi&#263;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Detaljna svjedo&#269;enja koja je BVMN prikupio slu&#382;e&#263;i se preciznom metodologijom, govore o raznim vrstama nasilja: uvredama, mla&#263;enjima, pretrpljenim udarcima i ozljedama, kra&#273;i, oduzimanju i uni&#353;tavanju imovine, napadima pasa, prijetnjama oru&#382;jem, saka&#263;enjima. Neke od praksi su prili&#269;no osebujne; zastra&#353;ivanje, poni&#382;avanje (kao &#353;to je ozna&#269;avanje ljudi znakom kri&#382;a crvene boje na glavi&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-49&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Vidi primjerice &#269;lanak: 'Croatian police accused of spray-painting heads of (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-49&#034;&gt;49&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;) ili prisilno svla&#269;enje. Ljude se tako&#273;er izla&#382;e opasnosti prisiljavaju&#263;i ih da plivaju prema otvorenom moru ili u ledenim rijekama.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Me&#273;u svjedo&#269;anstvima su &#269;ak i optu&#382;be za silovanje i mu&#269;enje o kojima je, me&#273;u ostalima, izvje&#353;tavao Amnesty International. Ova izvje&#353;&#263;a su uzeta u obzir pri dono&#353;enju sudskih presuda. Sud u Rimu je, primjerice, u sije&#269;nju 2021. godine, donio presudu u korist tu&#382;itelja koji je bio podvrgnut nezakonitom, lan&#269;anom prisilnom vra&#263;anju s granice na potezu izme&#273;u Italije, Slovenije, Hrvatske i Bosne i Hercegovine i to na temelju svjedo&#269;anstva koje je dao BVMN-u&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-50&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Vidi su&#273;enje, svjedo&#269;enje i izvje&#353;taj talijanske nevladine udruge ASGI koji (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-50&#034;&gt;50&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Ovakav rad volontera civilnog dru&#353;tva, u nedostatku bilo kakvih istraga javnih vlasti, postao je nu&#382;an za dokumentiranje &#269;injenica.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Europska geostrategija nasilja i oni koji su je pre&#382;ivjeli&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Protjerivanje, uskra&#263;ivanje azila, izgon, prisilno vra&#263;anje ili pu&#353;bek&#8230; Rije&#269;i ne mogu opisati neizbrisiv trag do&#382;ivljenog nasilja niti se brojevima ne mo&#382;e izmjeriti u&#269;inak ovih neljudskih i poni&#382;avaju&#263;ih praksi. Ali me&#273;u ljudima koje ono poga&#273;a, ra&#353;irenost ovakvog nasilja dobiva opipljiv oblik kako u vidu nebrojenih tragova koje su na ljudskim tijelima ostavili pu&#353;bekovi, tako i u njihovom traumati&#269;nim pri&#269;ama.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;U Bori&#263;ima i Lipi svi u sebi ili na sebi nose pri&#269;u o fizi&#269;kom ili psihi&#269;kom nasilju koje su izdr&#382;ali. M-u je noga ozlje&#273;ena od zadnjeg poku&#353;aja ulaska ima i sada ne mo&#382;e riskirati da se pretjerano kre&#263;e a pregled i lije&#269;ni&#269;ka skrb izostaju. Za T*-a su na hrvatskoj granici uni&#353;teni njegov cjelo&#382;ivotni rad i snovi: &lt;i&gt;&#8220;Moja je boksa&#269;ka karijera zavr&#353;ila jer su mi hrvatski policajci nanijeli ozljede na desnom i lijevom koljenu.&#8221;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ali njegova mentalna snaga omogu&#263;ava mu da stvari sagleda iz drugog kuta: &#8220;&lt;i&gt;Ima onih koji uop&#263;e nisu u stanju hodati, to se i dalje doga&#273;a ovdje u Bosni.&lt;/i&gt;&#8220; F* ka&#382;e da je pretrpio nasilje od hrvatske policije ali samom sebi ne dopu&#353;ta da o tome detaljnije govori. E* ka&#382;e da mu glazba daje snagu da ne poludi.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_5827 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;57&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;x&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L495xH278/100000000000040000000240e97cd898-3-6baea.jpg?1768483738' width='495' height='278' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Razgovori u Marketu u kampu Lipa, 2024
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_credits '&gt;Morgane Dujmovi&#263;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Daleko od samosa&#382;aljevaju&#263;ih ili viktimiziraju&#263;ih prikaza &#8211; koji nas &#382;ele uvjeriti da su ljudi nad kojima se provodi nasilje &#382;rtve po prirodi, dok su zapravo &#382;rtve jasno prepoznatljivih zakona, sustava i praksi&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-51&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;O tome kako se navedeni termini razlikuju, vidi predavanje Didiera Fassina (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-51&#034;&gt;51&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &#8211; va&#382;no je odvojiti vrijeme i postaviti jednostavno pitanje: tko su ljudi na koje je takvo nasilje usmjereno?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;Ovdje bi mogla napisati knjigu o svakome&#8221;&lt;/i&gt; ka&#382;e R*, jedan od ljudi koje sam upoznala u Lipi, &#269;ime ukazuje na to da su putovanja u kontekstu migracija bogata mnogobrojnim razli&#269;itim iskustvima i Rute se razlikuju ovisno o tome dolazi li netko iz Afganistana, Sirije, Iraka, Pakistana, Sjeverne ili subsaharske Afrike. Dru&#353;tveno-ekonomski profili variraju od nezaposlenih, preko studenata, do onih kvalificiranih; u Lipi &#263;ete prona&#263;i kuhara, ekonomista, in&#382;enjera, glazbenika, profesionalnog boksa&#269;a... Voza&#269;i taksija to dobro znaju: &lt;i&gt;'Me&#273;u njima &#263;ete na&#263;i visokoobrazovane ljude, diplomirane, &#269;ak i profesore'.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ovakva raznovrsna &#382;ivotna iskustva dokaz su da je uspore&#273;ivanje razloga za odlazak beskorisno: ljudi bje&#382;e od ratova kao i od progona, te od dru&#353;tvenih i politi&#269;kih okvira koji onemogu&#263;avaju dostojanstven &#382;ivot.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Drugi zabrinjavaju&#263;i trend je da su mnogi ljudi zaustavljeni u Unsko-sanskom kantonu ve&#263; proveli neko vrijeme u dr&#382;avama &#269;lanicama EU, ponekad i nekoliko godina, prije nego &#353;to su podignute nove fizi&#269;ke i administrativne barijere koje su rezultat stro&#382;ih zakona uvedenih uspostavom Schengenskog prostora 2000-ih. Kontrola se sada provodi na granicama sa Schengenskom zonom, i to od trenutka kada je zahtjev za Schengenskom vizom zaprimljen u zemlji iz koje se kre&#263;e te se time odnosi i na sve zemlje kroz koje se prolazi, a kojima su sustavi kontrole koje financira EU delegirani. I naposljetku, administrativne barijere se podi&#382;u i nakon prisilnih vra&#263;anja u zemlju podrijetla, primjerice putem zabrana ulaska na europski teritorij.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_5841 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;83&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;xx&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/jpg/schengen.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH400/schengen-6efeb.jpg?1768490611' width='500' height='400' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pour Schengen, un monde bienvenu, et un monde &#171; ind&#233;sirable &#187;
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_credits '&gt;Philippe Rekacewicz
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;J* mi ka&#382;e da je, prije nego &#353;to se vratio u Tunis, 1990-ih legalno &#382;ivio u Francuskoj, gdje jo&#353; uvijek &#382;ivi dio njegove obitelji. Dvadeset godina kasnije, zaputiv&#353;i se na isto putovanje, morao je pro&#263;i ilegalno kroz Tursku, Bugarsku, Sjevernu Makedoniju, Srbiju i Bosnu i Hercegovinu, gdje je sada zapeo . Nakon &#353;to je napustio Maroko, X* je radio u Italiji a zatim je deportiran u Srbiju, odakle je putovanje nastavio prema Kosovu, Albaniji i Crnoj Gori, gdje sam ga upoznala prije nego &#353;to se na&#353;ao u jednom od kampova IOM-a u Bosni.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ove pri&#269;e pokazuju da su ljudi uhva&#263;eni u tampon zoni balkanskih granica podvrgnuti procesu postupne &#8222;ilegalizacije&#8220;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-52&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Termin ilegalizirani migrant (illegalized migrant) se na&#353;iroko koristi u (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-52&#034;&gt;52&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Kao &#353;to ispravno primje&#263;uje Steffen Mau, pred onima koji se kre&#263;u balkanskim rutama stoji &#8222;kaskada granica&#8220;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-53&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Steffen Mau, 2023 [2021]. La r&#233;invention de la fronti&#232;re au XXIe si&#232;cle. S (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-53&#034;&gt;53&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Ali ova vi&#353;estruka granica djeluje i izvan balkanskog prostora. Ona je &#8222;&lt;i&gt;ugra&#273;ena u nadregionalnu konfiguraciju&lt;/i&gt;&#8220; i integrirana u upravljanje EU granicama i migracijama &#8211; odnosno preciznije, Europska unija tu granicu reaktivira na Balkanu.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ljudi uhva&#263;eni u ovu razgranatu mre&#382;u granica postepeno do&#382;ivljavaju nasilje koje se na neki na&#269;in akumulira. Osim administrativne i selekcijske funkcije , (vidi Epizodu #1 ovdje), balkanska tampon zona ima i biopoliti&#269;ku, degradiraju&#263;u funkciju: ako ljudi klasificirani kao nepo&#382;eljni ne odustanu, prelaskom granica u Europu dolaze sve vi&#353;e uni&#353;teni.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Osjetljiva tema iskustva nasilja na granici&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Postepenost nasilja poku&#353;ala sam opisati druga&#269;ije nego rije&#269;ima istra&#382;iva&#269;a, koji je sklon tome da neutralizira nasilje tako &#353;to ga objektivira. Cilj metodologije kojom se slu&#382;im na terenu je olak&#353;ati ljudima da izraze &#353;to su do&#382;ivjeli te da podijele znanja proiza&#353;la iz iskustva granica. Moj pristup se temelji na uklju&#269;ivanju ljudi u predstavljanje vlastitog putovanja, kroz participativne radionice mapiranja.&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-54&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Ovaj pristup proizlazi iz istra&#382;iva&#269;kog projekta CartoMobile koji je (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-54&#034;&gt;54&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Kada nasilje na granici name&#263;e nedostatak intimnog prostora i privatnosti, te uskra&#263;ivanje skloni&#353;ta, ove radionice odvijaju se u prera&#273;enom vozilu (CartoMobile), koje je dizajnirano kao prostor za predah, kreativnost i rad te koje je bolje prilago&#273;eno samoizra&#382;avanju i promi&#353;ljanju. Poput nadogradnje na tradicionalne metode promatranja i intervjuiranja, ovaj metodolo&#353;ki pristup omogu&#263;ava stvaranje kartografije koja ocrtava emocije i iskustva.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Uz pomo&#263; CartoMobile-a, koji je poput pokretnog istra&#382;iva&#269;kog laboratorija, moj cilj je ljude u pokretu potaknuti da iznesu vlastite pri&#269;e koje migracijske politike nastoje zata&#353;kati, previdjeti i u&#269;initi nevidljivima. Od 2022. godine pa do danas, iz ovog su metodolo&#353;kog pristupa proiza&#353;le putuju&#263;a izlo&#382;ba i nastanak umjetni&#269;ko-znanstvenog kolektiva koji okuplja kartografe i &#353;ezdesetak ljudi u pokretu na Balkanu, na francuskim granicama te Sredozemlju (vidi stranicu &lt;a href=&#034;https://cartomobile.hypotheses.org/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;CartoMobile projekta&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Na prolje&#263;e 2024. godine dovezla sam CartoMobile u blizinu kampova Lipa i Bori&#263;i. U njemu sam primila nekoliko ljudi a svi su bili pogo&#273;eni postupnim institucionalnim nasiljem tijekom njihovog putovanja prema Europi. Kartografski pothvat u kojeg sam se upustila zajedno s R*-om ilustrira njegovo putovanje od Tunisa do Bosne i Hercegovine, poku&#353;ava ga ocrtati kroz njegove o&#269;i, i pribli&#382;iti se osjetljivoj dimenziji njegovog iskustva. Narativna mapa koja proiza&#353;la iz tog pothvata nosi naziv iz njegovog kazivanja: &lt;i&gt;&#8222;Deset godina putovanja, i koliko granica prije nego &#353;to imam pravo postati netko?&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-55&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;R*-ov iskaz prevela je autorica s francuskog.&#034; id=&#034;nh3-55&#034;&gt;55&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_5842 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;42&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;x&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/png/map_of_r.png' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/png&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH707/map_of_r-eb1f7.png?1768490612' width='500' height='707' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;R*ova mapa, 2024
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_credits '&gt;Morgane Dujmovi&#263; and R*
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;R*-ovo putovanje kao pojedinca odra&#382;ava strukturne stvarnosti. Kao ni ono J*-u ni X*-u, ovo mu nije prvi put u Europi: 2013. godine napustio je Tunis nakon Arapskog prolje&#263;a, stigao do Italije preko mora, a zatim i do Francuske i Njema&#269;ke. Pro&#353;lo je pet godina do odbijanja njegova zahtjeva te je deportiran natrag u Tunis uz petogodi&#353;nju zabranu ulaska u EU.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;R* je na put ponovno krenuo 2019. godine, ovoga puta preko Turske. To je bio po&#269;etak niza deportacija kroz sedam zemalja jugoisto&#269;ne Europe. Tijekom petogodi&#353;njeg putovanja pa sve do na&#353;eg susreta u Bosni i Hercegovini &#8211; &#353;to se vidi i na karti&#8211;granica je postajala sve gu&#353;&#263;a, a putovanje se fragmentira zbog potrage za novim rutama kroz zemlje &#269;lanice EU (Gr&#269;ku, Ma&#273;arsku, Slova&#269;ku i Hrvatsku) ili kroz zemlje koje nisu &#269;lanice, a primjenjuju mjere kontrole granica koje promi&#269;e EU (Sjeverna Makedonija, Kosovo, Srbija i Bosna i Hercegovina). Ova etapa putovanja razotkriva &#8222;kaskadnu&#8220; granicu kakvu se mo&#382;e do&#382;ivjeti kako se pribli&#382;avamo EU-u, i kada je osoba prisiljena putovati putevima koji su postali nezakoniti.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;R*-ovo svjedo&#269;anstvo je jedno od onih koje dovodi u pitanje ulogu Frontexa, agencije koju se proziva za nezakonita i nasilna prisilna vra&#263;anja na dvije etape putovanja (na granici Sjeverne Makedonije i Gr&#269;ke te Hrvatske i Bosne i Hercegovine)&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-56&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Ulogu i odgovornost Frontexa na Balkanu istra&#382;ujemo u nadolaze&#263;im portfolio (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-56&#034;&gt;56&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Po njegovom mi&#353;ljenju, iskustvo granice mo&#382;e se shvatiti na nekoliko razina. Osim geopoliti&#269;kih i administrativnih barijera, postoje fizi&#269;ke, geografske i tjelesne granice: s jedne strane su mediteransko more balkanske planine i rijeke poput ove u koju je slu&#269;ajno upao 2023. godine a s druge njegovo vlastito tijelo tu je i njegovo vlastito tijelo, onemo&#263;alo od nesre&#263;e te boravka u bolnici na nekoliko mjeseci. Tako je R* dijelom objasnio te&#353;ko&#263;e u svojim poku&#353;ajima gejma prema Hrvatskoj.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#268;injenica da se osje&#263;a kao da je sada nakon cijelog putovanja &#8220;zapeo&#8221; u Bosni i Hercegovini je tako&#273;er posljedica poo&#353;trenih mjera kontrole na granici izme&#273;u Hrvatske i BiH:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8222;Oti&#353;ao sam prije deset godina, pre&#353;ao sam preko vi&#353;e od deset zemalja. Sada sam deset mjeseci zapeo ovdje u Bosni. Naposljetku su me zaustavili na hrvatskoj granici. Od svih granica hrvatsku je najte&#382;e prije&#263;i&lt;/i&gt;.&#8220;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Me&#273;utim, rije&#269;i kojima je popratio na&#353; proces mapiranja odra&#382;avaju svijest o tome da je svrha neselektivnog policijskog nasilja odvra&#263;anje. &lt;i&gt;&#8220;Tuku nas puno da bi nas prestra&#353;ili, da bi nas sprije&#269;ili da ponovno prije&#273;emo granicu. Ali oni se boje terorista a ne ljudi poput nas.&#8221;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Crte&#382;ima koje smo ja i R* izabrali cilj je retrospektivno prenijeti ovo pro&#353;lo iskustvo. Iskustvo tijela pogo&#273;enog tegobama putovanja koje se nalazi u sredi&#353;tu mape. Iskustvo granice koja te zarobljava - &#353;to se odra&#382;ava kru&#382;nim rasporedom prije&#273;enih zemalja. Iskustvo rascjepkano vi&#353;estrukim istjerivanjima koje je prikazano premje&#353;tanjem prostornih oznaka. Iskustvo ljepljive, sveprisutne i podmukle ilegalnosti predo&#269;ene dijeli&#263;ima iskustva koji se kru&#382;no isprepli&#263;u utiru&#263;i put. Iskustvo vremena koje ide u krug, te vje&#269;nog gejma koji kre&#263;e uvijek iznova. I naposljetku, iskustvo nesigurnosti i neshva&#263;enosti stanja u kojem se nalazi a koje se odra&#382;ava njegovim pitanjem: &lt;i&gt;&#8221;Koliko jo&#353; granica &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;[&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;moram prije&#263;i&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;] da bih imao pravo postati netko?&#8221;.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Na razini migracijskih kretanja koja traju nekoliko godina, nasilje na granicama prodire u sje&#263;anja ali isto tako utje&#269;e i na &#353;anse za budu&#263;nost. B* &#382;ali zbog &#269;injenice &#353;to se na nogama njegovog mla&#273;eg brata vide o&#382;iljci s dugog putovanja od Sirije do Balkana. H* je opisao kako mu se zdravlje pogor&#353;alo otkako je bio zatvoren u Srbiji i pokazao mi lijekove za anksioznost koje su mu dali u kampu Lipa: &#8220;&lt;i&gt;Bio sam sportski tip a sada samo cigarete, psiholog, lijekovi&lt;/i&gt;&#8221;. E* na&#353;iroko govori o tome &#353;to zna&#269;i biti crnac na Balkanu otkako je do&#353;ao na jedan otok na granici izme&#273;u Gr&#269;ke i Turske.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ono &#353;to ih je fizi&#269;ki i psihi&#269;ki pogodilo tijekom putovanja Balkanom primje&#263;uje se bez obzira na prolazak vremena i na razdaljinu, kao &#353;to je slu&#269;aj kod onih koji kasnije stignu do francusko-talijanske granice o &#269;emu svjedo&#269;i rad organizacije Lije&#269;nici svijeta (M&#233;decins du monde) u Brian&#231;onu&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-57&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Vidi posebno radove na M&#233;decins du monde u Brian&#231;onu.&#034; id=&#034;nh3-57&#034;&gt;57&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. U mapi ni&#382;e, koja je nastala u skloni&#353;tu udruge Terrasses Solidaires u Brian&#231;onu 2023. godine, Marouane je svoje iskustvo Balkana rekonstruirao dovode&#263;i u vezu emociju ili klju&#269;nu rije&#269; sa svakom od zemalja koju je pre&#353;ao: agonija [agonie] za Maroko, rasizam [racisme] za Tursku, strah [peur] za Srbiju i smrt [mort] za Ma&#273;arsku. Op&#263;enito, kada ljudi u zbjegu pobjegnu s Balkana, retrospektivni prikaz tog putovanja poprima oblik pravog &#8220;putovanja smrti&#8221;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-58&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Vidi &#269;lanak kojeg je napisala Ma&#239;a Courtois tijekom CartoMobile radionica u (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-58&#034;&gt;58&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_5843 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;127&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;xx&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH332/fin-058ca.jpg?1768490612' width='500' height='332' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Marouanovo putovanje Balkanom na koje se osvrnuo u Brian&#231;onu. Marouane et Morgane Dujmovi&#263;, 2023
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_credits '&gt;Marouane et Morgane Dujmovi&#263;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I dok su pri&#269;e o nasilju na granicama jedinstvene, odnosno pri&#269;e pojedinaca, dovoljno su se puta ponovile te na taj na&#269;in postale zna&#269;ajne i pou&#269;ne. Ogromna koli&#269;ina svjedo&#269;anstava otkriva iskustvo &#8220;pokretne&#8221; granice ili &#8220;grani&#269;nosti&#8221; koje se primjenjuje du&#382; puta bez mnogo razlikovanja&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-59&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Vidi rad Anne-Laure Amilhat Szary i Fr&#233;d&#233;rica Girauta, 2015., Borderities (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-59&#034;&gt;59&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Nekoliko je autora ukazalo je na to da je nasilje integralni i strukturni dio granice ili u smislu potvr&#273;ivanja Dr&#382;ave&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-60&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Vidi Reece Jones, 2016., Violent Borders. Refugees and the Right to Move, (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-60&#034;&gt;60&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; ili u smislu li&#353;avanja ljudi odre&#273;enih resursa&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-61&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Vidi Sandro Mezzadra and Brett Neilson, 2013., Border as Method, or the (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-61&#034;&gt;61&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Iz R*-ovih pri&#269;a i pri&#269;a drugih ljudi koje sam upoznala na granici izme&#273;u BiH i Hrvatske, shvatila sam da ih se zakida za osobna postignu&#263;a i prili&#269;no jednostavne &#382;ivotne projekte u odnosu na koje se ratni&#269;ka geostrategija koju primjenjuje EU &#269;ini nesrazmjernom.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Najzad, svjedo&#269;anstva s Balkana dovode do zastra&#353;uju&#263;eg zaklju&#269;ka, a taj je da je fizi&#269;ko i psiholo&#353;ko nasilje postalo dijelom strategije grani&#269;ne kontrole u nekoliko europskih dr&#382;ava pri &#269;emu ih u tome podr&#382;ava i EU . Grani&#269;ni filter ne funkcionira vi&#353;e na razini prava povezanih sa statusom osobama u zbjegu (jer se prava masovno kr&#353;e), nego na temelju sposobnosti pojedinca da pre&#382;ivi institucionalizirano nasilje.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Oni koji iz toga iza&#273;u neozlje&#273;eni su oni koji su pre&#382;ivjeli europsku granicu.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;U nastavku slijedi: Kako je u hrvatskoj policiji do&#353;lo do takve razine nasilja i nezakonitosti? Kakva je odgovornost Frontexa koja je sve vi&#353;e prisutna na Balkanu?&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/hr&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;Klju&#269;ne rije&#269;i&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Migracija, Schengenske granice, migracijske politike Europske unije, eksternalizacija, policijsko nasilje, smrtni slu&#269;ajevi na granicama, kampovi, Hrvatska, Bosna i Hercegovina, Crna Gora, Albanija&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;Zahvale&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a id=&#034;_Hlk217029566&#034;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Zahvaljujem ljudima u pokretu koje sam susrela na putevima i uz obale rijeka koje spominjem, ljudima iz kolektiva, udruga, sveu&#269;ili&#353;ta i institucija s kojima sam razgovarala, kao i Louisu Fernieru, Romainu Koselleku, Evi Ottavy, Elsi Putelat i Marijani Hamer&#353;ak na njihovoj neprocjenjivoj pomo&#263;i prije i tijekom ovog terenskog istra&#382;ivanja.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;Bilje&#353;ka o istra&#382;ivanju&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ova serija portfolio &#269;lanaka rezultat je terenskog istra&#382;ivanja provedenog na prolje&#263;e 2024. godine u nekoliko zemalja jugoisto&#269;ne Europe: Hrvatskoj, Bosni i Hercegovini, Crnoj Gori i Albaniji. Tekst je podijeljen sa svim sugovornicima na terenu. A&#382;uriranja se mogu dodavati, sukladno zahtjevima za informacijama poslanima Frontexu i raznim ministarstvima unutarnjih poslova/sigurnosti.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ova publikacija je dio rada kojeg autorica provodi u sklopu Francuskog nacionalnog centra za znanstvena istra&#382;ivanja (CNRS) o nasilju na pograni&#269;nim podru&#269;jima &#8211; na Balkanu, u Italiji, Francuskoj i sredi&#353;njem Sredozemlju. Uz metode kojima se slu&#382;e dru&#353;tvene znanosti poput promatranja i intervjua, Morgane Dujmovi&#263;, putuju&#263;i u konvertiranom vozilu s ciljem provo&#273;enja radionica participativnog mapiranja zajedno s migrantima uhva&#263;enima u mre&#382;u granica, koristi mobilni ure&#273;aj. Ova metodologija omogu&#263;ava da se te osobe predstave vlastite narative u kontekstu migracijskih politika koje ih nastoje marginalizirati, u&#269;initi nevidljivima i uti&#353;ati. Projekt ima za cilj razviti osjetljivu i &#8222;iskustvenu&#8220; kartografiju europskih granica a rezultirao je putuju&#263;om izlo&#382;bom i stvaranjem umjetni&#269;ko-znanstvenog kolektiva koji okuplja kartografe i migrante. Vidi web stranicu &lt;a href=&#034;https://cartomobile.hypotheses.org/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;projekta CartoMobile&lt;/a&gt; (u izradi).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Prijevod na hrvatski: Ana Cukrov i Morgane Dujmovi&#263;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;hr /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_notes'&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-1&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-1&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Morgane Dujmovi&#263; je geografkinja i politologinja pri CNRS-u. Trenutno radi u laboratoriju &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.pacte-grenoble.fr/fr/morgane-dujmovic&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Pacte&lt;/a&gt; (Sveu&#269;ili&#353;te Grenoble-Alpes). U Francuskoj je tako&#273;er suradnica Instituta Convergences Migrations (Pariz), euro-afri&#269;ke mre&#382;e Migreurop te Nacionalnog udru&#382;enja za pomo&#263; strancima na granicama (Anaf&#233;).&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Autorica je doktorske disertacije o kontroli migracija i eksternalizaciji granica Europske unije u Hrvatskoj pod nazivom: &#8222;Dru&#353;tvena i kriti&#269;ka geografija kontrole migracija u Hrvatskoj&#8221;. (&#8222;&lt;a href=&#034;https://theses.fr/2019AIXM0646&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Une g&#233;ographie sociale critique du contr&#244;le migratoire en Croatie: ancrages et mirages d'un dispositif&lt;/a&gt;&#8221;). Objavila je brojne &#269;lanke i formate o europskim granicama te trenutno koordinira projekt &lt;a id=&#034;_Hlk217029780&#034;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
senzorne i participativne kartografije s migrantima, projekt &lt;a href=&#034;https://cartomobile.hypotheses.org/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;CartoMobile&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-2&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-2&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Diljem svijeta poznati nacionalni park, na UNESCO-ovom popisu svjetske ba&#353;tine koji godi&#353;nje ima preko milijun posjetitelja.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-3&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-3&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Godine 1991. nakon progla&#353;enja hrvatske nezavisnosti progla&#353;ena je Republika Srpska Krajina (RSK). &#268;etiri godine kasnije prostor Krajine bio je mjesto doga&#273;anja munjevite ofenzive hrvatskih oru&#382;anih snaga, poznate pod nazivom &#8222;Oluja&#8220;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-4&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-4&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;O zatvaranju koridora 2016. godine, vidi primjerice &lt;a href=&#034;https://chrome-extension:/efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https:/bordermonitoring.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Formation_and_Disintegration_of_the_Balkan_Refugee_Corridor-2018.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Emina Bu&#382;inki&#263; i Marijana Hamer&#353;ak 2017.&lt;/a&gt; i &lt;a href=&#034;https://droit.cairn.info/revue-plein-droit-2016-4?lang=fr&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Morgane Dujmovi&#263; 2016.&lt;/a&gt; Za dubinsku analizu koridora i progresivnih mehanizama zatvaranja granica vidi &lt;a href=&#034;https://theses.fr/2019AIXM0646&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Morgane Dujmovi&#263; 2019.&lt;/a&gt; (Doktorski rad, dio III) i &lt;a href=&#034;https://theses.fr/2022POIT5001&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Lucie Bacon 2022.&lt;/a&gt; (Doktorski rad, tre&#263;e poglavlje).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-5&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-5&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-5&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Hrvatska se pridru&#382;ila Schengenskom podru&#269;ju u 1. sije&#269;nja 2023. kada su uklonjene grani&#269;ne kontrole na granicama sa Slovenijom, Ma&#273;arskom i Italijom, dok su kontrole vezane uz zra&#269;ni promet ubla&#382;ene 26. o&#382;ujka 2023.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-6&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-6&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-6&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Vidi doktorski rad autorice u kojem se prate spomenuti procesi od 2000. do 2016. godine: &lt;a href=&#034;https://theses.fr/2019AIXM0646&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;A social and critical geography of migration control in Croatia.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-7&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-7&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-7&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Ova funkcija &#8220;filtracije&#8221; odnosi se na cijeli Balkanski poluotok od 2000. godine, vidi primjerice kartu &lt;a href=&#034;https://en.closethecamps.org/2015/12/09/the-balkan-buffer-zone/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;The Balkan buffer zone&#8221;&lt;/a&gt; (2015).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-8&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-8&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-8&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Zahtjev za &#269;lanstvom Bosne i Hercegovine predan je 15. velja&#269;e 2016. godine, vidi &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/bosnia-herzegovina/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;stranice Vije&#263;a.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-9&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-9&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-9&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Ovakvo strate&#353;ki isplanirano kori&#353;tenje prostora je sli&#269;no onom koje je primije&#263;eno ve&#263; 2015. u dolini Roye u Francuskoj, blizu granice s Italijom, vidi kartu &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article2878.html?lang_article=fr&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Vall&#233;e de la Roya: un terrain de chasse meurtrier dans l'espace Schengen&#8221;&lt;/a&gt; (2017).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-10&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-10&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-10&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Prema &lt;a href=&#034;https://bih.iom.int/temporary-reception-center-profiles&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;statistici koju je prikupio IOM u Bosni i Hercegovini&lt;/a&gt; broj ulazaka u 2018. godini bio je 24 067 &#353;to je trideset puta vi&#353;e nego prethodne godine (755 u 2017. godini).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-11&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-11&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-11&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Kazivanje zabilje&#382;eno u travnju 2024. Prevela autorica.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-12&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-12&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-12&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Vidi tada objavljen &#269;lanak: &#8221;Stotine migranata izmje&#353;tene iz IOM kampa u Bosni&#8221;. (&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/27676/en-bosnie-des-centaines-de-migrants-expulses-dun-camp-de-loim&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8221;En Bosnie, des centaines de migrants ex&lt;a id=&#034;_Hlt210757017&#034;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
&lt;a id=&#034;_Hlt210757016&#034;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
puls&#233;s d'un camp de l'OIM&#8221;&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-13&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-13&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-13&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;13&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;O kronololo&#353;kom tijeku uspostavljanja ovog mjesta, vidi kratak pregled Louisa Ferniera za &lt;a href=&#034;https://chrome-extension:/efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https:/o-cr.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Lipa-Bosnie.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Observatoire des Camps de R&#233;fugi&#233;-e-s&lt;/a&gt;, str.4-5.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-14&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-14&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-14&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;14&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Vidi &lt;a href=&#034;https://webalkans.eu/en/news/renovation-of-borici-migrant-reception-centre-thanks-to-the-eu/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;statistiku koju je delegacija Europske unije u Bosni i Hercegovini objavila&lt;/a&gt; u srpnju 2024. prilikom inauguracije radova zgrada.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-15&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-15&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-15&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;15&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Vidi primjerice stranicu Ministarstva sigurnosti i &lt;a href=&#034;https://sps.gov.ba/?page_id=2476&amp;lang=en&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Slu&#382;bu za poslove sa strancima&lt;/a&gt; (SPS/SFA).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-16&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-16&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-16&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;16&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Vidi Saskia Sassen: &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.cairn.info/revue-multitudes-2010-4-page-50.htm?ref=doi&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Villes entre vieilles fronti&#232;res et nouvelles cl&#244;tures du capital&lt;/a&gt;, Multitudes, 2010/4 (no. 43), pstr. 50-59.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-17&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-17&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-17&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;17&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Izvadak je s bosanskohercegova&#269;kog prevela autorica. Vidi cijeli &#269;lanak: &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.24sata.hr/news/policija-evakuira-250-ilegalnih-migranta-iz-bihaca-u-kampu-lipa-ima-dovoljno-mjesta-za-sve-762687&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;'Policija evakuira 250 ilegalnih migranata iz Biha&#263;a: u kampu Lipa ima dovoljno mjesta za sve.&#8220;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-18&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-18&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-18&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;18&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Vidi &lt;a href=&#034;https://bih.iom.int/news/former-student-dormitory-borici-renovated-thanks-eu&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;priop&#263;enje za javnost IOM-a&lt;/a&gt; u kojem se spominje ova svota.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-19&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-19&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-19&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;19&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Vidi izvje&#353;taj koji je objavljenj iste godine. Bisiaux &amp; al., 2021, '&lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article3191.html?lang_article=en&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Endless exiles - Migration blackmail along the Balkan route&lt;/a&gt;', str. 9.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-20&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-20&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-20&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;20&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;O dvosmislenoj ulozi IOM-a, vidi sveobuhvatan izvje&#353;taj kojeg je objavila Nid&#382;ara Ahmeta&#353;evi&#263; et al&lt;i&gt;.&lt;/i&gt;, 2023: '&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.tni.org/en/publication/repackaging-imperialism&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Repackaging Imperialism. The EU &#8211; IOM border regime in the Balkans&lt;/a&gt;'&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-21&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-21&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-21&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;21&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Vidi &lt;a href=&#034;https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/document/download/e3045ec9-f2fc-45c8-a97f-58a2d9b9945a_en?filename=SWD_2023_691%20Bosnia%20and%20Herzegovina%20report.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Izvje&#353;taj EU o napretku za godinu 2022&lt;/a&gt;. (&lt;i&gt;Commission monitoring report for the year 2022&lt;/i&gt;), str. 48. and 57.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-22&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-22&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-22&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;22&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Vidi stranicu IOM-a: '&lt;a href=&#034;https://bih.iom.int/temporary-reception-center-profiles&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Temporary Reception Center profiles'&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-23&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-23&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-23&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;23&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Kazivanje zabilje&#382;eno u travnju 2024.godine. S bosanskohercegova&#269;kog prevela autorica.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-24&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-24&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-24&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;24&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Vidi &lt;a href=&#034;https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/document/download/e3045ec9-f2fc-45c8-a97f-58a2d9b9945a_en?filename=SWD_2023_691%20Bosnia%20and%20Herzegovina%20report.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Izvje&#353;taj EU o napretku za godinu 2022&lt;/a&gt;, str. 57-58.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-25&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-25&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-25&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;25&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Vidi Louis Fernier i Morgane Dujmovi&#263;: '&lt;a href=&#034;https://hal.science/hal-04568937&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Fronti&#232;res violentes, recherches &#224; risque : s'engager par le mouvement&lt;/a&gt;'.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-26&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-26&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-26&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;26&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Odnosi se na termin &#8222;prostorne povrede&#8220; koji obuhva&#263;a situacije u kojima akteri osje&#263;aju da vi&#353;e nemaju kontrolu nad udaljenostima te su &#382;rtve ometanja&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;ili&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;izolacije&lt;strong&gt;.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-27&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-27&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-27&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;27&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Vidi IOM-ovu stranicu &#8220;&lt;a href=&#034;https://bih.iom.int/situation-reports&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Situation Reports&lt;/a&gt;&#8221; koja pokazuje razvoj u odnosu na broj ljudi koju je organizacija registrirala a koja se a&#382;urira svaka dva tjedna. (Zadnja posjet stranici: 3.5.2024.).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-28&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-28&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-28&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;28&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Ovo se odnosi na donaciju u visini od 725 000 konvertibilnih BiH maraka iz instrumenta pretpristupne pomo&#263;i (projekt IPA). Vidi: &lt;a href=&#034;https://bih.iom.int/news/european-union-donates-ten-road-vehicles-directorate-coordination-police-bodies&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Individual measure to strengthen the response capacity to manage migration flows in Bosnia and Herzegovina&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-29&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-29&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-29&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;29&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;U sklopu projekta &#8220;Special Measures to Support the Response to the Refugee and Migrant Situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina Phase III&#8220;. Vidi: &lt;a href=&#034;https://bih.iom.int/news/european-union-donated-ten-specialized-vehicles-border-police-bosnia-and-herzegovina&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;The European Union donated ten specialized vehicles to the Border Police of Bosnia and Herzegovina&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-30&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-30&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-30&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;30&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Kazivanje zabilje&#382;eno u travnju 2024. S bosanskohercegova&#269;kog prevela autorica.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-31&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-31&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-31&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;31&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Svi iskazi voza&#269;a taksija prikupljeni su jedan na jedan i u povjerenju, a objedinjeni su dobrovoljno u svrhu anonimizacije. S bosanskohercegova&#269;kog jezika prevela ih je autorica.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-32&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-32&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-32&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;32&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Vi&#353;e o na&#269;inima i slu&#269;ajevima kriminalizacije o kojima je izvje&#353;tavala Border Violence Monitoring Network (BVMN) vidi u izvje&#353;&#263;u iz 2022. &#8220;&lt;a href=&#034;https://borderviolence.eu/app/uploads/Criminalisation.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Accused of solidarity. A Report on Incidents of Criminalisation Targeting BVMN Member Organisations and their Team Members in 2021 &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-33&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-33&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-33&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;33&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Vidi stranice informativne agencije o migrantima na &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.courrierdesbalkans.fr/Refugies-Balkans-Les-dernieres-info&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Courrier des Balkans&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, 22. Listopada 2023.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-34&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-34&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-34&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;34&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Od trenutka ulaska Hrvatske u Schengensko podru&#269;je 1. sije&#269;nja 2023.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-35&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-35&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-35&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;35&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Projekt CartoMobile nastao je u okviru autori&#269;inog rada na CNRS-u, na razli&#269;itim pograni&#269;nim podru&#269;jima s mnogo nasilja- na Balkanu, u Italiji, Francuskoj i sredi&#353;njem Sredozemlju. Cilj mu je razviti osjetljivu i 'iskustvenu' kartografiju europskih granica. Iz njega je proiza&#353;la putuju&#263;a izlo&#382;ba te pojava umjetni&#269;ko-znanstvenog kolektiva koji okuplja kartografe i ljude u pokretu. Vidi stranicu &lt;a href=&#034;https://cartomobile.hypotheses.org/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;CartoMobile projekta&lt;/a&gt; (u izradi).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-36&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-36&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-36&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;36&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Ovako se zovu vi&#353;estruki poku&#353;aji prelaska granice nakon kojih &#269;esto slijedi prisilno vra&#263;anje&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-37&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-37&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-37&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;37&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Kako bi se za&#353;titila njihova anonimnost, osobama u zbjegu koje se nalaze u kampovima Lipa i Bori&#263;i u ovom tekstu im je, uz njihovu suglasnost, dodijeljeno nasumi&#269;no odabrano slovo.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-38&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-38&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-38&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;38&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Pravi razlog koji se krije iza potpisivanja sporazuma o ponovnom prihvatu je omogu&#263;iti protjerivanja iz dr&#382;ave &#269;lanice EU-a u balkansku dr&#382;avu koja nije &#269;lanica EU-a (njihovih dr&#382;avljana ili dr&#382;avljana tre&#263;ih zemalja); &#353;tovi&#353;e, ponovni prihvati su bilateralni sporazumi koji omogu&#263;uju ubrzano udaljenje iz dr&#382;ave u dr&#382;avu. Osim toga, model koji se promi&#269;e u pra&#263;enju zahtjeva za &#269;lanstvom u EU poti&#269;e balkanske dr&#382;ave da potpi&#353;u sporazume o readmisiji s tre&#263;im dr&#382;avama iz kojih potje&#269;u mnoge osobe u zbjegu (primjerice Pakistan, s kojim je Bosna i Hercegovina sklopila sporazum o readmisiji u studenom 2020., a koji je na snazi &#8203;&#8203;od srpnja 2021.). Vidi radni dokument osoblja Komisije za Bosnu i Hercegovinu u 2023., str. 57.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-39&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-39&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-39&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;39&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Od engleskog &lt;i&gt;pushbacks&lt;/i&gt;: vidi vi&#353;e na &lt;a href=&#034;https://e-erim.ief.hr/pojam/p-pu-scaron-bek-p?locale=hr&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;stranici ERIM-a&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-40&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-40&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-40&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;40&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Vidi na stranici BVMN-a &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://borderviolence.eu/about/understanding-pushbacks/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Understanding pushbacks &lt;/a&gt;&#187;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-41&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-41&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-41&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;41&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Za vi&#353;e informacija o periodu kada su takozvani &#8220;koridor&#8221;, granice i tranzitni kampovi bili zatvoreni vidi izvore citirane u Epizodi 1: &lt;a href=&#034;https://bordermonitoring.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Formation_and_Disintegration_of_the_Balkan_Refugee_Corridor-2018.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Emina Bu&#382;inki&#263; &amp; Marijana Hamer&#353;ak 2017&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&#034;https://theses.fr/2019AIXM0646&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Morgane Dujmovi&#263;, 2019 (part 3 of the PhD thesis)&lt;/a&gt; i &lt;a href=&#034;https://theses.fr/2022POIT5001&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Lucie Bacon, 2022 (Part 3 of the PhD thesis)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-42&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-42&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-42&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;42&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Vidi stranicu posve&#263;enu unutarnjim granicama EU na &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.anafe.org/spip.php?mot31&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Anaf&#233; stranici&lt;/a&gt; te &lt;a href=&#034;http://anafe.org/IMG/pdf/noteanalyse_web_-_cafi-anafe_controles_migratoires_a_la_frontiere_franco-espagnole.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;izvje&#353;taj s francusko-&#353;panjolske granice&lt;/a&gt; kojeg su 2023. godine objavile Anaf&#233; CAFI mre&#382;a.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-43&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-43&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-43&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;43&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Odluka Europskog suda potvr&#273;ena je odlukom Francuskog dr&#382;avnog vije&#263;a 2. velja&#269;e 2024. izjasniv&#353;i se o izvr&#353;enju postupka prisilnog vra&#263;anja u Italiju. Nakon toga uslijedila je i okvirna odluka koju je objavio francuski ombudsman 25. travnja 2024 koja je dovela do dvogodi&#353;nje istrage na francusko-talijanskoj granici. Za vi&#353;e informacijama o ovim odlukama vidi mre&#382;ni te&#269;aj obuke kojeg organizira Anaf&#233;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-44&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-44&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-44&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;44&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Vidi primjerice: Harold Robert, 2021. '&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.visionscarto.net/_harold-robert_&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Fronti&#232;res : le &#171; game &#187; des exil&#233;&#183;es, mythe de Sisyphe contemporain&lt;/a&gt;'.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-45&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-45&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-45&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;45&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Vidi izvje&#353;taj No Name Kitchen kolektiva: '&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.nonamekitchen.org/no-name-kitchen-and-the-newest-border-violence-special-report-we-present-the-bloody-borders-project/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Bloody Border Project&lt;/a&gt;' i izvje&#353;taj Amnesty Internationala iz 2024. godine: &#8220;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/pol10/7200/2024/en/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;The State of the World's Human Rights: April 2024&lt;/a&gt;', str. 186.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-46&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-46&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-46&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;46&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Kao npr. slijede&#263;a izjava Ujedinjenih naroda u travnju 2021. godine: '&lt;a href=&#034;https://bosniaherzegovina.un.org/en/123914-un-bosnia-and-herzegovina-concerned-violent-pushback-migrants-asylum-seekers-and-refugees&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;The UN in Bosnia and Herzegovina is concerned by violent pushback of migrants, asylum-seekers and refugees&lt;/a&gt;'.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-47&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-47&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-47&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;47&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Vidi pro&#353;ireno izdanje iz 2022.: &lt;a href=&#034;https://acrobat.adobe.com/link/track?uri=urn%3Aaaid%3Ascds%3AUS%3Acb5a9aaa-ee62-3286-a505-0d9122b69b8f&amp;viewer%21megaVerb=group-discover&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Black book of pushbacks&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;i &lt;a href=&#034;https://borderviolence.eu/testimonies/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;bazu podataka BVMN-a&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-48&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-48&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-48&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;48&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Podaci za Italiju i Sloveniju nisu uklju&#269;eni u ovu mapu ali treba napomenuti da je nasilje zabilje&#382;eno i tamo. Zabilje&#382;eni slu&#269;aj nasilja najvjerojatnije &#263;e se ticati iste osobe ako je ta osoba zlostavljana tijekom prisilnog vra&#263;anja (u vi&#353;e navrata). Ova mapa je prvi put objavljena u atlasu Migreuropa. (IV izdanje), objavljenom 2022. godine: &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article3119.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Atlas des migrations dans le monde : libert&#233;s de circulation, fronti&#232;res, in&#233;galit&#233;s&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-49&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-49&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-49&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;49&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Vidi primjerice &#269;lanak: '&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/may/12/croatian-police-accused-of-shaving-and-spray-painting-heads-of-asylum-seekers?utm_source=Klix.ba&amp;utm_medium=Clanak&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Croatian police accused of spray-painting heads of asylum seekers&lt;/a&gt;'.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-50&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-50&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-50&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;50&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Vidi &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.asgi.it/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Tribunale-Roma_RG-564202020.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;su&#273;enje&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&#034;https://borderviolence.eu/reports/italian-court-ruling-on-chain-pushback/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;svjedo&#269;enje&lt;/a&gt; i &lt;a href=&#034;https://borderviolence.eu/app/uploads/Decisione-del-Tribunale.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;izvje&#353;taj talijanske nevladine udruge ASGI&lt;/a&gt; koji detaljno prikazuju vrstu nasilja koju je po&#269;inila hrvatska policija. Osim toga BVMN monitorira sudske sporove koji se ti&#269;u prisilnog vra&#263;anja.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-51&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-51&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-51&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;51&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;O tome kako se navedeni termini razlikuju, vidi predavanje Didiera Fassina na Coll&#232;ge de France 19. travnja &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QZZ0-BGZDMg&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Les &#233;preuves de la fronti&#232;re (3)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-52&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-52&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-52&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;52&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Termin ilegalizirani migrant (illegalized migrant) se na&#353;iroko koristi u kriti&#269;kim studijama granice. Vidi primjerice: Harald Bauder, 2013., 'Why We Should Use the Term Illegalized Immigrant', &lt;i&gt;RCIS Research Brief&lt;/i&gt;, No. 2013/1, str. 1-7 ; Karen Akoka, 2017, 'Refugees and Migrants' in MIGREUROP, 2017, &lt;i&gt;The Atlas of Migration in Europe. A Critical Geography of Migration Policies&lt;/i&gt;, Armand Colin, Paris, str. 18.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-53&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-53&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-53&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;53&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Steffen Mau, 2023 [2021]. La r&#233;invention de la fronti&#232;re au XXIe si&#232;cle. S njema&#269;kog na francuski preveo Christophe Lucchese. &#201;ditions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, str. 59-60. Vidi recenziju knjige: &lt;a href=&#034;https://shs.hal.science/halshs-04863133v1/document&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Morgane Dujmovi&#263;. Steffen Mau, La r&#233;invention de la fronti&#232;re au XXIe si&#232;cle&lt;/a&gt;, &#201;ditions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, Paris, 2023., 152 str. &lt;i&gt;G&#233;ographie, &#201;conomie, Soci&#233;t&#233;&lt;/i&gt;, 2024., 26 (4), str. 606-611.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-54&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-54&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-54&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;54&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Ovaj pristup proizlazi iz istra&#382;iva&#269;kog projekta CartoMobile koji je pokrenut 2022. godine na Balkanu, francuskim granicama i na sredi&#353;njem Mediteranu. Radi se o participativnom kartografskom djelu koje obuhva&#263;a &#353;ezdesetak osoba u zbjegu u obliku putuju&#263;e izlo&#382;be. Za vi&#353;e informacija posjeti stranicu projekta i u bilje&#353;ci o istra&#382;ivanju u uvoduu ovu seriju &#269;lanaka.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-55&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-55&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-55&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;55&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;R*-ov iskaz prevela je autorica s francuskog.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-56&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-56&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-56&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;56&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Ulogu i odgovornost Frontexa na Balkanu istra&#382;ujemo u nadolaze&#263;im portfolio &#269;lancima unutar ove serije.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-57&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-57&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-57&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;57&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Vidi posebno radove na &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.facebook.com/MdMPACA/?locale=fr_FR&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;M&#233;decins du monde&lt;/a&gt; u Brian&#231;onu.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-58&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-58&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-58&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;58&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Vidi &#269;lanak kojeg je napisala Ma&#239;a Courtois tijekom CartoMobile radionica u Brian&#231;onu : &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.infomigrants.net/fr/webdoc/212/apres-le-voyage-de-la-mort-les-terrasses-de-briancon-offrent-un-repit-aux-exiles&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Apr&#232;s &#8220;le voyage de la mort&#8221;, les Terrasses de Brian&#231;on offrent un r&#233;pit aux exil&#233;s&lt;/a&gt;'.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-59&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-59&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-59&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;59&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Vidi rad Anne-Laure Amilhat Szary i Fr&#233;d&#233;rica Girauta, 2015.,&lt;i&gt; Borderities and the Politics of Contemporary Mobile &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;Borders&lt;/i&gt;, Palgrave Macmillan, Londres, str. 1-19.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-60&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-60&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-60&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;60&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Vidi Reece Jones, 2016., &lt;i&gt;Violent Borders. Refugees and the Right to Move&lt;/i&gt;, London, UK &amp; Brooklyn, NY: Verso, 212 str.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-61&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-61&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-61&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;61&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Vidi Sandro Mezzadra and Brett Neilson, 2013., &lt;i&gt;Border as Method, or the Multiplication of Labor&lt;/i&gt;, Duke university press, Durham, 384 str.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		</content:encoded>


		
		<enclosure url="http://migreurop.org/IMG/jpg/8__carte_de_marouane-3.jpg" length="711637" type="image/jpeg" />
		

	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Les cours d'eau sont mortels pour qui n'est pas du bon c&#244;t&#233;</title>
		<link>http://migreurop.org/article3365.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">http://migreurop.org/article3365.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2025-02-25T15:30:00Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		


		<dc:subject>Croatie</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Albanie</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Mort&#183;e&#183;s aux fronti&#232;res</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Enfermement</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Externalisation</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Politiques migratoires</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Surveillance et contr&#244;le</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Le Pacte europ&#233;en sur la migration et l'asile adopt&#233; ce printemps pourrait renforcer les traques polici&#232;res visant des personnes exil&#233;es dans les Balkans. Depuis une vingtaine d'ann&#233;es, l'UE et Frontex y d&#233;veloppent des dispositifs de surveillance aux effets mortels. En remontant les cours d'eau qui s&#233;parent plusieurs pays de la r&#233;gion, ce portfolio remonte aux sources de ce cycle de violences. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt; Pour voir les diff&#233;rents &#233;pisodes, cliquez sur l'onglet correspondant &#10549;&#65039; &#201;pisode #1 &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Morgane (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


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&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/rubrique482.html" rel="directory"&gt;Publications des membres&lt;/a&gt;

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&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot180.html" rel="tag"&gt;Croatie&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot31.html" rel="tag"&gt;Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot182.html" rel="tag"&gt;Albanie&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot171.html" rel="tag"&gt;Mort&#183;e&#183;s aux fronti&#232;res&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot169.html" rel="tag"&gt;Enfermement&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot168.html" rel="tag"&gt;Externalisation&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot194.html" rel="tag"&gt;Politiques migratoires&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot195.html" rel="tag"&gt;Surveillance et contr&#244;le&lt;/a&gt;

		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L150xH84/2__una_vue_de_bihac-b0bdc.jpg?1740290230' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='150' height='84' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Le Pacte europ&#233;en sur la migration et l'asile adopt&#233; ce printemps pourrait renforcer les traques polici&#232;res visant des personnes exil&#233;es dans les Balkans. Depuis une vingtaine d'ann&#233;es, l'UE et Frontex y d&#233;veloppent des dispositifs de surveillance aux effets mortels. En remontant les cours d'eau qui s&#233;parent plusieurs pays de la r&#233;gion, ce portfolio remonte aux sources de ce cycle de violences.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&#034;background-color:#EAEAEC; padding:0px 2px;&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt; Pour voir les diff&#233;rents &#233;pisodes, cliquez sur l'onglet correspondant &#10549;&#65039;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class=&#034;onglets_bloc_initial&#034;&gt;&lt;div class=&#034;onglets_contenu&#034;&gt;&lt;h2 class=&#034;cs_onglet&#034;&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;#&#034;&gt;&#201;pisode #1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Morgane Dujmovic&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Morgane Dujmovic est g&#233;ographe et politiste, charg&#233;e de recherche au CNRS. (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-1&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; a r&#233;alis&#233; en 2024 une mission de recherche dans les Balkans, avec une question en t&#234;te : comment expliquer que les fronti&#232;res balkaniques franchies par les personnes exil&#233;es soient devenues si violentes ? La plupart de celles et ceux qui essaient de les traverser sont originaires d'Asie, d'Afrique et du Moyen-Orient, et comme &#224; d'autres fronti&#232;res europ&#233;ennes, elles et ils subissent des violences polici&#232;res et risquent d'y perdre la vie.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Premi&#232;re escale : le canton d'Una-Sana situ&#233; au nord-ouest de la Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine, derni&#232;re &#233;tape avant l'espace Schengen pour celles et ceux qui tentent la travers&#233;e vers la Croatie. Sur place, l'atmosph&#232;re plombante observ&#233;e dans les villes-fronti&#232;re et dans les camps contraste avec la l&#233;g&#232;ret&#233; des activit&#233;s touristiques qui se d&#233;veloppent.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Place aux paroles des habitant&#183;es de ces localit&#233;s, commer&#231;ant&#183;es, chauffeurs de taxis et policiers.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Cet article-portfolio est le premier &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#233;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;pisode d&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;'&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;une s&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#233;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;rie d&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#233;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;di&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#233;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;e aux cons&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#233;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;quences humaines des politiques migratoires europ&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#233;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;ennes externalis&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#233;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;es dans les Balkans. &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a id=&#034;_Hlk189826254&#034;&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Il a &#233;t&#233; publi&#233; sur &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://blogs.mediapart.fr/morgane-dujmovic/blog/250724/les-cours-d-eau-sont-mortels-pour-qui-n-est-pas-du-bon-cote-episode-1/commentaires&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Mediapart&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.courrierdesbalkans.fr/Blog-o-De-la-Korana-a-l-Una-les-touristes-les-habitant-e-s-et-les-exile-e-s&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Le Courrier des Balkans&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; et &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.visionscarto.net/cours-eau-mortels&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;visioncarto.net&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;. Nous remercions chaleureusement l'&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#233;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;quipe de visionscarto pour son travail de relecture et d'editing de ce texte.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr&gt;&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;&#201;pisode 1. Les deux couleurs du printemps bosnien&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;hr&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;De la Korana &#224; l'Una : les touristes, les habitant&#183;e&#183;s et les exil&#233;&#183;e&#183;s&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Nich&#233;e entre le massif Velebit et le mont Dinara qui fait fronti&#232;re entre la Croatie et la Bosnie, la r&#233;gion croate de la Lika d&#233;voile ses hauts plateaux de karst dans la lumi&#232;re att&#233;nu&#233;e du printemps. Des stands de miel et de fromage alternent avec les troupeaux de vaches et de chevaux de race. On y trouve un refuge d'ours bless&#233;s o&#249; travaillent des volontaires f&#233;ru&#183;es de nature, originaires de France ou d'Autriche, ; iels c&#244;toient sur les routes les touristes venu&#183;es du monde entier qui se pressent pour visiter le c&#233;l&#232;bre parc national des cascades et lacs de Plitvice&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Ce parc de renomm&#233;e mondiale, class&#233; au patrimoine mondial de l'Unesco, (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-2&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Seules les nombreuses fermes en ruines colorent le paysage d'une note sombre, rappelant que c'est sur cette partie de la fronti&#232;re que s'est jou&#233; l'un des &#233;pisodes les plus f&#233;roces de la guerre serbo-croate, de 1991 &#224; 1995&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;En 1991 est autoproclam&#233;e la r&#233;publique serbe de Krajina (RSK), au lendemain (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-3&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Dans le calme revenu, qui pourrait se douter que ces hautes montagnes sont encore le lieu de corps &#224; corps violents et parfois mortels ?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Mon regard s'attarde sur la Dinara ; je me mets en mouvement, longeant les bras de la rivi&#232;re Korana. Plus on avance vers la Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine, plus les v&#233;hicules de la police aux fronti&#232;res croate se font nombreux, comme les contr&#244;les dans le sens Bosnie-Croatie. &#192; proximit&#233; du parc de Plitvice, les forces de l'ordre se contentent de v&#233;rifier l'identit&#233; des voyageur&#183;es et de leur demander o&#249; iels se rendent. Les noms sont parfois not&#233;s sur un papier pour garder trace des personnes et v&#233;hicules d&#233;j&#224; v&#233;rifi&#233;s : le contr&#244;le frontalier ne doit pas entraver ce d&#233;but de saison touristique.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_4628 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;76&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;xx&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/jpg/1__lika.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH666/1__lika-beb10.jpg?1740290230' width='500' height='666' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Le plateau de la Lika en direction de Plitvice et Biha&#263; &#169; Morgane Dujmovic
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Je progresse en altitude, me rapprochant du col qui marque la fronti&#232;re &#224; Li&#269;ko Petrovo Selo (Croatie) / Iza&#269;i&#263; (Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine). L&#224;, on croise de plus nombreux fourgons de la police aux fronti&#232;res, certains &#224; l'arr&#234;t, d'autres en intervention. Un policier patrouille dans l'un des innombrables b&#226;timents &#224; l'abandon &#8211; propri&#233;t&#233;s des populations serbes qui vivaient l&#224; avant l'&#171; op&#233;ration &#201;clair &#187; de reconqu&#234;te de la Krajina. &#192; travers les murs effondr&#233;s, on peut d&#233;j&#224; deviner que des exil&#233;&#183;es d'aujourd'hui pourraient s'y r&#233;fugier. Mais ce n'est qu'une fois pass&#233; le col, c&#244;t&#233; bosnien, qu'on per&#231;oit les effets du jeu sordide &#171; du chat et de la souris &#187; - qui s'instaure &#224; la nuit tomb&#233;e.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le &#171; jeu &#187; (game en anglais) : c'est par ce nom cynique que les exil&#233;&#183;es nomment les tentatives emp&#234;ch&#233;es et sans cesse r&#233;invent&#233;es pour passer les fronti&#232;res et rejoindre l'Union europ&#233;enne (UE). Le canton bosnien d'Una-Sana est devenu l'un des th&#233;&#226;tres de ce &#171; jeu &#187; depuis la fermeture du corridor officialis&#233; dans les Balkans en 2015-2016&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Sur la fermeture du corridor en 2016, on peut consulter Emina Bu&#382;inki&#263; et (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-4&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. &#192; l'extr&#234;me nord-ouest de la Bosnie, cette r&#233;gion repr&#233;sente l'une des voies les plus directes pour rallier le sud des Balkans &#224; l'espace Schengen. &#192; partir de 2017 et du renforcement des fronti&#232;res serbo-hongroise et serbo-croate, les personnes exil&#233;es sur les routes balkaniques se sont orient&#233;es de fa&#231;on plus nette vers l'Una-Sana, d'o&#249; elles pouvaient esp&#233;rer gagner la Slov&#233;nie, situ&#233;e une centaine de kilom&#232;tres plus loin. Depuis l'adh&#233;sion de la Croatie &#224; l'espace Schengen d&#233;but 2023&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-5&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;L'adh&#233;sion de la Croatie &#224; l'espace Schengen est effective depuis le 1er (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-5&#034;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, ce th&#233;orique espace de libre-circulation europ&#233;en se trouve de l'autre c&#244;t&#233; de la montagne que l'on peut observer de Biha&#263;, le centre administratif du canton.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_4630 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;86&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;xx&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/jpg/2__una_vue_de_bihac.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH281/2__una_vue_de_bihac-81fcf.jpg?1740290230' width='500' height='281' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Les monts qui m&#232;nent en Croatie, depuis le pont sur l'Una &#224; Biha&#263; &#169; Morgane Dujmovic
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les candidatures de la Croatie &#224; l'UE puis &#224; Schengen ont entra&#238;n&#233; un renforcement drastique des moyens allou&#233;s &#224; la fortification de la fronti&#232;re bosno-croate ces vingt derni&#232;res ann&#233;es, &#224; la fois humains, technologiques et financiers&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-6&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir la th&#232;se de l'autrice qui retrace ces processus de 2000 &#224; 2016 : &#171; Une (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-6&#034;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. C&#244;t&#233; bosnien, les r&#233;gions frontali&#232;res de la Croatie sont donc devenues un des espaces prioritaires du contr&#244;le des migrations en amont de Schengen : l'UE y d&#233;ploie des dispositifs pour consolider un &#171; sas filtrant &#187;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-7&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Cette fonction de &#171; sas &#187; filtrant a &#233;t&#233; appliqu&#233;e &#224; l'ensemble de la (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-7&#034;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, destin&#233; &#224; s&#233;parer &#171; le bon grain de l'ivraie &#187; &#8211; c'est-&#224;-dire la migration jug&#233;e acceptable de celle jug&#233;e ind&#233;sirable. Ce processus d'externalisation s'exerce par des pressions politiques et financi&#232;res constantes dans le contexte de candidature &#224; l'UE de la Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine &#8211; dont le statut de candidat a &#233;t&#233; act&#233; par le Conseil europ&#233;en en d&#233;cembre 2022, presque sept ans apr&#232;s la demande d'adh&#233;sion introduite par les autorit&#233;s bosniennes&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-8&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;La demande d'adh&#233;sion de la Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine a &#233;t&#233; introduite le 15 (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-8&#034;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_4642 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;128&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;xxx&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/jpg/parcoursbalkansb.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH375/parcoursbalkansb-a1592.jpg?1740290232' width='500' height='375' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Carte : Le &#171; sas des Balkans &#187;, un nouvel espace de transit vers l'Union europ&#233;enne. Morgane Dujmovic et Simon, 2015
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Carte disponible sur le site de Migreurop closethecamps.org en &lt;a href=&#034;https://closethecamps.org/2015/12/09/le-sas-des-balkans/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;fran&#231;ais&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&#034;https://ar.closethecamps.org/2015/12/09/%d9%85%d9%85%d8%b1%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%84%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%85%d9%83%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%b9%d8%a8%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%ac%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%af-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%af%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;arabe&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&#034;https://en.closethecamps.org/2015/12/09/the-balkan-buffer-zone/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;anglais&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&#034;https://es.closethecamps.org/2015/12/09/la-esclusa-de-los-balkanes/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;espagnol&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dans le canton d'Una-Sana, la fonction de &#171; sas &#187; pr&#234;t&#233;e &#224; la Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine s'appuie sur la g&#233;ographie sp&#233;cifique de la r&#233;gion : semi-enclave en forme de poche, la r&#233;gion forme un v&#233;ritable goulet d'&#233;tranglement pour les personnes dont le parcours est stopp&#233; l&#224;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-9&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Cet usage strat&#233;gique de l'espace est comparable &#224; ce que l'on pouvait (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-9&#034;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Comme c'est le cas pour d'autres fronti&#232;res de l'UE maintenues ferm&#233;es, on voit couramment des groupes cheminant &#224; pied le long de la route, sur la quinzaine de kilom&#232;tres qui s&#233;parent la ville du point fronti&#232;re d'Iza&#269;i&#263;, soit tout juste refoul&#233;s par la police croate, soit en train de remonter vers la fronti&#232;re pour tenter un nouveau &lt;i&gt;game&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_4631 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;83&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;xx&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/jpg/3__izacic.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH281/3__izacic-d3e0e.jpg?1740290232' width='500' height='281' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Iza&#269;i&#269;, vers le point-fronti&#232;re croate visible en arri&#232;re-plan &#169; Morgane Dujmovic
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dans la ville de Biha&#263;, les habitant&#183;e&#183;s assistent depuis maintenant sept ans aux strat&#233;gies r&#233;pressives de refoulement de ces exil&#233;&#183;es hors de Croatie et &#224; leur fixation dans le canton. C'est en 2018 que le point d'orgue a &#233;t&#233; atteint, en termes de violences de la fronti&#232;re et de passages&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-10&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Selon les chiffres compil&#233;s par l'OIM en Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine, le niveau des (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-10&#034;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Une commer&#231;ante de Biha&#263; se rappelle :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&#034;margin-left: 80px;&#034;&gt;&#171; &lt;i&gt;Jusqu'au Covid, c'&#233;tait vraiment dur, les personnes dormaient partout autour de la ville, dans la for&#234;t, dans des lieux pas du tout adapt&#233;s. On a vu beaucoup de personnes d'Afghanistan, du Pakistan, des Kurdes, des noirs de pays africains aussi, et souvent des familles avec des enfants tr&#232;s jeunes. Nous-m&#234;mes, on ne peut que comprendre les gens qui fuient des pays en guerre ou qui doivent vivre dans des camps : on a v&#233;cu la guerre, quatre ann&#233;es de si&#232;ge &#224; Biha&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#263;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt; &#187;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-11&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Paroles recueillies en avril 2024, traduites du bosniaque par l'autrice.&#034; id=&#034;nh4-11&#034;&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les discours d'ouverture ou de compassion croisent aussi les m&#233;contentements locaux : ceux, par exemple, qui ont motiv&#233; en octobre 2020 la fermeture du camp de Bira, jusqu'alors situ&#233; dans le centre de Biha&#263;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-12&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir l'article publi&#233; &#224; cette p&#233;riode : &#171; En Bosnie, des centaines de (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-12&#034;&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Au creux de la gestion de la pand&#233;mie de Covid-19, une partie des personnes qui y &#233;taient h&#233;berg&#233;es ont &#233;t&#233; transf&#233;r&#233;es dans un autre camp situ&#233; &#224; 27 kilom&#232;tres de la ville, dans un environnement rural recul&#233; et &#224; bonne distance de la fronti&#232;re croate&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-13&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Sur la chronologie de cette installation, voir le travail de synth&#232;se de (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-13&#034;&gt;13&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Au printemps 2024, c'est l&#224; l'unique h&#233;bergement officiel pour les hommes isol&#233;s : seules les familles et personnes mineures sont accept&#233;es en ville, dans le camp de Bori&#263;i connu parmi les exil&#233;&#183;es comme &#171; le camp des familles&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt; &#187; (&lt;i&gt;family camp&lt;/i&gt;). La transformation de cette ancienne r&#233;sidence &#233;tudiante en camp a mobilis&#233;, depuis 2028, un budget europ&#233;en d'un million d'euros, pour sa reconstruction comme pour son fonctionnement&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-14&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir les chiffres de la d&#233;l&#233;gation de l'UE en Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine relay&#233;s &#224; (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-14&#034;&gt;14&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_4632 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;53&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;x&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/jpg/4__borici_facade.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH281/4__borici_facade-b704a.jpg?1740290232' width='500' height='281' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Le family camp de Bori&#263;i, &#224; Biha&#263; &#169;Morgane Dujmovic
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Avec sa fa&#231;ade refaite &#224; neuf &#224; l'&#233;t&#233; 2022, plant&#233; dans la pin&#232;de qui l'environne et lui donne son nom (&#171; &lt;i&gt;borova &#353;uma&lt;/i&gt; &#187;, en bosniaque), l'atmosph&#232;re paisible du camp de Bori&#263;i ferait presque oublier l'inqui&#233;tude rejou&#233;e chaque jour pour les personnes h&#233;berg&#233;es l&#224;. Bien que cat&#233;goris&#233;es comme &#171; vuln&#233;rables&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt; &#187; par les institutions et organisations humanitaires, ces femmes, familles et enfants isol&#233;s sont soumis&#183;es &#224; des refoulements violents &#224; chaque tentative avort&#233;e pour franchir les montagnes vers la Croatie. Pour celles et ceux qui ont d&#233;j&#224; tent&#233; la travers&#233;e, le camp est un lieu d'&#233;ternel retour en arri&#232;re, un espace de r&#233;pit temporaire mais fragile, car les sens sont enti&#232;rement tourn&#233;s vers la perspective d'une nouvelle tentative. Pour l'une des familles rencontr&#233;es, dont un membre r&#233;cup&#232;re d'une blessure acquise sur les routes des Balkans, ce n'est pas encore le moment, &#171; pas ce soir &#187;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_4633 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;77&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;xx&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/jpg/5__borici_pas_ce_soir.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH281/5__borici_pas_ce_soir-777ec.jpg?1740290233' width='500' height='281' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&#171; Pas ce soir &#187;, face aux montagnes de Croatie &#169; Morgane Dujmovic
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Je reprends la route en direction du camp de Lipa. En longeant la rivi&#232;re Una, la signal&#233;tique touristique rappelle que cette r&#233;gion, th&#233;&#226;tre d'une anxi&#233;t&#233; sourde pour certain&#183;es, est pour d'autres un lieu de d&#233;couverte et d'amusement. Dans le parc national de l'Una, comme du c&#244;t&#233; croate, les &#171; &lt;i&gt;apartmani&lt;/i&gt; &#187; priv&#233;s se remplissent pour &#171; la saison &#187;, alors que les premiers groupes de touristes se d&#233;lectent de l'atmosph&#232;re printani&#232;re dans les sites nautiques et pr&#232;s des cascades.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le minist&#232;re de la S&#233;curit&#233; bosnien affiche clairement son intention de concilier cette &#171; libert&#233; de mouvement &#187; avec les &#171; standards europ&#233;ens &#187; du contr&#244;le migratoire&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-15&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir par exemple le site du service pour les &#233;trangers (SPS/SFA) du (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-15&#034;&gt;15&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Biha&#263; et le canton d'Una-Sana sont ainsi devenus ces derni&#232;res ann&#233;es l'un des nombreux espaces frontaliers du globe o&#249; se dessine une &#171; diff&#233;renciation bipolaire &#187;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-16&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir les travaux de Saskia Sassen, en particulier : &#171; Villes entre vieilles (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-16&#034;&gt;16&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, entre le monde de la migration d&#233;sir&#233;e, touristique et rentable, et celui de la migration ind&#233;sirable, compos&#233;e essentiellement de personnes originaires du Moyen-Orient, d'Asie et d'Afrique qui fuient des violences, guerres, pers&#233;cutions ou des situations socio-&#233;conomiques intenables.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dans le paysage idyllique se distinguent quelques indices subtils de ces profondes in&#233;galit&#233;s de mobilit&#233;. Au dernier embranchement menant au camp de Lipa, sur l'affichage touristique en bord de route, des stickers indiquent l'omnipr&#233;sence de taxis et l'existence d'une &#171; &lt;i&gt;pushback map&lt;/i&gt; &#187;, ou &#171; carte des refoulements frontaliers &#187;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_4635 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;86&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;xx&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/jpg/6__signaletique_tourist_lipa.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH281/6__signaletique_tourist_lipa-55a97.jpg?1740290233' width='500' height='281' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Signal&#233;tique touristique bornant la route d'acc&#232;s au camp de Lipa &#169; Morgane Dujmovic
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class='spip_document_4634 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;53&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;x&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/png/6_b_cut.png' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/png&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH260/6_b_cut-86873.png?1740290233' width='500' height='260' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Signal&#233;tique touristique, d&#233;tails &#169;Morgane Dujmovic
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Dans le camp de l'UE &#224; Lipa : &#224; qui profite le &lt;i&gt;game &lt;/i&gt; ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#192; l'approche du camp de Lipa, un mot vient &#224; l'esprit : lunaire. &#192; l'&#233;loignement de la ville s'ajoute un acc&#232;s rendu difficile par une piste sinueuse de pr&#232;s de 3 kilom&#232;tres, encha&#238;nement de nids de poule &#224; travers la montagne menant &#224; un plateau inhabit&#233;. Devant le camp, l'atmosph&#232;re d&#233;sertique contraste avec l'architecture d'enceintes grillag&#233;es et le syst&#232;me de vid&#233;o-surveillance surplombant. Omnipr&#233;sents, les panneaux interdisant l'entr&#233;e et la prise d'image sont renforc&#233;s par les &#233;l&#233;ments de langage r&#233;p&#233;t&#233;s par tous les membres de la s&#233;curit&#233; polici&#232;re, qui avertissent &#224; chaque &#233;change que &#171; &lt;i&gt;l'int&#233;gralit&#233; du camp est vid&#233;o-prot&#233;g&#233;&lt;/i&gt; &#187;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_4636 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;35&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;x&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/png/7_lipa_arrivee_lipa_2.png' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/png&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH236/7_lipa_arrivee_lipa_2-d78d7.png?1740290233' width='500' height='236' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Arriv&#233;e &#224; Lipa. &#169;Morgane Dujmovic
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La volont&#233; d'isolement est ici palpable ; elle rejoint les int&#233;r&#234;ts des polices bosniennes et croates qui tiennent ainsi &#224; distance de la fronti&#232;re ceux qui voudraient entreprendre un &lt;i&gt;game&lt;/i&gt;, pour les en dissuader. Pour les autorit&#233;s municipales, la mise &#224; l'&#233;cart des bassins de vie est une strat&#233;gie assum&#233;e, le camp de Lipa ayant servi p&#233;riodiquement &#224; &#233;vacuer les personnes exil&#233;es occupant des b&#226;timents abandonn&#233;s en ville, comme l'annon&#231;ait le maire de Biha&#263; au printemps 2021 :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&#034;margin-left: 80px;&#034;&gt;&#171; &lt;i&gt;Il existe encore des lieux dans lesquels s&#233;journent des migrants (&#8230;) que nous allons &#233;galement vider, nettoyer et condamner dans les jours &#224; venir&lt;/i&gt; &#187;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-17&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir l'article int&#233;gral : &#171; La police &#233;vacue 250 migrants ill&#233;gaux de Biha&#263; (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-17&#034;&gt;17&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La localisation du camp est &#233;galement conforme aux &#171; standards &#187; de l'UE qui en a financ&#233; l'infrastructure et le fonctionnement &#224; travers son programme &lt;i&gt;EU support to Migration and Border Management in BIH&lt;/i&gt;. Lipa fait partie d'un dispositif de camps install&#233;s en Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine entre 2018 et 2021, avec ceux de Bira, Sedra et Miral (ferm&#233;s depuis), et ceux de Bori&#263;i, U&#353;ivak et Bla&#382;uj, encore en fonction au printemps 2024. La dotation europ&#233;enne qui a financ&#233; ces &#171; Centres de r&#233;ception temporaires &#187; (&lt;i&gt;Temporary Reception Centers &lt;/i&gt;&#8211; TRC, selon leur appellation officielle) totalise au fil des ann&#233;es un montant de 100 millions d'euros de d&#233;penses&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-18&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir le communiqu&#233; de l'OIM sur ce montant.&#034; id=&#034;nh4-18&#034;&gt;18&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. La somme sert r&#233;guli&#232;rement d'argument massue pour faire pression sur les autorit&#233;s bosniennes ; en janvier 2021 par exemple, le Haut repr&#233;sentant de l'UE pour les affaires &#233;trang&#232;res et la politique de s&#233;curit&#233; Josep Borrell s'est empar&#233; de cet argument financier pour inciter les autorit&#233;s de Biha&#263; et de l'Una Sana &#224; remettre en fonction le camp de Bira&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-19&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir le rapport de Migreurop publi&#233; la m&#234;me ann&#233;e : Bisiaux et al., 2021, &#171; (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-19&#034;&gt;19&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_4637 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;55&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;x&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/jpg/8._sfa_-recadre.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH505/8._sfa_-recadre-de0f6.jpg?1740290233' width='500' height='505' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Temporary Reception Centre de Lipa. &#169;Morgane Dujmovic
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pourtant, ces fonds ont &#233;t&#233; allou&#233;s en pratique &#224; l'Organisation internationale pour les migrations (OIM), agence onusienne partenaire de l'UE &#224; laquelle ont &#233;t&#233; attribu&#233;es la coordination et la gestion des camps, au sein de la strat&#233;gie dite de &#171; R&#233;ponse Inter-Agences aux Migrations &#187; (&lt;i&gt;Inter-Agency Migration Response&lt;/i&gt;). L'OIM a ainsi capt&#233; l'essentiel des financements issus de l'Instrument d'Aide de Pr&#233;adh&#233;sion pour le dispositif de gestion des migrations et de contr&#244;le de la fronti&#232;re, qui lui ont permis de s'imposer comme un partenaire incontournable dans ces domaines&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-20&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Sur le r&#244;le ambigu de l'OIM, voir le rapport tr&#232;s complet de Nid&#382;ara (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-20&#034;&gt;20&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Cette configuration a cependant &#233;volu&#233; depuis 2021 : dans la lign&#233;e des objectifs de la Commission europ&#233;enne, rappel&#233;s &#224; la Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine dans les rapports de suivi de sa candidature&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-21&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir le rapport de suivi de la Commission pour l'ann&#233;e 2022, p. 48 et 57.&#034; id=&#034;nh4-21&#034;&gt;21&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, l'OIM s'oriente &#224; pr&#233;sent vers ce qu'elle appelle un &#171; plan pour la transition vers une r&#233;ponse &#233;tatique en mati&#232;re de migrations &#187; &#8211;formule qui laisse peu de doutes sur la strat&#233;gie interventionniste qui pr&#233;c&#233;dait&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-22&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;&#171; Plan for a transition to a state-owned migration response &#187; ; voir la page (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-22&#034;&gt;22&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dans l'optique d'une passation de cette mission au minist&#232;re de la S&#233;curit&#233; nationale, la gestion du camp de Lipa a &#233;t&#233; transf&#233;r&#233;e depuis novembre 2021 au Service des affaires pour les &#233;trangers, le SPS (&lt;i&gt;Slu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#382;ba za poslove sa strancima&lt;/i&gt;), mieux connu sur le terrain par son acronyme anglais SFA (&lt;i&gt;Service for Foreigners' affairs&lt;/i&gt;). Comme l'a indiqu&#233; l'un des fonctionnaires de ce service, Lipa est &#171; &lt;i&gt;le premier centre enti&#232;rement g&#233;r&#233; par les institutions nationales de Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine&lt;/i&gt; &#187;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-23&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Paroles recueillies en avril 2024, traduites du bosniaque par l'autrice.&#034; id=&#034;nh4-23&#034;&gt;23&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; et repr&#233;sente une sorte de projet-pilote dans le plan de transition attendu par l'UE et l'OIM. En 2021, l'UE a ainsi financ&#233; la construction d'un espace d&#233;di&#233; &#224; la d&#233;tention, transformant Lipa en &#171; Centre polyvalent de r&#233;ception et d'identification &#187;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-24&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;&#171; Multi-purpose reception and identification centre &#187;, voir le rapport de (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-24&#034;&gt;24&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. On comprend, d&#232;s lors, la tension qui conduit aux interdictions d'acc&#232;s &#224; l'int&#233;rieur du camp, et la pression qui s'exerce sur les personnes encamp&#233;es l&#224; pour qu'elles ne livrent pas d'informations aux personnes ext&#233;rieures au camp&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-25&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Selon plusieurs paroles recueillies sur place au printemps 2024.&#034; id=&#034;nh4-25&#034;&gt;25&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;C'est pourquoi le g&#233;ographe Louis Fernier a entrepris de reconstituer l'espace de vie du camp &#224; partir d'une m&#233;thode de reconstruction spatiale bas&#233;e sur des plans d'&#233;vacuations et t&#233;moignages&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-26&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir Louis Fernier et Morgane Dujmovic : &#171; Fronti&#232;res violentes, recherches (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-26&#034;&gt;26&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. L'&#233;loignement du camp, coupl&#233; aux ressources insuffisantes de la vie quotidienne, contribue &#224; ce qu'il analyse dans son travail de th&#232;se comme des &#171; offenses spatiales &#187; &#224; l'encontre des personnes exil&#233;es&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-27&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;En r&#233;f&#233;rence aux travaux du g&#233;ographe Michel Lussault, les &#171; offenses (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-27&#034;&gt;27&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_4639 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;83&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;xx&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/png/9-fernier-martin-slegers-lipa_carre_zoom_morgane_google_sat.png' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/png&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH500/9-fernier-martin-slegers-lipa_carre_zoom_morgane_google_sat-1d4fa.png?1740290234' width='500' height='500' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Plan du camp de Lipa reconstitu&#233; &#169; Louis Fernier, Nelly Martin &amp; Luuk Slegers
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Si, en 2023, les personnes encamp&#233;es &#224; Lipa &#233;voquaient des conditions relativement bonnes, en comparaison avec les camps d'autres pays (d'o&#249; le terme de camp 'VIP' sur la carte de Louis Fernier), les paroles recueillies au printemps 2024 sur les mauvaises conditions de vie sont plus nombreuses et v&#233;h&#233;mentes. &lt;a id=&#034;_Hlk166915258&#034;&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Malgr&#233; les conditions d'h&#233;bergement plut&#244;t cl&#233;mentes &#224; cette p&#233;riode (entre 348 et 603 personnes enregistr&#233;es &#224; Lipa, pour une capacit&#233; de 1512 lits), les personnes exil&#233;es semblent manquer de tout dans les camps que l'UE et sa d&#233;l&#233;gation en Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine s'enorgueillissent de financer, contrairement &#224; l'ambiance &#171; bon enfant &#187; d&#233;crite dans les rapports bimensuels de l'OIM&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-28&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir la pages de l'OIM compilant les &#171; Situation Reports &#187;, o&#249; l'on peut (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-28&#034;&gt;28&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#192; l'int&#233;rieur du camp de Lipa, le contraste est d'autant plus frappant que le logo de l'UE tr&#244;ne partout, aux c&#244;t&#233;s de ceux de l'OIM et de la dizaine d'ONG habilit&#233;es &#224; intervenir dans le camp pour garantir des conditions d'accueil minimales. Les manquements &#233;voqu&#233;s touchent &#224; des besoins &#233;l&#233;mentaires, comme l'explique &lt;i&gt;S*&lt;/i&gt; :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&#034;margin-left: 80px;&#034;&gt;&#171; &lt;i&gt;Le docteur vient seulement une heure le lundi et une heure le jeudi. Si quelqu'un est sur le point de mourir, ils vont faire quoi ?&lt;/i&gt; &#187;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;De telles descriptions rejoignent l'avis de nombreux et nombreuses observateurices ; ce sont d'ailleurs ces conditions d'h&#233;bergement pr&#233;caires qui motivent la pr&#233;sence r&#233;guli&#232;re sur le terrain de collectifs comme No Name Kitchen, dont les volontaires tentent de pallier l'insuffisance de denr&#233;es alimentaires ou de &lt;i&gt;Non Food Items&lt;/i&gt; (v&#234;tements, kits d'hygi&#232;ne, etc.).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La route d'acc&#232;s au camp repr&#233;sente un autre symbole &#233;vocateur de ce contraste. Sur ce chemin de poussi&#232;re crevass&#233;, non entretenu, on croise des v&#233;hicules tous terrains et des vans floqu&#233;s du logo de l'UE, issus de donations on&#233;reuses. C'est le cas des v&#233;hicules tous terrains noirs d'une valeur de 370 000 euros, offerts en mars 2023 &#224; la Direction pour la coordination des corps de police (qui a pris la responsabilit&#233; de la s&#233;curit&#233; des camps l'ann&#233;e pr&#233;c&#233;dente)&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-29&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Soit une donation de 725 000 Marks convertibles bosniens, issue du projet de (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-29&#034;&gt;29&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, ou encore des pickups et vans blancs donn&#233;s en f&#233;vrier 2024 &#224; la Police aux fronti&#232;res pour &#171; &lt;i&gt;soutenir les actions op&#233;rationnelles dans les bureaux r&#233;gionaux &lt;/i&gt; &#187;, comme celui de Biha&#263;, pour un montant de 500 000 euros&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-30&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Dans le cadre du projet &#171; Special Measures to Support the Response to the (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-30&#034;&gt;30&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La mise &#224; l'&#233;cart et le d&#233;nuement font en revanche l'affaire de certain&#183;es commer&#231;ant&#183;es. Plusieurs magasins sont tol&#233;r&#233;s sur le terrain vague attenant au camp : n&#233;cessaires pour les personnes encamp&#233;es, les produits qui y sont vendus sont aussi appr&#233;ci&#233;s par les fonctionnaires de police qui viennent y acheter quotidiennement du pain, des cigarettes&#8230; Plusieurs hangars &#224; l'abandon laissent imaginer une activit&#233; pass&#233;e importante ; parmi ceux-ci on trouve encore la trace d'un magasin qui affiche un nom cynique : le &lt;i&gt;Game shop&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_4638 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;30&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/png/10_lipa_arrivee_lipa_game_shop.png' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/png&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH279/10_lipa_arrivee_lipa_game_shop-35d10.png?1740290234' width='500' height='279' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Game shop &#169; Morgane Dujmovic
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class='spip_document_4640 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;40&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;x&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/png/11_lipa_arrivee_lipa_market_2.png' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/png&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH277/11_lipa_arrivee_lipa_market_2-06d28.png?1740290234' width='500' height='277' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Les Markets de Lipa &#169; Morgane Dujmovic
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dans le principal commerce priv&#233; encore en fonction, on trouve en effet &#171; tout pour le &lt;i&gt;game&lt;/i&gt; &#187;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt; : des v&#234;tements chauds et chaussures de marche pour hommes ; des sacs de couchage ; et des cartes SIM utilisables uniquement pour internet en Croatie, Slov&#233;nie et Italie. L'un des vendeurs d&#233;crit sans d&#233;tours les profits r&#233;alis&#233;s localement avec les migrants :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&#034;margin-left: 80px;&#034;&gt;&#171; &lt;i&gt;Les gens ici ne sont g&#233;n&#233;ralement pas contents qu'il y ait des migrants, les accusent du moindre vol ou acte criminel, ils vont les accuser, mais en m&#234;me temps les locaux en font un business important, imaginez, si on pense aux ventes, aux h&#233;bergements, aux taxis !&lt;/i&gt; &#187;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-31&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Paroles recueillies en avril 2024, traduites du bosniaque par l'autrice.&#034; id=&#034;nh4-31&#034;&gt;31&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En effet, on croise aussi &#224; Lipa un ballet de taxis qui se relaient pour transporter les hommes encamp&#233;s jusqu'au centre de Biha&#263;. &#171; &lt;i&gt;Un travail non-stop, 24h sur 24h&lt;/i&gt; &#187;, comme me dit l'un d'eux. Les trajets pour la ville sont fr&#233;quents, pour se ravitailler, pour voir des proches plac&#233;s au &lt;i&gt;family camp&lt;/i&gt;, ou pour tenter le &lt;i&gt;game&lt;/i&gt;. Devant le camp, les cartes de visite des taxis tapissent le sol terreux. On y trouve en continu une file de voitures stationn&#233;es, dans l'attente que les &#171; clients &#187; se regroupent : chaque trajet co&#251;te 20 euros, alors les voyageurs tentent de se rassembler pour partager les frais.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_4641 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;38&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;x&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/jpg/12__lipa_taxi_visages_flous.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH281/12__lipa_taxi_visages_flous-008b8.jpg?1740290234' width='500' height='281' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Les taxis de Lipa &#169; Morgane Dujmovic
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Certains chauffeurs ne se cachent pas de g&#233;n&#233;rer une activit&#233; tr&#232;s lucrative et &#171; &lt;i&gt;d'utiliser les migrants pour de l'argent&lt;/i&gt; &#187;, selon les mots de l'un d'eux. Un autre, plus mesur&#233;, me d&#233;crit longuement une activit&#233; pas si rentable, et plut&#244;t risqu&#233;e :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&#034;margin-left: 80px;&#034;&gt;&#171; &lt;i&gt;Entre le carburant, les fois o&#249; ne se retrouve pas au bon endroit, finalement tu rentres juste dans tes frais. &lt;/i&gt;(&#8230;) &lt;i&gt;Il y a cinq ou six ans, si tu prenais quelqu'un dans ton v&#233;hicule ne serait-ce que jusqu'&#224; l'arr&#234;t de bus, sans m&#234;me parler d'aller &#224; la fronti&#232;re, on pouvait t'arr&#234;ter et te mettre en prison ; &#231;a a &#233;t&#233; le cas de mon coll&#232;gue, et moi j'ai eu un proc&#232;s. C'est le seul endroit o&#249; on peut t'enfermer pour trafic sans m&#234;me que tu aies pass&#233; une fronti&#232;re !&lt;/i&gt; &#187;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-32&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;L'ensemble des paroles recueillies aupr&#232;s des chauffeurs de taxi de mani&#232;re (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-32&#034;&gt;32&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le cadre l&#233;gal bosnien a en effet permis de p&#233;naliser le transport de personnes en migration irr&#233;guli&#232;re, donnant lieu &#224; plusieurs condamnations de chauffeurs de taxi &#224; des peines de prison. Il a aussi largement contribu&#233; &#224; criminaliser tout type d'aide apport&#233;e aux personnes exil&#233;es en dehors des circuits des organisations humanitaires partenaires des autorit&#233;s : des actions spontan&#233;es au sein de la population locale et des distributions, organis&#233;es par des ONG non officiellement habilit&#233;es, ont &#233;t&#233; r&#233;prim&#233;es de diverses mani&#232;res (barri&#232;res administratives, poursuites, confiscations de passeports, expulsions de volontaires &#233;tranger&#183;&#232;re&#183;s, etc.)&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-33&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir les diff&#233;rentes formes et cas de criminalisation rapport&#233;s dans le (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-33&#034;&gt;33&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Derni&#232;rement, le transport de personnes exil&#233;es est encadr&#233; par un d&#233;cret qui semble r&#233;gir l'interdiction de fa&#231;on plus souple et convenue : le transport n'est tol&#233;r&#233; que dans le cadre de l'activit&#233; professionnelle de taxi, mais avec un risque d'amende financi&#232;re dont le montant (une centaine d'euros) reste assez faible pour que l'activit&#233; soit consid&#233;r&#233;e comme rentable et qu'elle soit reconduite. De plus en plus d'habitants de Biha&#263; se sont ainsi lanc&#233;s dans cette activit&#233; derni&#232;rement : plus de cent nouvelles licences de taxis auraient ainsi &#233;t&#233; d&#233;livr&#233;es fin 2023&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-34&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir le fil info R&#233;fugi&#233;s du Courrier des Balkans, 22 octobre 2023.&#034; id=&#034;nh4-34&#034;&gt;34&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Au-del&#224; des utilitarismes locaux assum&#233;s, l'ambiance cordiale qui s'observe entre certains des hommes encamp&#233;s &#224; Lipa et des chauffeurs donne du cr&#233;dit aux paroles empathiques que j'ai recueillies :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&#034;margin-left: 80px;&#034;&gt;&#171; &lt;i&gt;Nous les aidons, c'est pour de l'argent, mais nous les aidons&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;Ils ont &#233;norm&#233;ment de probl&#232;mes pour passer la fronti&#232;re. Les policiers croates les tapent, leur prennent l'argent, le t&#233;l&#233;phone, leur envoient les chiens. J'ai directement &#233;t&#233; t&#233;moin ces violences&lt;/i&gt; &#187;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En effet, les personnes exil&#233;es refoul&#233;es qui souhaiteraient rejoindre le camp officiel de Lipa doivent s'y rendre par leur propre moyen : soit au terme de deux jours de marche, soit en appelant ces chauffeurs qui acceptent parfois de recevoir ult&#233;rieurement le r&#232;glement de leur course (autour de 100 euros).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Comme la plupart des habitant&#183;es de Biha&#263;, les chauffeurs de taxis se trouvent ainsi &#224; des postes avanc&#233;s pour observer les pratiques r&#233;pressives de la police croate, et leurs liens avec la strat&#233;gie de contr&#244;le de l'UE &#224; ses fronti&#232;res sud-est.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#192; suivre dans les prochains volets de cette s&#233;rie : les rescap&#233;&#183;e&#183;s de la g&#233;ostrat&#233;gie europ&#233;enne, les ill&#233;galit&#233;s de la police croate et le jeu trouble de Frontex, la mortalit&#233; aux fleuves-fronti&#232;res et les impacts du nouveau Pacte.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&#034;onglets_contenu&#034;&gt;&lt;h2 class=&#034;cs_onglet&#034;&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;#&#034;&gt;&#201;pisode #2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Au printemps 2024, Morgane Dujmovic a recueilli une trentaine de r&#233;cits aupr&#232;s de personnes plac&#233;es dans les camps de Bori&#263;i et Lipa, dans la r&#233;gion nord-ouest de la Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine qui borde la Croatie (Canton d'Una-Sana). Chacun de ces r&#233;cits jette une lumi&#232;re crue sur des projets migratoires qui se brisent, sur des corps violent&#233;s, sur des vies qui sont prises &#224; cette fronti&#232;re bosno-croate, aujourd'hui limite ext&#233;rieure de l'Union europ&#233;enne et de l'espace Schengen&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-35&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Depuis l'adh&#233;sion de la Croatie &#224; l'espace Schengen le 1er janvier 2023.&#034; id=&#034;nh4-35&#034;&gt;35&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;. Qui sont les personnes qui essaient de rejoindre l'Europe, au risque de tout perdre dans la travers&#233;e des fronti&#232;res&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt; ? Que signifie, pour elles et eux, cette violence frontali&#232;re&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt; ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Cet article-portfolio est le deuxi&#232;me &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#233;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;pisode d&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;'&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;une s&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#233;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;rie d&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#233;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;di&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#233;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;e aux cons&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#233;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;quences humaines des politiques migratoires europ&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#233;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;ennes externalis&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#233;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;es dans les Balkans. Il a &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#233;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;t&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#233;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; publi&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#233;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; sur &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://blogs.mediapart.fr/morgane-dujmovic/blog/220824/les-cours-d-eau-sont-mortels-pour-qui-n-est-pas-du-bon-cote-episode-2&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Mediapart&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.courrierdesbalkans.fr/Blog-o-Les-rescape-e-s-de-la-frontiere&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Le Courrier des Balkans&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; et &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.visionscarto.net/route-des-balkans-les-rescape-es&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;visioncarto.net&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;. Nous remercions chaleureusement l'&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#233;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;quipe de visionscarto pour son travail de relecture et d'editing de ce texte.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr&gt;&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;&#201;pisode #2. Les rescap&#233;&#183;e&#183;s de la fronti&#232;re&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;hr&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Au printemps 2024, j'ai amen&#233; la CartoMobile aux abords des camps de Lipa et Bori&#263;i. Ce dispositif de recherche embarqu&#233; dans un camion am&#233;nag&#233; me permet d'amener des ateliers de cartographie participative aupr&#232;s de personnes exil&#233;es prises dans les mailles de la fronti&#232;re. Mon objectif est d'inclure ces personnes dans la repr&#233;sentation de leur propre r&#233;cit, l&#224; o&#249; les politiques migratoires encouragent leur mise &#224; l'&#233;cart, leur invisibilisation, leur mise en silence.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La CartoMobile fonctionne comme un espace de cr&#233;ation et de travail ajust&#233; &#224; la r&#233;flexion intellectuelle et &#224; l'expression de soi ; c'est aussi un espace de r&#233;pit et de repos, quand la violence du contexte frontalier l'impose (absence d'espace intime, d&#233;guerpissement, privation d'abri)&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-36&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Le projet CartoMobile s'inscrit dans le cadre du travail men&#233; au CNRS par (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-36&#034;&gt;36&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#192; Lipa et Bori&#263;i, toutes les personnes que j'ai accueillies dans la CartoMobile ont &#233;t&#233; concern&#233;es par des violences institutionnelles graduelles au cours de leur voyage en Europe. Ma pr&#233;sence dans ces lieux a g&#233;n&#233;r&#233; une r&#233;action de bouche-&#224;-oreille : j'&#233;tais identifi&#233;e comme une personne &#233;crivant sur les questions de fronti&#232;res, et leur violence. Ainsi, des personnes encamp&#233;es l&#224; sont venues &#224; ma rencontre pour me raconter leur game&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-37&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Selon le nom donn&#233; aux tentatives r&#233;p&#233;t&#233;es pour passer la fronti&#232;re, souvent (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-37&#034;&gt;37&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. De ces nombreux t&#233;moignages ressort une phrase unanime : &lt;i&gt;&#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;Police of Croatia : problem&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; !&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_4736 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;63&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;x&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/jpg/1_la_cartomobile_devant_le_camp_de_lipa-2.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH281/1_la_cartomobile_devant_le_camp_de_lipa-2-f84c9.jpg?1740290235' width='500' height='281' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;La CartoMobile devant le camp de Lipa &#169; Morgane Dujmovic 2023
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Se faire &#171; &lt;i&gt;pushbacker &lt;/i&gt; &#187;, loin du droit et des regards&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les habitant&#183;es de Biha&#263; se trouvent &#224; des postes avanc&#233;s pour observer les pratiques r&#233;pressives de la police croate (&lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article3365.html?lang_article=fr&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;voir le premier &#233;pisode&lt;/a&gt;). Les chauffeurs de taxis, en particulier, sont r&#233;guli&#232;rement contact&#233;s apr&#232;s les &lt;i&gt;pushbacks&lt;/i&gt; pour ramener les personnes du lieu de refoulement (le plus souvent une zone isol&#233;e, en for&#234;t ou montagne) jusqu'&#224; la ville de Biha&#263; ou au camp de Lipa. Comme l'explique l'un des chauffeurs que j'ai rencontr&#233; &#224; Lipa :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&#034;margin-left: 80px;&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#171; C'est pour de l'argent, mais nous les aidons. Ils ont &#233;norm&#233;ment de probl&#232;mes pour passer la fronti&#232;re. Les policiers croates les tapent, leur prennent l'argent, le t&#233;l&#233;phone, leur envoient les chiens. J'ai vu directement ces violences.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Parmi vingt-quatre personnes exil&#233;es que j'ai rencontr&#233;es &#224; Lipa, vingt-trois avaient d&#233;j&#224; tent&#233; le &lt;i&gt;game&lt;/i&gt; vers la Croatie. La plupart en &#233;taient &#224; leur cinqui&#232;me ou sixi&#232;me travers&#233;e avort&#233;e ; l'une d'elles avait essay&#233; 26 fois. Au cours de leur refoulement, aucune de ces personnes n'avait re&#231;u de copie d'un quelconque document. C'est le cas de H*, R*, T* ou U*&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-38&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Pour respecter leur anonymat, les personnes exil&#233;es que j'ai rencontr&#233;es &#224; (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-38&#034;&gt;38&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; qui n'ont m&#234;me pas vu le moindre document &#233;crit au cours de leur refoulement. C'est aussi le cas de B*, qui explique avoir &lt;i&gt;&#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;sign&#233; un tas de papiers, sans rien comprendre car c'&#233;tait en croate&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_4737 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;136&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;xxx&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/jpg/2._zone_de_refoulement_a_proximite_du_point-frontiere_licko_petrovo_selo_croatie_izacic_bosnie-2.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH281/2._zone_de_refoulement_a_proximite_du_point-frontiere_licko_petrovo_selo_croatie_izacic_bosnie-2-439a0.jpg?1740290235' width='500' height='281' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Zone de refoulement &#224; proximit&#233; du point-fronti&#232;re Li&#269;ko Petrovo Selo (Croatie) / Iza&#269;i&#263; (Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine) &#169; Morgane Dujmovic 2023.
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La raison en est simple : une partie importante de ces renvois est men&#233;e en toute ill&#233;galit&#233;. Ils se produisent en dehors m&#234;me des cadres construits ces vingt derni&#232;res ann&#233;es pour organiser des expulsions, comme les accords de r&#233;admission. Ces derniers se sont multipli&#233;s sous l'impulsion des institutions europ&#233;ennes afin de rendre possible l'&#233;loignement rapide d'une personne vers un &#201;tat dans lequel elle aurait seulement s&#233;journ&#233; ou transit&#233;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-39&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;La logique des r&#233;admissions concerne d'une part des accords sign&#233;s entre (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-39&#034;&gt;39&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Les proc&#233;dures de r&#233;admission sont assorties de garanties proc&#233;durales minimales &#8211; en particulier, recevoir une d&#233;cision &#233;crite motivant le renvoi, &#234;tre inform&#233;&#183;e de ses droits et avoir la possibilit&#233; de comprendre cette d&#233;cision dans une langue connue.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les renvois ill&#233;gaux document&#233;s vont plus loin : ils violent ouvertement la Convention europ&#233;enne des droits de l'homme (qui proscrit les expulsions collectives dont les motifs ne sont pas individualis&#233;s) et la Convention de Gen&#232;ve de 1951 relative au statut des r&#233;fugi&#233;s, qui devrait garantir &#224; elle seule le principe de non-refoulement (article 33). Selon ce principe, les &#201;tats ont l'interdiction de renvoyer un individu vers un pays o&#249; sa vie ou sa libert&#233; sont gravement menac&#233;es &#8211; c'est-&#224;-dire si cet individu est soumis &#224; un risque de pers&#233;cution, de torture ou de traitement d&#233;gradant en raison de sa race, de sa religion, de sa nationalit&#233;, de son appartenance &#224; un groupe social ou de ses opinions politiques. Le non-refoulement implique que toute demande d'asile soit enregistr&#233;e et que la personne l'exprimant soit prot&#233;g&#233;e le temps de l'examen de sa demande.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Bien que ce texte soit repris dans l'ensemble de l'acquis communautaire et du droit d&#233;riv&#233; en mati&#232;re d'asile, auquel doivent se conformer les institutions europ&#233;ennes comme les &#201;tats membres, tous les t&#233;moignages concordent pour affirmer que les demandes d'asile exprim&#233;es dans les r&#233;gions frontali&#232;res croates ne sont pas prises en compte. Les personnes en qu&#234;te de protection l'ont bien compris, et l'ont pour beaucoup exp&#233;riment&#233; au cours de leur propre refoulement : ainsi, l'objectif du &lt;i&gt;game&lt;/i&gt; &#224; cette fronti&#232;re n'est pas uniquement d'entrer sur le territoire croate, mais bien de parvenir &#224; rejoindre la capitale, Zagreb, o&#249; les pratiques sont r&#233;put&#233;es plus respectueuses du droit &#224; l'asile.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Comme l'exprime simplement B*, un jeune Syrien qui vient d'&#234;tre refoul&#233; vers Biha&#263; malgr&#233; la demande d'asile qu'il a exprim&#233;e aupr&#232;s des policiers croates, abasourdi par l'id&#233;e qu'une institution ait pu agir de fa&#231;on ill&#233;gale aussi ouvertement sur le sol europ&#233;en, c'est &#171; un &lt;i&gt;game&lt;/i&gt; &#233;trange, un &lt;i&gt;game&lt;/i&gt; compl&#232;tement fou ! &#187;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_4732 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;67&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;xx&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/jpg/3__promeneurs_et_personnes_refoulees_a_bihac-2.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH281/3__promeneurs_et_personnes_refoulees_a_bihac-2-5ca14.jpg?1740290235' width='500' height='281' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Promeneurs et personnes refoul&#233;es &#224; Biha&#263; &#169; Morgane Dujmovic 2023
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pour d&#233;crire les refoulements de plus en plus fr&#233;quemment men&#233;s en dehors des cadres l&#233;gaux, un mot s'est g&#233;n&#233;ralis&#233; : le &lt;i&gt;pushback&lt;/i&gt;. Sa d&#233;clinaison, &#171; se faire &lt;i&gt;pushbacker&lt;/i&gt; &#187;, est, elle aussi, devenue courante. Le r&#233;seau d'associations &lt;i&gt;Border Violence Monitoring Network&lt;/i&gt; (BVMN) implant&#233; dans les Balkans estime que le terme serait apparu initialement avec les renvois ill&#233;gaux men&#233;s massivement de la Croatie et de la Hongrie vers la Serbie &#224; partir de 2016&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-40&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir la page Understanding pushbacks sur le site de BVMN.&#034; id=&#034;nh4-40&#034;&gt;40&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, &#233;poque &#224; laquelle le corridor migratoire des Balkans s'est referm&#233;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-41&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Sur cette p&#233;riode de fermeture du corridor, des fronti&#232;res et des camps de (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-41&#034;&gt;41&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Plus g&#233;n&#233;ralement, les &lt;i&gt;pushbacks&lt;/i&gt; sont pratiqu&#233;s dans l'ensemble des renvois en cha&#238;ne (ou &lt;i&gt;chain removals&lt;/i&gt;) op&#233;r&#233;s de l'Autriche jusqu'au sud des Balkans &#8211; ce que documente notamment l'initiative &lt;i&gt;Push back alarm Austria&lt;/i&gt; &#224; partir de 2021. Les refoulements ont aussi &#233;t&#233; largement observ&#233;s aux fronti&#232;res internes de l'espace Schengen : en France, l'Association nationale d'assistance aux fronti&#232;res pour les &#233;trangers (Anaf&#233;) publie de nombreux rapports &#224; ce sujet&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-42&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir en particulier la page d&#233;di&#233;e aux fronti&#232;res int&#233;rieures terrestres sur (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-42&#034;&gt;42&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; ; &#224; la fronti&#232;re franco-italienne la pratique, r&#233;currente, a donn&#233; lieu &#224; un arr&#234;t de la Cour de Justice de l'Union Europ&#233;enne, le 21 septembre 2023&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-43&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;L'arr&#234;t de la CJUE a &#233;t&#233; r&#233;percut&#233; dans une d&#233;cision du Conseil d'&#201;tat (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-43&#034;&gt;43&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_4735 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;76&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;xx&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L360xH500/couverture-2-a04c3.png?1739365391' width='360' height='500' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Couverture du rapport Black Book of pushbacks publi&#233; par le collectif BVMN
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le corollaire des &lt;i&gt;pushbacks&lt;/i&gt;, c'est le d&#233;ferlement de violences que permet l'absence de droits. On ne compte plus les rapports de chercheur&#183;es&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-44&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir le texte d'Harold Robert, &#171; Fronti&#232;res : le &#171; game &#187; des exil&#233;&#183;es, (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-44&#034;&gt;44&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, d'associations&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-45&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir le rapport de No Name Kitchen fin 2023 Bloody Border Project et le (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-45&#034;&gt;45&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; ou d'institutions&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-46&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Par exemple ce communiqu&#233; des Nations unies du 5 avril 2021 : &#171; The UN in (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-46&#034;&gt;46&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; qui ont document&#233; celles perp&#233;tr&#233;es par les polices des &#201;tats balkaniques, en particulier depuis 2016 et la fermeture du corridor officialis&#233; des Balkans. Les milliers de r&#233;cits recueillis font d&#233;sormais somme. Ceux qui ont pu &#234;tre compil&#233;s par le r&#233;seau BVMN sont consultables dans une base de donn&#233;es en ligne et dans un &lt;i&gt;Livre noir des pushbacks&lt;/i&gt;, publi&#233; en acc&#232;s libre&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-47&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir l'&#233;dition augment&#233;e (2022) du Black book of pushbacks et la base de (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-47&#034;&gt;47&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;V&#233;ritable travail de fourmi pour reconstituer le d&#233;roulement des faits et leur caract&#232;re massif, le premier &lt;i&gt;Black book&lt;/i&gt; paru en 2020 r&#233;pertoriait 12 000 cas de violences, d&#233;peints sur 1500 pages ; la seconde &#233;dition du livre noir, parue deux ans plus tard en 2022, d&#233;nombrait 25 000 cas (soit plus du double), sur 3 000 pages de description.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La carte ci-dessous spatialise ces violences et tente de faire appara&#238;tre, derri&#232;re les chiffres, l'individualit&#233; des personnes qui ont apport&#233; leur t&#233;moignage &#8211; dont les identit&#233;s sont anonymis&#233;es par le dessin&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-48&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Les donn&#233;es pour l'Italie et la Slov&#233;nie ne sont pas repr&#233;sent&#233;es sur cette (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-48&#034;&gt;48&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_4721 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;73&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;xx&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/png/4__temoigner_une_solidarite_en_voix_et_en_actes_v1_.png' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/png&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH686/4__temoigner_une_solidarite_en_voix_et_en_actes_v1_-1304d.png?1740290236' width='500' height='686' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;T&#233;moigner, une solidarit&#233; en voix et en actes. Carte : Morgane Dujmovic
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Premi&#232;re publication de cette carte dans &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article3119.html?lang_article=fr&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Atlas des migrations dans le monde. Libert&#233;s de circulation, fronti&#232;res, in&#233;galit&#233;s&lt;/a&gt;, Migreurop, Casella-Colombeau Sara (dir.), Armand Colin, 2022, p.121. &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les t&#233;moignages circonstanci&#233;s, compil&#233;s par BVMN dans le cadre d'une m&#233;thodologie pr&#233;cise, font &#233;tat de diff&#233;rents types de violences : insultes ; passages &#224; tabac ; coups et blessures ; vols, confiscation et destruction des biens ; attaques de chiens ; menaces arm&#233;es ; mutilations. Certaines pratiques se montrent particuli&#232;rement inventives : des intimidations et humiliations telles que des marquages de personnes par une croix de peinture rouge sur la t&#234;te, des d&#233;shabillages forc&#233;s. Ce sont aussi des mises en danger d&#233;lib&#233;r&#233;es qui consistent &#224; repousser vers les courants marins ou les rivi&#232;res glac&#233;es des personnes ainsi forc&#233;es &#224; la nage.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les t&#233;moignages vont jusqu'&#224; des all&#233;gations de viol et de tortures, relay&#233;es notamment par Amnesty International et reprises dans des d&#233;cisions judiciaires. Par exemple, en janvier 2021, la Cour de Rome a &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.asgi.it/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Tribunale-Roma_RG-564202020.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#233;mis un jugement&lt;/a&gt; en faveur d'un requ&#233;rant qui avait subi un renvoi en cha&#238;ne ill&#233;gal entre l'Italie, la Slov&#233;nie, la Croatie et la Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine, en se basant sur &lt;a href=&#034;https://borderviolence.eu/reports/italian-court-ruling-on-chain-pushback/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;le t&#233;moignage qu'il avait confi&#233; &#224; BVMN&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-49&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir le rapport de l'association italienne ASGI qui pr&#233;cise la nature des (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-49&#034;&gt;49&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Ce travail port&#233; par des volontaires de la soci&#233;t&#233; civile est devenu une n&#233;cessit&#233; pour documenter les faits, en l'absence d'investigations men&#233;es par les pouvoirs publics.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Rescap&#233;&#183;es d'une g&#233;ostrat&#233;gie europ&#233;enne de la violence &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Renvoi, refus, expulsion, refoulement ou &lt;i&gt;pushback&lt;/i&gt;&#8230; Les mots sont ternes pour dire l'empreinte des exp&#233;riences ind&#233;l&#233;biles de la violence. Les chiffres ne peuvent non plus mesurer ce que produisent ces pratiques inhumaines et d&#233;gradantes. Mais en pr&#233;sence des personnes qu'elle affecte, cette violence g&#233;n&#233;ralis&#233;e prend une consistance : celle des innombrables traces laiss&#233;es par les &lt;i&gt;pushbacks&lt;/i&gt; sur les corps et dans les r&#233;cits traumatiques.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#192; Bori&#263;i et Lipa chacun porte sur soi, ou avec soi, une histoire de violence physique ou psychologique. M* a une jambe bless&#233;e depuis sa derni&#232;re tentative pour entrer en Croatie, et ne peut plus se permettre de marcher, en l'absence d'examens et de soins appropri&#233;s. Pour T*, c'est le travail et le r&#234;ve d'une vie qui se sont bris&#233;s aux fronti&#232;res croates :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&#034;margin-left: 80px;&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#171; Ma carri&#232;re de boxeur a pris fin parce que la police croate m'a bless&#233; aux genoux droit et gauche&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Sa force mentale lui permet de relativiser : &lt;i&gt;&#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;Il y a ceux qui sont devenus compl&#232;tement incapables de marcher, cela continue de se produire ici en Bosnie&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;.&lt;/i&gt; F* dit avoir subi des violences de la police croate, qu'il ne s'autorise pas &#224; d&#233;tailler. E* m'explique qu'il puise dans la musique la force de ne pas devenir fou.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_4733 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;76&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;xx&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/jpg/5__conversations_dans_le_market_de_lipa-2.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH281/5__conversations_dans_le_market_de_lipa-2-13f11.jpg?1740290236' width='500' height='281' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conversations dans le &#171; Market &#187; de Lipa &#169; Morgane Dujmovic 2024
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Loin des portraits mis&#233;rabilistes ou victimisants &#8211; qui voudraient que les personnes violemment refoul&#233;es soient par essence des victimes alors qu'elles sont victimes de l&#233;gislations, de dispositifs et de pratiques bien identifiables&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-50&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;&#192; propos de cette distinction, voir le cours de Didier Fassin au Coll&#232;ge de (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-50&#034;&gt;50&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &#8211;, il importe de prendre le temps d'une question simple : qui sont les personnes cibl&#233;es par de telles violences ?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;Ici, tu pourrais &#233;crire un livre sur chacun&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;&lt;/i&gt;. Comme le sugg&#232;re R*, l'un des hommes rencontr&#233;s &#224; Lipa, les parcours migratoires sont riches et pluriels. Les trajets diff&#232;rent, que l'on vienne d'Afghanistan, de Syrie, d'Irak, du Pakistan, d'Afrique du Nord ou subsaharienne. Les profils socio-&#233;conomiques aussi, entre personnes d&#233;s&#339;uvr&#233;es, en &#233;tudes, qualifi&#233;es ; &#224; Lipa, on trouve un cuisinier, un &#233;conomiste, un ing&#233;nieur, un musicien, un boxeur professionnel&#8230; Les chauffeurs de taxi le savent aussi : &lt;i&gt;&#171; Parmi eux, on rencontre des gens tr&#232;s &#233;duqu&#233;s, dipl&#244;m&#233;s, des professeurs m&#234;me&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ces exp&#233;riences multiples indiquent qu'il est vain de comparer les raisons du d&#233;part : les personnes fuient autant des guerres que des pers&#233;cutions, ou encore des contextes sociaux et politiques rendant impossible une vie d&#233;cente.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Une autre tendance interpelle : beaucoup des personnes bloqu&#233;es dans le canton d'Una-Sana ont d&#233;j&#224; s&#233;journ&#233; par le pass&#233; dans des &#201;tats membres de l'UE, parfois plusieurs ann&#233;es, avant que de nouvelles barri&#232;res physiques et administratives ne s'&#233;rigent contre elles. Celles-ci sont l'effet de l&#233;gislations durcies avec la construction de l'espace Schengen depuis les ann&#233;es 2000. Le contr&#244;le s'exerce d&#233;sormais en amont de celui-ci, d&#232;s le d&#233;p&#244;t d'une demande de visa Schengen dans les pays de d&#233;part ; il se prolonge ensuite dans l'ensemble des pays de transit o&#249; sont externalis&#233;s des dispositifs de contr&#244;le financ&#233;s par l'UE ; enfin, les barri&#232;res administratives agissent &#224; la suite de renvois forc&#233;s vers les pays d'origine, par exemple via des interdictions de territoire europ&#233;en.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_4728 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;108&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;xx&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/jpg/24551351393_69c3-5dbd2256-f5247-74727.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH400/24551351393_69c3-5dbd2256-f5247-74727-7658f.jpg?1740290236' width='500' height='400' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pour Schengen, un monde bienvenu, et un monde &#171; ind&#233;sirable &#187; Cartographie : Philippe Rekacewicz
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.visionscarto.net/221&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Voir la carte en ligne. &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;J* raconte qu'il a v&#233;cu l&#233;galement en France dans les ann&#233;es 1990, o&#249; demeure une partie de sa famille, avant de repartir vivre en Tunisie ; pour refaire ce voyage vingt ans plus tard, c'est un chemin devenu clandestin qu'il a d&#251; emprunter par la Turquie, la Bulgarie, la Mac&#233;doine du Nord, la Serbie et la Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine, o&#249; il est &#224; pr&#233;sent &#224; l'arr&#234;t. De son c&#244;t&#233;, X* a pu travailler deux ans en Italie apr&#232;s son d&#233;part du Maroc ; il a ensuite &#233;t&#233; expuls&#233; en Serbie, d'o&#249; il a repris son voyage vers le Kosovo, l'Albanie et le Mont&#233;n&#233;gro, o&#249; je l'ai rencontr&#233; avant qu'il ne rejoigne &#224; son tour l'un des camps de l'OIM en Bosnie.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ces r&#233;cits illustrent bien que les personnes prises dans le &#171; sas &#187; des fronti&#232;res balkaniques sont l'objet d'un processus &#171; d'ill&#233;galisation &#187; progressif&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-51&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Le terme &#171; migrant ill&#233;galis&#233; &#187; est d'ailleurs largement utilis&#233; par la (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-51&#034;&gt;51&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Comme l'&#233;crit &#224; juste titre Steffen Mau, c'est une &#171; cascade de fronti&#232;res &#187; qui se dresse devant celles et ceux qui se pr&#233;sentent sur les routes des Balkans. Mais cette fronti&#232;re d&#233;multipli&#233;e op&#232;re au-del&#224; de l'espace balkanique : elle est &lt;i&gt;&#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;encastr&#233;e dans une constellation supra-r&#233;gionale&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;&lt;/i&gt; et int&#233;gr&#233;e &#224; la gestion des fronti&#232;res et des migrations de l'UE&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-52&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Steffen Mau, 2023 [2021], La r&#233;invention de la fronti&#232;re au XXIe si&#232;cle, (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-52&#034;&gt;52&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &#8211; ou, plus pr&#233;cis&#233;ment, r&#233;activ&#233;e dans les Balkans par l'UE.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les personnes qui sont prises dans ce maillage frontalier &#233;tendu exp&#233;rimentent des violences cumulatives et graduelles. Au-del&#224; de sa fonction administrative, filtrante (&lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article3365.html?lang_article=fr&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;voir l'&#233;pisode 1&lt;/a&gt;), le &#171; sas &#187; des Balkans remplit une fonction biopolitique, d&#233;gradante : si les personnes cat&#233;goris&#233;es comme ind&#233;sirables n'abandonnent pas, elles parviennent en Europe de plus en plus d&#233;truites par la travers&#233;e.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;L'exp&#233;rience sensible de la violence frontali&#232;re&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;J'ai cherch&#233; &#224; rendre compte de cette violence graduelle autrement qu'avec les mots de la chercheuse, qui tendent &#224; neutraliser la violence pour l'objectiver. La m&#233;thodologie que j'emploie sur le terrain vise &#224; faciliter l'expression des r&#233;cits et des savoirs issus de l'exp&#233;rience des fronti&#232;res. Ma d&#233;marche consiste &#224; inclure les personnes dans la repr&#233;sentation de leur parcours, au moyen d'ateliers de cartographie participative&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-53&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Cette d&#233;marche est issue du projet de recherche CartoMobile engag&#233; depuis (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-53&#034;&gt;53&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Quand cela est impos&#233; par la violence du contexte frontalier (absence d'espace intime, d&#233;guerpissements, privation d'abri), ces ateliers se d&#233;roulent dans un v&#233;hicule am&#233;nag&#233; (la CartoMobile), con&#231;u comme un espace de r&#233;pit, de cr&#233;ation et de travail, plus adapt&#233; &#224; l'expression de soi et &#224; la r&#233;flexion intellectuelle.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Au printemps 2024, j'ai amen&#233; la CartoMobile aux abords des camps de Lipa et Bori&#263;i. Elle a accueilli plusieurs personnes, toutes concern&#233;es par des violences institutionnelles graduelles au cours de leur voyage en Europe. Le travail de cartographie que j'ai entrepris avec R* illustre son parcours de la Tunisie &#224; la Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine en tentant d'adopter son regard, pour approcher la dimension sensible de son exp&#233;rience. La carte narrative qui en ressort porte comme intitul&#233; une citation de R* : &#171; &lt;i&gt;Dix ans de voyage, et combien de fronti&#232;res, pour que j'aie le droit de devenir quelqu'un&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; ?&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_4723 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;33&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;x&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/png/7__carte_de_r.png' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/png&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH707/7__carte_de_r-6f979.png?1740290237' width='500' height='707' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Carte de Morgane Dujmovic et R*
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le parcours individuel de R* refl&#232;te des r&#233;alit&#233;s macro. Comme J* et X*, il n'en est pas &#224; son premier s&#233;jour en Europe : il a quitt&#233; la Tunisie une premi&#232;re fois &#224; la suite des printemps arabes en 2013, pour rejoindre l'Italie par la mer, puis la France et l'Allemagne. Cinq ann&#233;es se sont &#233;coul&#233;es l&#224;, avant que sa demande d'asile soit rejet&#233;e et qu'il soit expuls&#233; vers la Tunisie, avec une interdiction de territoire de cinq ans.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;R* a repris la route en 2019, cette fois par la Turquie : c'est pour lui le d&#233;but d'une s&#233;rie de refoulements en cha&#238;ne &#224; travers sept pays du sud-est de l'Europe. Au fil de ce p&#233;riple qui dure cinq ans, jusqu'&#224; notre rencontre en Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine, on voit graduellement la fronti&#232;re s'&#233;paissir et le parcours se fragmenter, cherchant de nouvelles voies &#224; travers des &#201;tats membres de l'UE (la Gr&#232;ce, la Hongrie, la Slovaquie et la Croatie), ou des &#201;tats non membres qui appliquent les mesures de contr&#244;le frontaliers promues par les premiers (la Mac&#233;doine du Nord, le Kosovo, la Serbie et la Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine). On d&#233;c&#232;le dans cette &#233;tape du parcours la fronti&#232;re &#171; en cascade &#187; que l'on peut exp&#233;rimenter &#224; l'approche de l'UE, lorsqu'on est engag&#233; sur des routes rendues ill&#233;gales. Le t&#233;moignage de R* fait aussi partie de ceux qui questionnent le r&#244;le de Frontex, l'agence &#233;tant mentionn&#233;e comme responsable de refoulements ill&#233;gaux et violents &#224; deux &#233;tapes du parcours (aux fronti&#232;res mac&#233;do-grecque et croato-bosnienne)&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-54&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Le r&#244;le de Frontex dans les Balkans sera explor&#233; dans le prochain (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-54&#034;&gt;54&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Depuis la perspective de R*, on peut comprendre l'exp&#233;rience de la fronti&#232;re &#224; plusieurs niveaux. Aux barri&#232;res g&#233;opolitiques et administratives s'ajoutent les fronti&#232;res physiques, g&#233;ographiques et individuelles : d'une part la mer M&#233;diterran&#233;e, les montagnes des Balkans et les rivi&#232;res frontali&#232;res, comme la Drina dans laquelle il a chut&#233; accidentellement en 2023 ; d'autre part son propre corps, dont les capacit&#233;s se sont d&#233;grad&#233;es depuis cet accident et son hospitalisation de plusieurs mois. C'est en partie ainsi que R* a expliqu&#233; ses difficult&#233;s &#224; entreprendre le &lt;i&gt;game&lt;/i&gt; vers la Croatie (deux tentatives en un an).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le fait qu'il s'estime &#171; bloqu&#233; &#187; en Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine est &#233;galement l'effet des dispositifs de contr&#244;le durcis &#224; la fronti&#232;re bosno-croate, au regard de l'ensemble du parcours :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&#034;margin-left: 80px;&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#171; Je suis parti il y a 10 ans, j'ai travers&#233; plus de 10 pays. &#199;a fait 10 mois que je suis bloqu&#233; ici en Bosnie. Finalement, c'est ici &#224; la fronti&#232;re croate que j'ai &#233;t&#233; stopp&#233;. De toutes les fronti&#232;res, la plus difficile, c'est la Croatie&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les mots qui ont accompagn&#233; le processus cartographique traduisent sa lucidit&#233; sur la fonction dissuasive des violences polici&#232;res appliqu&#233;es sans discernement :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&#034;margin-left: 80px;&#034;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&#171; Ils frappent beaucoup pour nous faire peur, nous emp&#234;cher de repasser la fronti&#232;re. Mais ils ont peur des terroristes, pas des gens comme nous&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Avec R*, nos choix graphiques ont cherch&#233; &#224; restituer ce v&#233;cu r&#233;trospectif. Celui d'un corps affect&#233; par les &#233;preuves du voyage, au centre de la carte. Celui d'une fronti&#232;re qui enferme, d'o&#249; la disposition en cercle des pays travers&#233;s. Celui d'un voyage fragment&#233; par des expulsions multiples, rendu par la dislocation des rep&#232;res spatiaux. Celui d'une ill&#233;galit&#233; collante, omnipr&#233;sente et insidieuse, &#224; l'image des bribes d'exp&#233;riences qui serpentent. Celui du temps long et cyclique, de l'&#233;ternel recommencement du &lt;i&gt;game&lt;/i&gt;. Celui, enfin, d'une condition incertaine et incomprise, comme le traduit son interrogation : &lt;i&gt;&#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;combien de fronti&#232;res pour que j'aie le droit de devenir quelqu'un&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; ?&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#192; l'&#233;chelle des parcours qui durent plusieurs ann&#233;es, en effet, les violences frontali&#232;res impr&#232;gnent les souvenirs autant que les perspectives d'avenir. Devant le camp de Bori&#263;i, B* d&#233;plore que son petit fr&#232;re porte sur ses jambes des s&#233;quelles du long voyage entrepris par les Balkans, depuis la Syrie. &#192; Lipa, H* d&#233;crit comment il a vu sa sant&#233; d&#233;gringoler depuis son enfermement en Serbie, en me montrant les m&#233;dicaments pour l'anxi&#233;t&#233; donn&#233;s au camp de Lipa :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&#034;margin-left: 80px;&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#171; Avant j'&#233;tais en forme, tr&#232;s sportif, et maintenant : cigarettes, psychologue, m&#233;dicaments.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;E*, lui, parle longuement de sa condition d'homme noir dans les Balkans, depuis son arriv&#233;e par une &#238;le de la fronti&#232;re gr&#233;co-turque.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les impacts physiques et psychologiques des p&#233;riples balkaniques continuent de s'observer &#224; travers le temps et la distance, par exemple aupr&#232;s des personnes qui parviennent ensuite &#224; la fronti&#232;re italo-fran&#231;aise&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-55&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir en particulier le travail de M&#233;decins du Monde &#224; Brian&#231;on.&#034; id=&#034;nh4-55&#034;&gt;55&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Dans la carte ci-dessous, r&#233;alis&#233;e au refuge des Terrasses solidaires de Brian&#231;on en 2023, Marouane a recompos&#233; son exp&#233;rience des Balkans en associant une &#233;motion ou un mot-cl&#233; &#224; chaque pays travers&#233; : l'agonie pour le Maroc, le racisme en Turquie, la peur en Serbie, et la mort en Hongrie. Plus g&#233;n&#233;ralement, lorsque des personnes exil&#233;es en r&#233;chappent, c'est le r&#233;cit r&#233;trospectif d'un v&#233;ritable &#171; voyage de la mort &#187;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-56&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir l'article de Ma&#239;a Courtois &#171; Apr&#232;s &#8220;le voyage de la mort&#8221;, les (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-56&#034;&gt;56&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; dans les Balkans qui se dessine.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_4734 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;100&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;xx&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/jpg/8__carte_de_marouane-3.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH332/8__carte_de_marouane-3-2bc99.jpg?1740415541' width='500' height='332' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Carte du parcours balkanique de Marouane r&#233;alis&#233;e &#224; Brian&#231;on. Carte : Marouane et Morgane Dujmovic
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Si ces histoires de violences aux fronti&#232;res sont singuli&#232;res, elles sont assez r&#233;currentes pour &#234;tre significatives, et instructives. La somme des t&#233;moignages donne &#224; voir l'exp&#233;rience d'une fronti&#232;re &#171; mobile &#187;, d'une &#171; fronti&#233;rit&#233; &#187; qui s'exerce tout au long du parcours avec peu de discernement&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-57&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir Anne-Laure Amilhat Szary et Fr&#233;d&#233;ric Giraut, 2015, Borderities and the (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-57&#034;&gt;57&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Plusieurs auteurs ont montr&#233; que la violence fait partie int&#233;grante de la fronti&#232;re, qu'elle en est une composante structurelle, soit dans une logique d'affirmation de l'&#201;tat&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-58&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir Reece Jones, 2022, La violence des fronti&#232;res : Les r&#233;fugi&#233;s et le (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-58&#034;&gt;58&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, soit dans une logique de privation de certaines ressources&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-59&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir Sandro Mezzadra et Brett Neilson, 2019, La fronti&#232;re comme m&#233;thode ou (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-59&#034;&gt;59&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Avec le r&#233;cit de R* et des autres personnes rencontr&#233;es &#224; la fronti&#232;re bosno-croate, on comprend que cette privation cible des accomplissements personnels, des projets de vie assez simples, face auxquels la g&#233;ostrat&#233;gie guerri&#232;re d&#233;ploy&#233;e par l'UE para&#238;t d&#233;mesur&#233;e. Enfin, les t&#233;moignages qui parviennent des Balkans am&#232;nent au constat, gla&#231;ant, que les violences physiques et psychologiques font d&#233;sormais partie des strat&#233;gies de contr&#244;le frontaliers de plusieurs &#201;tats europ&#233;ens, soutenus en ce sens par l'UE. Le filtre frontalier n'op&#232;re plus tant sur le plan de droits li&#233;s &#224; des statuts (puisque ces droits sont massivement viol&#233;s), mais sur les capacit&#233;s de chacun&#183;e &#224; survivre &#224; ces violences institutionnalis&#233;es.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Celles et ceux qui en ressortent indemnes sont des rescap&#233;&#183;es de la fronti&#232;re europ&#233;enne.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#192; suivre dans les prochains volets de cette s&#233;rie : les ill&#233;galit&#233;s de la police croate et le jeu trouble de Frontex, la mortalit&#233; aux fleuves-fronti&#232;res et les impacts du nouveau Pacte.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Remerciements&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Je remercie les personnes exil&#233;es rencontr&#233;es sur ces routes et le long de ces cours d'eau, les personnes issues des collectifs, associations, universit&#233;s et institutions avec lesquelles je me suis entretenue, ainsi que Louis Fernier, Romain Kosellek, Eva Ottavy, Elsa Putelat et Marijana Hamer&#353;ak pour leurs apports pr&#233;cieux en amont ou au cours de cette mission de terrain.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Note sur la recherche&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cette s&#233;rie d'articles-portfolios est issue d'une recherche de terrain men&#233;e au printemps 2024 dans plusieurs pays d'Europe du sud-est : Croatie, Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine, Mont&#233;n&#233;gro et Albanie. L'ensemble des personnes rencontr&#233;es sur le terrain sont destinataires de cette publication. Les demandes d'information envoy&#233;es &#224; Frontex et aux diff&#233;rents minist&#232;res de l'Int&#233;rieur / de la S&#233;curit&#233; pourront faire l'objet de mises &#224; jour ult&#233;rieures.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cette publication s'inscrit dans le cadre du travail men&#233; au CNRS par l'autrice, sur diff&#233;rents terrains frontaliers violents &#8211; dans les Balkans, en Italie, en France et en M&#233;diterran&#233;e centrale. Au-del&#224; des m&#233;thodes classiques d'observation et d'entretien des sciences sociales, Morgane Dujmovic mobilise un dispositif mobile, embarqu&#233; dans un v&#233;hicule am&#233;nag&#233;, qui lui permet d'amener des ateliers de cartographie participative aupr&#232;s de personnes exil&#233;es prises dans les mailles de la fronti&#232;re, afin de les inclure dans la repr&#233;sentation de leur propre r&#233;cit, l&#224; o&#249; les politiques migratoires encouragent leur mise &#224; l'&#233;cart, leur invisibilisation, leur mise en silence. Ce projet vise le d&#233;veloppement d'une cartographie sensible et &#171; exp&#233;rientielle &#187; des fronti&#232;res europ&#233;ennes. Il a donn&#233; lieu &#224; une exposition itin&#233;rante et &#224; l'&#233;mergence d'un collectif art-science regroupant cartographes et personnes exil&#233;es. Voir le site du projet &lt;a href=&#034;https://cartomobile.hypotheses.org/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;CartoMobile&lt;/a&gt; (en construction).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;hr /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_notes'&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-1&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-1&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Morgane Dujmovic est g&#233;ographe et politiste, charg&#233;e de recherche au CNRS. Elle travaille actuellement au sein des &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.pacte-grenoble.fr/fr/morgane-dujmovic&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;laboratoire Pacte&lt;/a&gt;(Universit&#233; Grenoble-Alpes) et TELEMMe (Aix-Marseille Universit&#233;). Elle est &#233;galement membre de l'Institut Convergences Migrations (Paris), de Migreurop et de l'Anaf&#233; (Association nationale d'assistance aux fronti&#232;res pour les &#233;trangers).&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Elle est autrice d'une th&#232;se sur le contr&#244;le des migrations et l'externalisation des fronti&#232;res de l'Union europ&#233;enne en Croatie : &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://theses.fr/2019AIXM0646&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Une g&#233;ographie sociale critique du contr&#244;le migratoire en Croatie : ancrages et mirages d'un dispositif&lt;/a&gt; &#187;. Elle a r&#233;alis&#233; diff&#233;rents &lt;a href=&#034;https://hal.science/search/index?q=Morgane+Dujmovic&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;articles et formats sur les fronti&#232;res europ&#233;ennes&lt;/a&gt;et coordonne actuellement un projet de cartographie sensible et participative avec des personnes exil&#233;es : la &lt;a href=&#034;https://cartomobile.hypotheses.org/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;CartoMobile&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-2&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-2&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Ce parc de renomm&#233;e mondiale, class&#233; au patrimoine mondial de l'Unesco, accueille chaque ann&#233;e plus d'un million de visiteur&#183;euse&#183;s.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-3&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-3&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;En 1991 est autoproclam&#233;e la r&#233;publique serbe de Krajina (RSK), au lendemain de la d&#233;claration d'ind&#233;pendance croate ; quatre ans plus tard, la r&#233;gion de la Krajina est la sc&#232;ne d'une offensive fulgurante de reconqu&#234;te territoriale men&#233;e par les forces arm&#233;es croates, connue comme l'&#171; op&#233;ration &#201;clair &#187;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-4&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-4&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Sur la fermeture du corridor en 2016, on peut consulter &lt;a href=&#034;https://bordermonitoring.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Formation_and_Disintegration_of_the_Balkan_Refugee_Corridor-2018.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Emina Bu&#382;inki&#263; et Marijana Hamer&#353;ak 2017&lt;/a&gt; et &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.cairn.info/revue-plein-droit-2016-4.htm&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Morgane Dujmovic 2016&lt;/a&gt;. Pour une analyse approfondie des m&#233;canismes progressifs de fermeture du corridor, voir &lt;a href=&#034;https://theses.fr/2019AIXM0646&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Morgane Dujmovic, 2019 (partie 3 de la th&#232;se)&lt;/a&gt; et &lt;a href=&#034;https://theses.fr/2022POIT5001&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Lucie Bacon, 2022 (chapitre 3 de la th&#232;se)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-5&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-5&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-5&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;L'adh&#233;sion de la Croatie &#224; l'espace Schengen est effective depuis le 1er janvier 2023, date &#224; laquelle les contr&#244;les terrestres et maritimes ont &#233;t&#233; lev&#233;s avec la Slov&#233;nie, la Hongrie et l'Italie ; les contr&#244;les a&#233;roportuaires ont quant &#224; eux &#233;t&#233; all&#233;g&#233;s le 26 mars 2023.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-6&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-6&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-6&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir la th&#232;se de l'autrice qui retrace ces processus de 2000 &#224; 2016 : &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://theses.fr/2019AIXM0646&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Une g&#233;ographie sociale critique du contr&#244;le migratoire en Croatie : ancrages et mirages d'un dispositif &lt;/a&gt; &#187;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-7&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-7&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-7&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Cette fonction de &#171; sas &#187; filtrant a &#233;t&#233; appliqu&#233;e &#224; l'ensemble de la p&#233;ninsule balkanique d&#232;s les ann&#233;es 2000, voir par exemple la carte &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.courrierdesbalkans.fr/le-sas-des-balkans&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Le sas des Balkans &lt;/a&gt; &#187; (2015).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-8&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-8&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-8&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;La demande d'adh&#233;sion de la Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine a &#233;t&#233; introduite le 15 f&#233;vrier 2016, voir le &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.consilium.europa.eu/fr/policies/enlargement/bosnia-herzegovina/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;site du Conseil&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-9&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-9&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-9&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Cet usage strat&#233;gique de l'espace est comparable &#224; ce que l'on pouvait observer d&#232;s 2015 dans la vall&#233;e de la Roya, voir la carte &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;http://migreurop.org/article2878.html&#034;&gt;Vall&#233;e de la Roya : un terrain de chasse meurtrier dans l'espace Schengen &lt;/a&gt; &#187; (2017).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-10&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-10&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-10&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Selon les &lt;a href=&#034;https://bih.iom.int/temporary-reception-center-profiles&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;chiffres compil&#233;s par l'OIM en Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine&lt;/a&gt;, le niveau des entr&#233;es d&#233;tect&#233;es s'&#233;levait &#224; 24 067 en 2018, soit 30 fois plus que l'ann&#233;e pr&#233;c&#233;dente (755 en 2017).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-11&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-11&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-11&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Paroles recueillies en avril 2024, traduites du bosniaque par l'autrice.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-12&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-12&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-12&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir l'article publi&#233; &#224; cette p&#233;riode : &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/27676/en-bosnie-des-centaines-de-migrants-expulses-dun-camp-de-loim&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;En Bosnie, des centaines de migrants expuls&#233;s d'un camp de l'OIM &lt;/a&gt; &#187;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-13&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-13&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-13&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;13&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Sur la chronologie de cette installation, voir le travail de synth&#232;se de Louis Fernier pour &lt;a href=&#034;https://o-cr.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Lipa-Bosnie.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;l'Observatoire des Camps de R&#233;fugi&#233;&#183;e&#183;s&lt;/a&gt;, p. 4-5.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-14&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-14&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-14&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;14&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Voir les &lt;a href=&#034;https://webalkans.eu/en/news/renovation-of-borici-migrant-reception-centre-thanks-to-the-eu/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;chiffres de la d&#233;l&#233;gation de l'UE&lt;/a&gt; en Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine relay&#233;s &#224; l'occasion de l'inauguration des derniers travaux de fa&#231;ade du b&#226;timent, en juillet 2022.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-15&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-15&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-15&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;15&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir par exemple &lt;a href=&#034;https://sps.gov.ba/?page_id=2476&amp;lang=en&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;le site du service pour les &#233;trangers (SPS/SFA) du minist&#232;re de la S&#233;curit&#233;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-16&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-16&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-16&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;16&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir les travaux de Saskia Sassen, en particulier : &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.cairn.info/revue-multitudes-2010-4-page-50.htm?ref=doi&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Villes entre vieilles fronti&#232;res et nouvelles cl&#244;tures du capital&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, Multitudes, 2010/4 (n&#176; 43), p. 50-59.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-17&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-17&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-17&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;17&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir l'article int&#233;gral : &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.24sata.hr/news/policija-evakuira-250-ilegalnih-migranta-iz-bihaca-u-kampu-lipa-ima-dovoljno-mjesta-za-sve-762687&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;La police &#233;vacue 250 migrants ill&#233;gaux de Biha&#263; : il y a assez de place pour tous dans le camp de Lipa &lt;/a&gt; &#187;. Extrait traduit du bosniaque par l'autrice.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-18&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-18&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-18&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;18&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir le &lt;a href=&#034;https://bih.iom.int/news/former-student-dormitory-borici-renovated-thanks-eu&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;communiqu&#233; de l'OIM&lt;/a&gt; sur ce montant.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-19&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-19&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-19&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;19&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir le rapport de Migreurop publi&#233; la m&#234;me ann&#233;e : Bisiaux et al., 2021, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article3069.html?lang_article=fr&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Exils sans fin - Chantages anti-migratoires le long de la route des Balkans&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, p. 9.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-20&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-20&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-20&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;20&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Sur le r&#244;le ambigu de l'OIM, voir le rapport tr&#232;s complet de Nid&#382;ara Ahmeta&#353;evi&#263; et al., 2023, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.tni.org/en/publication/repackaging-imperialism&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Repackaging Imperialism. The EU &#8211; IOM border regime in the Balkans&lt;/a&gt; &#187;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-21&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-21&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-21&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;21&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir le &lt;a href=&#034;https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/document/download/e3045ec9-f2fc-45c8-a97f-58a2d9b9945a_en?filename=SWD_2023_691%20Bosnia%20and%20Herzegovina%20report.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;rapport de suivi de la Commission&lt;/a&gt; pour l'ann&#233;e 2022, p. 48 et 57.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-22&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-22&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-22&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;22&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&#171; &lt;i&gt;Plan for a transition to a state-owned migration response&lt;/i&gt; &#187; ; voir la page de l'OIM d&#233;di&#233;e aux &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://bih.iom.int/temporary-reception-center-profiles&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Temporary Reception Centers &lt;/a&gt; &#187;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-23&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-23&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-23&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;23&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Paroles recueillies en avril 2024, traduites du bosniaque par l'autrice.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-24&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-24&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-24&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;24&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&#171; &lt;i&gt;M&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;ulti-purpose reception and identification centre&lt;/i&gt; &#187;, voir le &lt;a href=&#034;https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/document/download/e3045ec9-f2fc-45c8-a97f-58a2d9b9945a_en?filename=SWD_2023_691%20Bosnia%20and%20Herzegovina%20report.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;rapport de suivi de la Commission&lt;/a&gt; pour l'ann&#233;e 2022, p. 57-58.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-25&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-25&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-25&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;25&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Selon plusieurs paroles recueillies sur place au printemps 2024.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-26&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-26&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-26&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;26&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir Louis Fernier et Morgane Dujmovic : &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://hal.science/hal-04568937&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Fronti&#232;res violentes, recherches &#224; risque : s'engager par le mouvement&lt;/a&gt; &#187;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-27&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-27&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-27&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;27&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;En r&#233;f&#233;rence aux travaux du g&#233;ographe Michel Lussault, les &#171; offenses spatiales &#187; regroupent des situations dans lesquelles les acteur&#183;ice&#183;s ont le sentiment de ne plus contr&#244;ler les distances, sont victimes d'intrusion ou d'isolement.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-28&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-28&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-28&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;28&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir la pages de l'OIM compilant les &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://bih.iom.int/situation-reports&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Situation Reports &lt;/a&gt; &#187;, o&#249; l'on peut trouver l'&#233;volution du nombre de personnes enregistr&#233;es par l'organisation, mis &#224; jour toutes les deux semaines (derni&#232;re consultation : 03/05/2024).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-29&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-29&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-29&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;29&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Soit une donation de 725 000 Marks convertibles bosniens, issue du projet de l'Instrument d'aide de pr&#233;-adh&#233;sion (IAP) &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://bih.iom.int/news/european-union-donates-ten-road-vehicles-directorate-coordination-police-bodies&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Individual measure to strengthen the response capacity to manage migration flows in Bosnia and Herzegovina &lt;/a&gt; &#187;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-30&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-30&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-30&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;30&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Dans le cadre du projet &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://bih.iom.int/news/european-union-donated-ten-specialized-vehicles-border-police-bosnia-and-herzegovina&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Special Measures to Support the Response to the Refugee and Migrant Situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina Phase III&lt;/a&gt; &#187;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-31&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-31&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-31&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;31&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Paroles recueillies en avril 2024, traduites du bosniaque par l'autrice.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-32&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-32&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-32&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;32&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;L'ensemble des paroles recueillies aupr&#232;s des chauffeurs de taxi de mani&#232;re individuelle et priv&#233;e, ont &#233;t&#233; volontairement confondues &#224; des fins d'anonymisation. Elles ont &#233;t&#233; traduites du bosniaque par l'autrice.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-33&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-33&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-33&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;33&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir les diff&#233;rentes formes et cas de criminalisation rapport&#233;s dans le rapport 2022 du r&#233;seau Border Violence Monitoring Network (BVMN) : &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://borderviolence.eu/app/uploads/Criminalisation.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Accused of solidarity. A Report on Incidents of Criminalisation Targeting BVMN Member Organisations and their Team Members in 2021 &lt;/a&gt; &#187;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-34&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-34&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-34&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;34&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.courrierdesbalkans.fr/Refugies-Balkans-Les-dernieres-info&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;le fil info R&#233;fugi&#233;s&lt;/a&gt; du Courrier des Balkans, 22 octobre 2023.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-35&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-35&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-35&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;35&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Depuis l'adh&#233;sion de la Croatie &#224; l'espace Schengen le 1er janvier 2023.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-36&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-36&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-36&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;36&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Le projet CartoMobile s'inscrit dans le cadre du travail men&#233; au CNRS par l'autrice, sur diff&#233;rents terrains frontaliers violents &#8211; dans les Balkans, en Italie, en France et en M&#233;diterran&#233;e centrale. Il vise le d&#233;veloppement d'une cartographie sensible et &#171; exp&#233;rientielle &#187; des fronti&#232;res europ&#233;ennes. Il a donn&#233; lieu &#224; une exposition itin&#233;rante et &#224; l'&#233;mergence d'un collectif art-science regroupant cartographes et personnes exil&#233;es. Voir le site du projet &lt;a href=&#034;https://cartomobile.hypotheses.org/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;CartoMobile (en construction)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-37&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-37&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-37&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;37&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Selon le nom donn&#233; aux tentatives r&#233;p&#233;t&#233;es pour passer la fronti&#232;re, souvent suivies de refoulements.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-38&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-38&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-38&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;38&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Pour respecter leur anonymat, les personnes exil&#233;es que j'ai rencontr&#233;es &#224; Bori&#263;i et Lipa sont ici d&#233;sign&#233;es par une lettre attribu&#233;e al&#233;atoirement, avec leur accord.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-39&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-39&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-39&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;39&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;La logique des r&#233;admissions concerne d'une part des accords sign&#233;s entre l'Union europ&#233;enne et des &#201;tats balkaniques non membres de l'UE, afin de permettre les expulsions vers ces derniers (de leurs propres ressortissant&#183;es ou de ressortissant&#183;es d'&#201;tats tiers) ; d'autre part, elle concerne des accords bilat&#233;raux qui permettent des renvois acc&#233;l&#233;r&#233;s d'&#201;tat &#224; &#201;tat. De plus, le mod&#232;le promu dans le suivi des candidatures &#224; l'UE incite les &#201;tats des Balkans &#224; signer des accords de r&#233;admission avec des &#201;tats tiers dont sont originaires de nombreuses personnes exil&#233;es, comme le Pakistan, avec lequel la Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine a conclu un accord de r&#233;admission en novembre 2020, effectif depuis juillet 2021. Voir le &lt;a href=&#034;https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/document/download/e3045ec9-f2fc-45c8-a97f-58a2d9b9945a_en?filename=SWD_2023_691%20Bosnia%20and%20Herzegovina%20report.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;rapport de suivi de la Commission pour l'ann&#233;e 2022&lt;/a&gt;, p. 57.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-40&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-40&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-40&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;40&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir la page &lt;a href=&#034;https://borderviolence.eu/about/understanding-pushbacks/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Understanding pushbacks&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt; sur le site de BVMN.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-41&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-41&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-41&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;41&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Sur cette p&#233;riode de fermeture du corridor, des fronti&#232;res et des camps de transit, il est possible de consulter les sources d&#233;j&#224; cit&#233;es dans l'&#233;pisode 1 : &lt;a href=&#034;https://bordermonitoring.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Formation_and_Disintegration_of_the_Balkan_Refugee_Corridor-2018.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Emina Bu&#382;inki&#263; et Marijana Hamer&#353;ak 2017&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&#034;https://theses.fr/2019AIXM0646&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Morgane Dujmovic, 2019&lt;/a&gt; (partie 3 de la th&#232;se) et &lt;a href=&#034;https://theses.fr/2022POIT5001&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Lucie Bacon, 2022&lt;/a&gt; (chapitre 3 de la th&#232;se).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-42&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-42&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-42&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;42&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir en particulier la &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.anafe.org/spip.php?mot31&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;page d&#233;di&#233;e aux fronti&#232;res int&#233;rieures terrestres sur le site de l'Anaf&#233;&lt;/a&gt;, et le &lt;a href=&#034;http://anafe.org/IMG/pdf/noteanalyse_web_-_cafi-anafe_controles_migratoires_a_la_frontiere_franco-espagnole.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;rapport sur la fronti&#232;re franco-espagnole paru en 2023&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-43&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-43&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-43&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;43&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;L'arr&#234;t de la CJUE a &#233;t&#233; r&#233;percut&#233; dans une d&#233;cision du Conseil d'&#201;tat fran&#231;ais le 2 f&#233;vrier 2024 clarifiant les modalit&#233;s d'exercice des renvois vers l'Italie. Cette s&#233;quence a &#233;t&#233; suivie d'une &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2024/04/25/a-la-frontiere-franco-italienne-des-refoulements-illegaux-de-migrants-denonce-la-defenseure-des-droits_6229763_3224.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;d&#233;cision-cadre de la D&#233;fenseure des droits&lt;/a&gt; rendue publique le 25 avril 2024, &#224; l'issue d'une enqu&#234;te de deux ann&#233;es &#224; la fronti&#232;re franco-italienne. Pour un d&#233;cryptage de ces d&#233;cisions, voir la &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DJevj85dM2Q&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;formation en ligne&lt;/a&gt; organis&#233;e par l'Anaf&#233;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-44&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-44&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-44&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;44&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir le texte d'Harold Robert, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.visionscarto.net/frontieres-game&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Fronti&#232;res : le &lt;i&gt;&#171; game &#187;&lt;/i&gt; des exil&#233;&#183;es, mythe de Sisyphe contemporain&lt;/a&gt; &#187;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-45&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-45&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-45&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;45&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir le rapport de &lt;i&gt;No Name Kitchen&lt;/i&gt; fin 2023 &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.nonamekitchen.org/no-name-kitchen-and-the-newest-border-violence-special-report-we-present-the-bloody-borders-project/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Bloody Border Project&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt; et le rapport 2024 d'Amnesty International sur &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.amnesty.org/fr/documents/pol10/7200/2024/fr/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;La situation des droits humains dans le monde : 2024&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, p. 186.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-46&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-46&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-46&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;46&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Par exemple ce communiqu&#233; des Nations unies du 5 avril 2021 : &lt;a href=&#034;https://bosniaherzegovina.un.org/en/123914-un-bosnia-and-herzegovina-concerned-violent-pushback-migrants-asylum-seekers-and-refugees&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#171; The UN in Bosnia and Herzegovina is concerned by violent pushback of migrants, asylum-seekers and refugees&lt;/a&gt; &#187;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-47&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-47&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-47&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;47&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir l'&#233;dition augment&#233;e (2022) du &lt;a href=&#034;https://acrobat.adobe.com/link/track?uri=urn%3Aaaid%3Ascds%3AUS%3Acb5a9aaa-ee62-3286-a505-0d9122b69b8f&amp;viewer%21megaVerb=group-discover&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Black book of pushbacks&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt; et la &lt;a href=&#034;https://borderviolence.eu/testimonies/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;base de donn&#233;es de BVMN&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-48&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-48&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-48&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;48&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Les donn&#233;es pour l'Italie et la Slov&#233;nie ne sont pas repr&#233;sent&#233;es sur cette carte, mais des violences y sont aussi constat&#233;es. Un cas de violence comptabilis&#233; peut concerner une m&#234;me personne, si celle-ci a &#233;t&#233; violent&#233;e au cours de diff&#233;rents refoulements (comptages multiples). Cette carte a &#233;t&#233; publi&#233;e initialement dans la quatri&#232;me &#233;dition de l'Atlas de Migreurop, &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article3119.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Atlas des migrations dans le monde : libert&#233;s de circulation, fronti&#232;res, in&#233;galit&#233;s&lt;/a&gt; paru chez Armand Colin en 2022.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-49&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-49&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-49&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;49&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir le &lt;a href=&#034;https://borderviolence.eu/app/uploads/Decisione-del-Tribunale.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;rapport de l'association italienne ASGI&lt;/a&gt; qui pr&#233;cise la nature des violences exerc&#233;es par la police croate. BVMN accomplit en outre un travail de &lt;a href=&#034;https://borderviolence.eu/databases/legal-actions/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;veille des contentieux concernant des pushbacks&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-50&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-50&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-50&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;50&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&#192; propos de cette distinction, voir le cours de Didier Fassin au Coll&#232;ge de France du 19 avril 2023 : &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QZZ0-BGZDMg&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Les &#233;preuves de la fronti&#232;re (3)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-51&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-51&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-51&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;51&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Le terme &#171; migrant ill&#233;galis&#233; &#187; est d'ailleurs largement utilis&#233; par la litt&#233;rature scientifique critique sur les fronti&#232;res, les &lt;i&gt;Critical Border Studies&lt;/i&gt;. Voir par exemple : Harald Bauder, 2013, 'Why We Should Use the Term Illegalized Immigrant', &lt;i&gt;RCIS&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; Research Brief&lt;/i&gt;, No. 2013/1, pp. 1-7 ; et Karen Akoka, 2017, &#171; Interroger les cat&#233;gories &#187; in Migreurop, 2017, &lt;i&gt;Atlas des migrants en Europe. Approches critiques des politiques migratoires&lt;/i&gt;, Armand Colin, Paris, p. 18.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-52&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-52&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-52&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;52&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Steffen Mau, 2023 [2021], &lt;i&gt;La r&#233;invention de la fronti&#232;re au &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;XXI&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;e&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; si&#232;cle&lt;/i&gt;, traduit de l'allemand par Christophe Lucchese. &#201;ditions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, p. 59-60. Voir la recension de l'ouvrage : &lt;a href=&#034;https://shs.hal.science/halshs-04863133v1/document&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Morgane Dujmovic. Steffen Mau, La r&#233;invention de la fronti&#232;re au XXIe si&#232;cle&lt;/a&gt;, &#201;ditions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, Paris, 2023, 152 p. &lt;i&gt;G&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#233;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;ographie, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#201;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;conomie, Soci&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#233;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;t&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#233;&lt;/i&gt;, 2024, 26 (4), pp. 606-611.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-53&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-53&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-53&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;53&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Cette d&#233;marche est issue du projet de recherche &lt;i&gt;CartoMobile&lt;/i&gt; engag&#233; depuis 2022 dans les Balkans, aux fronti&#232;res fran&#231;aises et en M&#233;diterran&#233;e centrale. Ce travail cartographique participatif rassemble les r&#233;cits d'une soixantaine de personnes exil&#233;es sous la forme d'une exposition itin&#233;rante. Plus d'informations sur le &lt;a href=&#034;https://cartomobile.hypotheses.org/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;site du projet&lt;/a&gt; et dans la note sur la recherche en fin d'article.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-54&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-54&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-54&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;54&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Le r&#244;le de Frontex dans les Balkans sera explor&#233; dans le prochain article-portfolio de cette s&#233;rie.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-55&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-55&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-55&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;55&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir en particulier le travail de &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.facebook.com/MdMPACA/?locale=fr_FR&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;M&#233;decins du Monde &#224; Brian&#231;on&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-56&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-56&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-56&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;56&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir l'article de Ma&#239;a Courtois &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/webdoc/212/apres-le-voyage-de-la-mort-les-terrasses-de-briancon-offrent-un-repit-aux-exiles&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Apr&#232;s &#8220;le voyage de la mort&#8221;, les Terrasses de Brian&#231;on offrent un r&#233;pit aux exil&#233;s&lt;/a&gt; &#187;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-57&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-57&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-57&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;57&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir Anne-Laure Amilhat Szary et Fr&#233;d&#233;ric Giraut, 2015, &lt;i&gt;Borderities and the Politics of Contemporary Mobile Borders&lt;/i&gt;, Palgrave Macmillan, Londres, pp. 1-19.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-58&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-58&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-58&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;58&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir Reece Jones, 2022, &lt;i&gt;La violence des fronti&#232;res : Les r&#233;fugi&#233;s et le droit de circuler&lt;/i&gt;, &#233;ditions &#201;liott, 248 p.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-59&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-59&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-59&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;59&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir Sandro Mezzadra et Brett Neilson, 2019, &lt;i&gt;La fronti&#232;re comme m&#233;thode ou la multiplication du travail&lt;/i&gt;, &#233;ditions de l'Asymetrie, 418 p.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		</content:encoded>


		

	</item>
<item xml:lang="en">
		<title>Rivers are deadly if you're not on the right side</title>
		<link>http://migreurop.org/article3367.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">http://migreurop.org/article3367.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2025-02-25T15:30:00Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>en</dc:language>
		


		<dc:subject>Albania</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Bosnia and Herzegovina</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Croatia</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Monitoring and control </dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Migration policies </dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Detention</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Death at borders</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;The European Migration and Asylum Pact adopted this spring could lead to an increase in police tracking of people exiled in the Balkans. For some twenty years now, the EU and Frontex have been developing surveillance systems with lethal effects. By going up the rivers which separate several countries in the region, this portfolio goes back to the sources of this cycle of violence. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
To see the different episodes, click on the corresponding tab &#10549;&#65039; &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Episode #1 &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
In the spring of 2024, Morgane (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/rubrique482.html" rel="directory"&gt;Members' publications&lt;/a&gt;

/ 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot182.html" rel="tag"&gt;Albania&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot31.html" rel="tag"&gt;Bosnia and Herzegovina&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot180.html" rel="tag"&gt;Croatia&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot195.html" rel="tag"&gt;Monitoring and control &lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot194.html" rel="tag"&gt;Migration policies &lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot169.html" rel="tag"&gt;Detention&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot171.html" rel="tag"&gt;Death at borders&lt;/a&gt;

		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L150xH84/2__una_vue_de_bihac-2-7b518.jpg?1740290238' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='150' height='84' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;The European Migration and Asylum Pact adopted this spring could lead to an increase in police tracking of people exiled in the Balkans. For some twenty years now, the EU and Frontex have been developing surveillance systems with lethal effects. By going up the rivers which separate several countries in the region, this portfolio goes back to the sources of this cycle of violence.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&#034;background-color:#EAEAEC; padding:0px 2px;&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;To see the different episodes, click on the corresponding tab &#10549;&#65039;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class=&#034;onglets_bloc_initial&#034;&gt;&lt;div class=&#034;onglets_contenu&#034;&gt;&lt;h2 class=&#034;cs_onglet&#034;&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;#&#034;&gt;Episode #1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In the spring of 2024, Morgane Dujmovic&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Morgane Dujmovic is a geographer and political scientist at the CNRS. She (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-1&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; has carried out a research mission in the Balkans, with one question in mind: why have the Balkan borders crossed by exiled people become so violent? Most of these people come from Asia, Africa and the Middle East. Just like at other European borders, they experience police violence and increased mortality risks.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The first stop on this mission was the canton of Una-Sana in north-west Bosnia-Herzegovina, the last step before the Schengen area for those attempting to cross to Croatia. Here, the oppressive atmosphere of the border towns and camps contrasts with the lightness of the booming tourist industry.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Let us hear from local residents, shopkeepers, cab drivers and police officers.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;This portfolio article is the first in a series looking at the human consequences of the outsourcing of European migration policies to the Balkans, entitled: &#8220;Rivers are deadly if you're not on the right side&#8221;. It was first published on &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://blogs.mediapart.fr/morgane-dujmovic/blog/250724/les-cours-d-eau-sont-mortels-pour-qui-n-est-pas-du-bon-cote-episode-1/commentaires&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Mediapart&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.courrierdesbalkans.fr/Blog-o-De-la-Korana-a-l-Una-les-touristes-les-habitant-e-s-et-les-exile-e-s&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Le Courrier des Balkans&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; and &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.visionscarto.net/cours-eau-mortels&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;visioncarto.net&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;. Our warmest thanks to the visionscarto team for their work in proofreading and editing this text, especially to Isabelle Saint-Sa&#235;ns for the English version.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr&gt;&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;Episode #1. The two colours of the Bosnian spring&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;hr&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;From Korana to Una: tourists, locals and exiles&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Nesting between the Velebit massif and Mount Dinara, which forms the border between Croatia and Bosnia, the Croatian Lika region reveals its high karst plateaux in the muted light of spring. Honey and cheese stalls alternate with herds of racy cows and horses. There is also a bear sanctuary where nature-loving volunteers from France and Austria try their hand, alongside tourists from all over the world who flock to visit the famous Plitvice Waterfalls and Lakes National Park&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;This world-renowned park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, welcomes over a (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-2&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. The only sombre note in this landscape comes from the numerous ruined farms, reminding us that it was on this stretch of the border that one of the fiercest episodes of the Serbo-Croat war was played out, from 1991 to 1995&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;In 1991, the Serbian Republic of Krajina (RSK) was self-proclaimed, (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-3&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. In the calm that has returned, who could suspect that these high mountains are still the scene of violent and sometimes deadly hand-to-hand combat?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;My gaze lingers on the Dinara and I set off along the banks of the Korana River. The number of Croatian border police vehicles increases as I head towards Bosnia-Herzegovina, as do the checks in the Bosnia-Croatia direction. Near Plitvice Park, the police simply checks the identity of travellers and asks them where they are going. Names are sometimes written down on a piece of paper to keep track of people and vehicles that have already been checked: border controls must not get in the way of this early tourist season.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_4697 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;64&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;xx&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/jpg/1__lika-2.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH666/1__lika-2-31c0c.jpg?1740290238' width='500' height='666' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The Lika plateau towards Plitvice and Biha&#263; &#169; Morgane Dujmovic
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I make my way up the mountain, approaching the pass that marks the border at Li&#269;ko Petrovo Selo (Croatia) / Iza&#269;i&#263; (Bosnia-Herzegovina). Here are many more border police vans cross, some stationary, others on duty. A policeman patrols one of the countless derelict buildings &#8211; properties of the Serb populations who lived there before the military Operation Storm launched to reconquer Krajina. Through the openings in the collapsed walls, one can already guess that some of today exiles might be taking refuge there. But the effects of the sordid cat-and-mouse game that takes place at nightfall are only felt once the mountain pass has been crossed, on the Bosnian side.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The &#8220;&lt;i&gt;game&lt;/i&gt;&#8221; is the cynical name given over the last few years to the constantly reinvented attempts to cross borders and join the European Union (EU). The Bosnian canton of Una-Sana has become one of the theatres of this &lt;i&gt;game,&lt;/i&gt; since the closure of the officialised Balkan corridor in 2015-2016&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;On the closure of the corridor in 2016, see for instance Emina Bu&#382;inki&#263; and (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-4&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Located in the extreme north-west of Bosnia, this region represents one of the most direct routes from the southern Balkans to the Schengen area. From 2017 onwards, with the reinforcement of the Serbian-Hungarian and Serbian-Croatian borders, exiles on the Balkan routes were more clearly oriented towards Una Sana, from where they could hope to reach Slovenia, about one hundred kilometres away. Since Croatia joined the Schengen area at the beginning of 2023&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-5&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Croatia joined the Schengen area on January 1, 2023; since then, land and (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-5&#034;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, this theoretical area of free movement is on the other side of the mountain that can be seen from Biha&#263;, the administrative centre of the canton.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_4698 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;89&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;xx&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/jpg/2__una_vue_de_bihac-2.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH281/2__una_vue_de_bihac-2-72db7.jpg?1740290238' width='500' height='281' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The mountains towards Croatia, from the bridge over the Una at Biha&#263; &#169; Morgane Dujmovic
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Over the last twenty years, Croatia's application to join the EU and then Schengen implied a drastic increase in the resources allocated to fortifying the Bosnian-Croatian border, in terms of human, technological and financial resources&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-6&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See the author's PhD, which traces these processes from 2000 to 2016: &#8216;A (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-6&#034;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. On the Bosnian side, the regions bordering Croatia have thus become one of the priority areas for migration control before Schengen borders: the EU deploys devices to consolidate a filtering &#8220;buffer-zone&#8221;, intended for separating the wheat from the chaff &#8211; i.e. migration deemed acceptable from the one deemed undesirable&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-7&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;This filtering function has been applied to the entire Balkans peninsula (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-7&#034;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. This process of externalization is exerted under constant political and financial pressure in the context of Bosnia-Herzegovina's application to join the EU &#8211; the candidate status of which was confirmed by the European Council in December 2022, almost seven years after the Bosnian authorities applied for membership&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-8&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Bosnia-Herzegovina's application for membership was submitted on February (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-8&#034;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_4696 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;101&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;xx&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/jpg/parcoursbalkansb_en-1024x769-2.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH375/parcoursbalkansb_en-1024x769-2-fc40c.jpg?1740290238' width='500' height='375' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Map : The Balkans Buffer-Zone, a new transit space towards Europe. Morgane Dujmovic and Simon, 2015
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Available at Migreurop, closethecamps.org in &lt;a href=&#034;https://closethecamps.org/2015/12/09/le-sas-des-balkans/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;French&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&#034;https://ar.closethecamps.org/2015/12/09/%d9%85%d9%85%d8%b1%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%84%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%85%d9%83%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%b9%d8%a8%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%ac%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%af-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%af%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Arabic&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&#034;https://en.closethecamps.org/2015/12/09/the-balkan-buffer-zone/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;English&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&#034;https://es.closethecamps.org/2015/12/09/la-esclusa-de-los-balkanes/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Spanish&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In the canton of Una-Sana, the &#8220;buffer-zone&#8221; function attributed to Bosnia-Herzegovina is based upon the specific geography of the region: this semi-enclave in the shape of a pocket forms a veritable bottleneck for people whose journey is stopped there&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-9&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;This strategic use of space is similar to what was observed as early as 2015 (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-9&#034;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. As can be seen at other EU borders which are kept closed, it is common to see groups walking along the road for the fifteen kilometres which separate the town from the border crossing point of Iza&#269;i&#263;, either just turned back by the Croatian police, or heading towards the border to try a new &lt;i&gt;game&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_4700 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;88&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;xx&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/jpg/3__izacic-2.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH281/3__izacic-2-f1ffb.jpg?1740290239' width='500' height='281' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Iza&#269;i&#269;, towards the Croatian border point visible in the background &#169; Morgane Dujmovic
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In the town of Biha&#263;, residents have been witnessing for seven years now repressive strategies to push these exiles out of Croatia and fix them in the canton; the high point, in terms of border crossings and violence&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-10&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;According to figures compiled by IOM in Bosnia-Herzegovina, the level of (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-10&#034;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, being reached in 2018. A shopkeeper in Biha&#263; recalls:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&#034;margin-left: 80px;&#034;&gt;&#8220;&lt;i&gt;Until Covid, it was really tough, people were sleeping all over the place around town, in the forest, in places that weren't suitable at all. We saw a lot of people from Afghanistan, Pakistan, Kurds, blacks from African countries too, and often families with very young children. We ourselves cannot help but understand people fleeing countries at war or having to live in camps: we lived through the war, four years of siege in Biha&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#263;&lt;/i&gt;&#8221;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-11&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Speech collected in April 2024, translated from Bosnian by the author.&#034; id=&#034;nh5-11&#034;&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The rhetoric of openness and compassion intersects with local discontent: for example, the discontent that led to the closure in October 2020 of the Bira camp, which until then had been located in the centre of Biha&#263;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-12&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See the article published then: &#8216;Hundreds of migrants evicted from an IOM (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-12&#034;&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. At the height of the management of the Covid-19 pandemic, some of the people housed there were transferred to another camp located 27 kilometres from the town, in a remote rural environment far away from the Croatian border&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-13&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;On the chronology of this installation, see Louis Fernier's summary for the (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-13&#034;&gt;13&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. In the spring of 2024, it was the sole official accommodation for single men: only families and minors were accepted in the city, in the Bori&#263;i camp known among exiles as &#8220;the family camp&#8221;. The transformation of this former student residence into a camp has mobilised a European budget of one million euros, both for its reconstruction and its operation since 2018&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-14&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See the figures provided by the EU delegation in Bosnia-Herzegovina for the (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-14&#034;&gt;14&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_4701 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;48&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;x&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/jpg/4__borici_facade-2.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH281/4__borici_facade-2-7e657.jpg?1740290239' width='500' height='281' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bori&#263;i Family camp in Biha&#263; &#169; Morgane Dujmovic
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The Bori&#263;i camp is planted in a pine forest that gives it its name (&#8220;borova &#353;uma&#8221;, in Bosnian) and its facade was refurbished in the summer of 2022; this peaceful atmosphere could almost lead to forget the anxiety felt every day by the people housed there. Although categorised as &#8220;vulnerable&#8221; by humanitarian institutions and organisations, these isolated women, families and children are subjected to violent refoulement every time they make an unsuccessful attempt to cross the mountains into Croatia. For those who have already tried the crossing, the camp is a place of eternal flashbacks, a temporary but fragile respite, since the senses are entirely turned towards the prospect of a new attempt. A member of one of the families I met was recovering from an injury sustained on the Balkan routes; for them the time for crossing the border had yet not come, &#8220;&lt;i&gt;not tonight&lt;/i&gt;&#8221;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_4702 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;72&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;xx&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/jpg/5__borici_pas_ce_soir-2.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH281/5__borici_pas_ce_soir-2-2e372.jpg?1740290239' width='500' height='281' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&#8216;Not tonight', facing the mountains towards Croatia &#169; Morgane Dujmovic
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I get on the road again in the direction of the Lipa camp. Along the banks of the river Una, the tourist signage is a reminder that this region, synonymous of dull anxiety for some, is a place of discovery and fun for others. In the Una national park, as on the Croatian side, private &#8220;apartmani&#8221; are filling up for &#8220;the season&#8221;, while the first groups of tourists are revelling in the spring atmosphere at the water sports sites and waterfalls.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The Bosnian Ministry of Security has clearly stated its intention to reconcile this freedom of movement with &#8220;European standards&#8221; of migration control&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-15&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See, for example, the website of the Ministry of Security Service for (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-15&#034;&gt;15&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. In recent years, Biha&#263; and the canton of Una-Sana have thus become one of the many border areas in the world where a &#8220;bipolar differentiation&#8221; is taking shape&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-16&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See Saskia Sassen, in particular: &#8216;Villes entre vieilles fronti&#232;res et (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-16&#034;&gt;16&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, between the world of welcome and profitable migration of tourists, and the one of undesirable migration, made up essentially of people from the Middle East, Asia and Africa fleeing violence, war, persecution or untenable socio-economic situations.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A few subtle signs of these profound inequalities in mobility stand out in the idyllic landscape... At the last junction leading to the Lipa camp, on the roadside tourist signage, stickers indicate the omnipresence of taxis and the existence of a &#8220;pushback map&#8221;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_4704 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;75&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;xx&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/jpg/6__signaletique_tourist_lipa-2.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH281/6__signaletique_tourist_lipa-2-62fa2.jpg?1740290240' width='500' height='281' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Tourist signage along the access road to the Lipa camp &#169; Morgane Dujmovic
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class='spip_document_4703 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;45&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;x&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/png/6_b_cut-2.png' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/png&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH260/6_b_cut-2-07555.png?1740290240' width='500' height='260' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Tourist signage, details &#169; Morgane Dujmovic
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In the EU camp in Lipa: who benefits from the &lt;i&gt;game&lt;/i&gt;?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;As I approach the Lipa camp, one word springs to mind: lunar. In addition to the remoteness from the town, access is made difficult by a winding track almost 3 kilometres long, a series of potholes through the mountains leading to an uninhabited plateau. In front of the camp, the desert atmosphere contrasts with the architecture of fenced enclosures and the overlooking video-surveillance system. The omnipresent signs forbidding entry and picture taking are reinforced by the language repeated by all the members of the police security force, who warn that &lt;i&gt;&#8220;the entire camp is video-protected&lt;/i&gt;&#8221;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_4706 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;36&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;x&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/png/7_lipa_arrivee_lipa_2-2.png' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/png&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH236/7_lipa_arrivee_lipa_2-2-5d84a.png?1740290240' width='500' height='236' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Arrival in Lipa &#169; Morgane Dujmovic
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The will to isolate exiles is palpable here; it is in line with the interests of the Bosnian and Croatian police, who thus keep men at a distance from the border, to deter them from undertaking the &lt;i&gt;game&lt;/i&gt;. For the municipal authorities, the sidelining of the exiles from living areas is an assumed strategy, as the Lipa camp has periodically been used to evacuate them from abandoned buildings in the town, as announced by the mayor of Biha&#263; in the spring of 2021:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&#034;margin-left: 80px;&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;There are still places where migrants are staying (...) which we will also empty, clean and seal in the coming days&lt;/i&gt;&#8221;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-17&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Extract translated from Bosnian by the author. See full article: 'Police (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-17&#034;&gt;17&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, the camp location is in line with the expectations of the EU, which has financed its infrastructure and operation through its &#8220;EU support to Migration and Border Management in BIH&#8221; program. Lipa is part of a series of camps set up in Bosnia-Herzegovina between 2018 and 2021, along with those in Bira, Sedra and Miral (since closed), and those in Bori&#263;i, U&#353;ivak and Bla&#382;uj, still in operation in spring 2024. The European grant that financed these &#8220;Temporary Reception Centers&#8221; (TRC, as they are officially known) totalled 100 million euros in expenditure over the years&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-18&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See the IOM press release mentioning this amount.&#034; id=&#034;nh5-18&#034;&gt;18&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. This sum is regularly used as a sledgehammer argument to put pressure on the Bosnian authorities; in January 2021, for example, the EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Josep Borrell seized this financial argument to urge the Biha&#263; and Una Sana authorities to get the Bira camp up and running again&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-19&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See Migreurop report published the same year: Bisiaux &amp; al., 2021, (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-19&#034;&gt;19&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_4705 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;53&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;x&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/jpg/8._sfa_-recadre-2.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH505/8._sfa_-recadre-2-31acb.jpg?1740290240' width='500' height='505' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Temporary Reception Centre Lipa. &#169; Morgane Dujmovic
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In practice, however, these funds have been allocated to the International Organization for Migration (IOM), a UN agency and partner of the EU, which has been given the task of coordinating and managing the camps as part of the &#8220;Inter-Agency Migration Response&#8221; strategy. IOM has thus captured the bulk of funding from the Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance for migration management and border control, establishing itself as a key partner in these areas&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-20&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;On the ambiguous role of the IOM, see the comprehensive report published by (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-20&#034;&gt;20&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. However, this configuration has changed since 2021: in line with the European Commission goals, which Bosnia-Herzegovina is reminded of in the Commission monitoring reports for its accession to EU&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-21&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See the Commission monitoring report for the year 2022, p. 48 and 57.&#034; id=&#034;nh5-21&#034;&gt;21&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, the IOM is now moving towards what it calls a &#8220;plan for a transition to a state-owned migration response&#8221; &#8211; a formula that leaves little doubt about the previous interventionist strategy&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-22&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See the IOM webpage dedicated to the 'Temporary Reception Centers' .&#034; id=&#034;nh5-22&#034;&gt;22&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In the view of a handover of this mission to the Ministry of National Security, management of the Lipa camp has been transferred since November 2021 to the Service for Foreigners' Affairs (&lt;i&gt;Slu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#382;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;ba za poslove sa strancima&lt;/i&gt;, better known in the field by its English acronym SFA). As one of the Service's officials put it, Lipa is &#8220;&lt;i&gt;the first center to be managed entirely by national institutions in Bosnia-Herzegovina&lt;/i&gt;&#8221;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-23&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Speech collected in April 2024, translated from Bosnian by the author.&#034; id=&#034;nh5-23&#034;&gt;23&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, and represents a sort of pilot project in the transition plan expected by the EU and IOM. In 2021, the EU financed the construction of a dedicated detention area, transforming Lipa into a &#8220;Multi-purpose Reception and Identification Centre&#8221;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-24&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See the Commission monitoring report for the year 2022, p. 57-58.&#034; id=&#034;nh5-24&#034;&gt;24&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. This explains the tension that leads to restricting access to the camp, and the pressure not to provide information to outsiders &#8211; according to several exiles encamped there in the spring of 2024.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This is why geographer Louis Fernier has used a spatial reconstruction method in order to map the living space of the camp, based on evacuation plans and testimonies&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-25&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See Louis Fernier and Morgane Dujmovic : &#171; Fronti&#232;res violentes, recherches (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-25&#034;&gt;25&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_4767 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;87&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;xx&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/png/9-fernier-martin-slegers-lipa_carre_zoom_morgane_google_sat-4.png' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/png&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH500/9-fernier-martin-slegers-lipa_carre_zoom_morgane_google_sat-4-4b9d7.png?1740290240' width='500' height='500' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Reconstitution of the Lipa camp plan &#169; Louis Fernier, Nelly Martin &amp; Luuk Slegers
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In 2023, the people encamped at Lipa spoke of relatively good conditions, compared with camps in other countries (hence the term &#8220;VIP&#8221; camp on Louis Fernier's map). However, the remoteness of the camp, coupled with the inadequate resources of daily life, contributed then to what he analysed in his PhD as &#8220;spatial offenses&#8221;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-26&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Referring to the work of geographer Michel Lussault, &#8220;spatial offenses&#8221; (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-26&#034;&gt;26&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; against exiles.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In spring 2024, the talks about poor living conditions are more numerous and vehement. Despite the rather clement accommodation conditions at this time (between 348 and 603 people registered at Lipa, for a capacity of 1,512 beds), exiles seem to lack in the camps everything that the EU and its delegation in Bosnia-Herzegovina pride themselves on funding. These words contrast with the &#8220;good-natured&#8221; atmosphere described in the IOM fortnightly reports&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-27&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See the IOM &#8220;Situation Reports&#8221; page showing the evolution of the number of (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-27&#034;&gt;27&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Inside the Lipa camp, the contrast is all the more striking, given that the EU logo is everywhere, alongside those of the IOM and of the dozen or so NGOs authorized to intervene in the camp to guarantee minimum reception conditions. As S* explains: &#8220;&lt;i&gt;The doctor only comes for an hour on Mondays and an hour on Thursdays. If someone is about to die, what are they going to do?&lt;/i&gt;&#8221;. Such descriptions echo the opinions of many observers: indeed, these precarious housing conditions motivate the regular presence of collectives such as No Name Kitchen, with volunteers trying to make up for the shortage of foodstuffs or Non Food Items (clothing, hygiene kits, etc.).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The access road to the camp is another evocative symbol of this contrast. On this dusty, cracked, unmaintained road, visitors come across all-terrain vehicles and vans emblazoned with the EU logo. The latter are the result of expensive donations: in particular, black all-terrain vehicles worth 370,000 euros were donated in March 2023 to the Directorate for the Coordination of Police Forces (which took over responsibility for camp security the previous year)&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-28&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;This represents a donation of 725,000 Bosnian Convertible Marks from the (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-28&#034;&gt;28&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, and white pickups and vans were donated in February 2024 to the Border Police to &#8220;support operational actions in regional offices&#8221;, like the one in Biha&#263;, amounting to 500,000 euros&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-29&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See the project: &#8220;Special Measures to Support the Response to the Refugee (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-29&#034;&gt;29&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, segregation and destitution are good opportunities for some local shopkeepers. Several stores are tolerated on the wasteland adjoining the camp: needed by the encamped people, the products sold there are also appreciated by the police officers who come there daily to buy bread, cigarettes... Several derelict sheds suggest an important past activity; among these is the trace of a store with a cynical name: the &#8220;&lt;i&gt;Game&lt;/i&gt; shop&#8221;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_4708 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;30&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/png/10_lipa_arrivee_lipa_game_shop-2.png' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/png&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH279/10_lipa_arrivee_lipa_game_shop-2-8299d.png?1740290241' width='500' height='279' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Game shop &#169; Morgane Dujmovic
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class='spip_document_4694 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;33&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;x&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/png/11_lipa_arrivee_lipa_market_2-2.png' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/png&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH277/11_lipa_arrivee_lipa_market_2-2-97dc5.png?1740290241' width='500' height='277' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Lipa Markets &#169; Morgane Dujmovic
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In the main private shop still in operation, one can find &#8220;everything for the &lt;i&gt;game&#8221;&lt;/i&gt;: warm clothing and walking boots for men; sleeping bags; and SIM cards that can only be used for internet in Croatia, Slovenia and Italy. One of the salesmen describes the profits made locally from migrants:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&#034;margin-left: 80px;&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;People here are generally not happy about the migrants' presence, they accuse them of the slightest theft or criminal act. But, at the same time, the locals make a big business out of it. Just imagine, if you think of the sales, the accommodation, the taxis!&lt;/i&gt;&#8221;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-30&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;speech collected in April 2024, translated from Bosnian by the author.&#034; id=&#034;nh5-30&#034;&gt;30&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In fact, in Lipa there is also a steady stream of taxis taking turns to transport the encamped men to the centre of Biha&#263;. &#8220;&lt;i&gt;It's non-stop work, 24 hours a day&lt;/i&gt;&#8221;, one of them tells me. Trips into town are frequent, to get supplies, to see relatives in the family camp, or to try the &lt;i&gt;game.&lt;/i&gt; There are always one to five cars waiting to be boarded: each journey costs 20 euros, so travellers try to get together to share the cost. In front of the camp; taxi business cards carpet the dirt floor.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_4695 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;31&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/jpg/12__lipa_taxi_visages_flous-2.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH281/12__lipa_taxi_visages_flous-2-52e4d.jpg?1740290241' width='500' height='281' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Lipa taxis &#169; Morgane Dujmovic
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Some drivers make no secret of the fact that they generate a very lucrative business and &#8220;use migrants for money&#8221;, in the words of one of them. Another, more measured, describes at length a not-so-profitable and rather risky business:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&#034;margin-left: 80px;&#034;&gt;&#8220;&lt;i&gt;With the fuel, or anytime you don't end up in the right place, in the end you just break even. (...) Five or six years ago, if you took someone in your vehicle even as far as the bus stop, let alone to the border, they could arrest you and put you in prison; it was the case for my colleague, and I had a trial. This is the only place where they can lock you up for trafficking without you even having crossed a border!&lt;/i&gt;&#8221;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-31&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;All the words collected from taxi drivers, individually and privately, have (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-31&#034;&gt;31&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The Bosnian legal framework has in fact made it possible to penalize the transport of illegal migrants, resulting in several prison sentences for taxi drivers. It has also largely contributed to criminalizing any type of aid given to exiles outside the channels of the humanitarian organizations partners of the authorities: spontaneous actions by the local population and distributions organized by unauthorized NGOs have been repressed in various ways (administrative barriers, prosecutions, confiscation of passports, expulsion of foreign volunteers)&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-32&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See the various forms and cases of criminalization reported in the Border (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-32&#034;&gt;32&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Recently, the transport of exiled persons has been governed by a decree which seems to regulate the ban in a more flexible way: transport is only tolerated in the context of the professional activity of a taxi, and the amount of the financial fine remains low enough for the activity to be considered profitable (around a hundred euros). As a result, more and more residents of Biha&#263; have recently taken up this activity, with over a hundred new taxi licences issued by the end of 2023&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-33&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See the newswire on refugees on Courrier des Balkans, October 22, 2023.&#034; id=&#034;nh5-33&#034;&gt;33&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In spite of local utilitarianism, the cordial atmosphere between some of the men encamped in Lipa and the drivers gives credit to the empathetic words I gathered:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&#034;margin-left: 80px;&#034;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&#8220;We help them, it's for money, but we help them. They have enormous problems crossing the border. The Croatian police beat them up, take their money and phones and send them dogs. I've seen this violence first-hand.&#8221; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Indeed, exiles who have been rejected at the border by the Croatian police and want to reach the official camp at Lipa have to get there on their own: either after a two-day walk, or by calling these drivers, who sometimes accept payment for their journey (around 100 euros) at a later date.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Like most of the inhabitants of Biha&#263;, the taxi drivers thus find themselves in outposts to observe the repressive practices of the Croatian police, and the EU control strategy on its south-eastern borders.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
To be continued in the next parts of this series: the survivors of European geostrategy, the illegalities of the Croatian police and the murky game of Frontex, mortality at border rivers and the impact of the New Deal.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&#034;onglets_contenu&#034;&gt;&lt;h2 class=&#034;cs_onglet&#034;&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;#&#034;&gt;Episode #2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In the spring of 2024, Morgane Dujmovic collected some thirty stories from people placed in the Bori&#263;i and Lipa camps, in the northwestern region of Bosnia-Herzegovina that borders Croatia (Una-Sana). Each of these stories sheds a harsh light on migratory projects that break down, on violated bodies, on lives that are caught at this Bosnian-Croatian border, today the outer limit of the EU and the Schengen area&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-34&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Since Croatia accession to the Schengen area on January 1, 2023.&#034; id=&#034;nh5-34&#034;&gt;34&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Who are these people trying to reach Europe, at the risk of losing everything? What does this border violence mean for them?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;This portfolio article is the second in a series looking at the human consequences of European migration policies outsourced to the Balkans, entitled: &#8220;Rivers are deadly if you're not on the right side&#8221;. It was first published on &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://blogs.mediapart.fr/morgane-dujmovic/blog/220824/les-cours-d-eau-sont-mortels-pour-qui-n-est-pas-du-bon-cote-episode-2&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Mediapart&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.courrierdesbalkans.fr/Blog-o-Les-rescape-e-s-de-la-frontiere&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Le Courrier des Balkans&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; and &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.visionscarto.net/route-des-balkans-les-rescape-es&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;visioncarto.net&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;i&gt; Our warmest thanks to the visionscarto team for their work in proofreading and editing this text, especially to Isabelle Saint-Sa&#235;ns for the English version.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr&gt;&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;Episode #2: The Survivors of the Border&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;hr&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In the spring of 2024, I brought the CartoMobile to the outskirts of the Lipa and Bori&#263;i camps. In a converted truck, this on-board research device enables me to bring participatory mapping workshops to exiled people caught in the meshes of the border. My aim is to include these people in the representation of their own narrative, where migration policies encourage their sidelining, invisibilization, silencing.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The CartoMobile functions as a space for creation and work, adapted to intellectual reflection and self-expression; it is also a space for respite and rest, when the violence of the border context imposes it (absence of intimate space, eviction, deprivation of shelter)&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-35&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;The CartoMobile project is part of the author's work at the CNRS, on various (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-35&#034;&gt;35&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In Lipa and Bori&#263;i, all the people I have welcomed in the CartoMobile had been affected by gradual institutional violence during their journey to Europe. My presence in these places generated a word-of-mouth reaction: I was identified as someone writing about border issues and their violence. As a result, some of the people encamped there came to meet me to tell me about their &lt;i&gt;game&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-36&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;This is the name given to the repeated attempts to cross the border, often (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-36&#034;&gt;36&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. From these numerous testimonies, a unanimous phrase emerged: &#8220;&lt;i&gt;Police of Croatia: problem!'&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_4726 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;64&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;xx&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/jpg/1_la_cartomobile_devant_le_camp_de_lipa.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH281/1_la_cartomobile_devant_le_camp_de_lipa-fbd69.jpg?1740290241' width='500' height='281' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The CartoMobile, in front of Lipa camp &#169; Morgane Dujmovic 2023
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Getting pushed back&lt;/i&gt;, away from the law and out of sight&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The inhabitants of Biha&#263; are at advanced posts to observe the repressive practices of the Croatian police (&lt;i&gt;see episode 1 above&lt;/i&gt;). Taxi drivers, in particular, are regularly contacted after pushbacks, to take people from the place of refoulement (usually an isolated area in the forest or mountains), to the town of Biha&#263; or the Lipa camp. As one of the drivers I met in Lipa explained:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&#034;margin-left: 80px;&#034;&gt;&#8220;&lt;i&gt;We help them, it's for money, but we help them. They have enormous problems crossing the border. The Croatian police beat them up, take their money and phones and send dogs. I've seen this violence first-hand&lt;/i&gt;&#8221;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Of the twenty-four exiles I met in Lipa, twenty-three had already tried to cross to Croatia. Most were on their fifth or sixth failed crossing; one had tried 26 times. During their refoulement, none of these people had received a copy of any document. This was the case for H*, R*, T* or U*&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-37&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;In order to preserve their anonymity, the exiled people I met in Bori&#263;i and (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-37&#034;&gt;37&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, who did not even see a single written document during their refoulement. This is also the case for B*, who explained that he &#8220;&lt;i&gt;signed a lot of papers, without understanding anything because they were in Croatian&lt;/i&gt;&#8221;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_4718 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;137&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;xxx&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/jpg/2._zone_de_refoulement_a_proximite_du_point-frontiere_licko_petrovo_selo_croatie_izacic_bosnie.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH281/2._zone_de_refoulement_a_proximite_du_point-frontiere_licko_petrovo_selo_croatie_izacic_bosnie-36771.jpg?1740290242' width='500' height='281' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Refoulement zone nearby the border crossing-point at Li&#269;ko Petrovo Selo (Croatia) / Iza&#269;i&#263; (Bosnia-Herzegovina) &#169; Morgane Dujmovic 2023
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The reason is simple: a large proportion of these deportations are carried out illegally. They even take place outside the frameworks designed over the last twenty years to organize expulsions, such as readmission agreements. The latter have proliferated under the impetus of European institutions, in order to enable the rapid removal of a person to a state in which he or she has merely been staying or transiting&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-38&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;The rationale behind the signature of readmission agreements is to enable (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-38&#034;&gt;38&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Readmission procedures are, however, subject to minimum procedural guarantees - in particular, receiving a written decision on the grounds for removal, being informed of one's rights and being able to understand the decision in a known language.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The recorded illegal removals go even further: they openly violate the European Convention on Human Rights (which prohibits collective expulsions on motives which are not individualized) and the 1951 Geneva Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, which in itself should guarantee the principle of non-refoulement. According to this principle, states are prohibited from returning an individual to a country where his or her life or freedom is seriously threatened &#8211; &lt;i&gt;i.e.&lt;/i&gt; if the individual is at risk of persecution, torture or degrading treatment on account of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion. Non-refoulement implies that all requests for asylum must be registered, and that the person making the request must be protected while his or her application is examined.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This text is included in the &lt;i&gt;acquis communautaire&lt;/i&gt; and secondary legislation on asylum, with which both European institutions and Member States must comply. Nonetheless asylum requests expressed in Croatian border regions are not taken into account, as all testimonies concur in affirming. People seeking protection are well aware of this, and many have experienced it first-hand during their own refoulement: the aim of the &lt;i&gt;game&lt;/i&gt; at this border is not simply to enter Croatian territory, but to reach the capital, Zagreb, where current practices are reputed to be more respectful of the right to asylum.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;B*, a young Syrian who had just been turned back to Biha&#263; despite his request for asylum to the Croatian police, put it simply: it is &#8220;&lt;i&gt;a strange game, a completely crazy game!&lt;/i&gt;&#8221;. When we met, he was stunned by the idea that an institution could act so openly illegally on European soil.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_4720 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;65&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;xx&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/jpg/3__promeneurs_et_personnes_refoulees_a_bihac.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH281/3__promeneurs_et_personnes_refoulees_a_bihac-57817.jpg?1740290242' width='500' height='281' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Walkers and people pushed back in Biha&#263; &#169; Morgane Dujmovic 2023
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A word has become widespread to describe the increasingly frequent refoulements carried out outside legal framework: &lt;i&gt;pushback&lt;/i&gt;. Its variation, &#8220;&lt;i&gt;to get pushed back&lt;/i&gt;&#8221;, has also become commonplace. The Balkan-based Border Violence Monitoring Network (BVMN) estimates that the term first appeared with the mass illegal returns from Croatia and Hungary to Serbia from 2016 onwards&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-39&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See the page &#171; Understanding pushbacks &#187; on BVMN website.&#034; id=&#034;nh5-39&#034;&gt;39&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, when the official Balkan migration corridor closed&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-40&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;For information on the period when the so-called &#171; corridor &#187;, borders and (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-40&#034;&gt;40&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. More generally, pushbacks are used in all chain removals from Austria to the southern Balkans &#8211; as documented notably by the &lt;i&gt;Push back alarm Austria&lt;/i&gt; initiative from 2021. Illegal refoulements have also been widely observed at the internal borders of the Schengen area: in France, the &lt;i&gt;Association nationale d'assistance aux fronti&#232;res pour les &#233;trangers &lt;/i&gt;(Anaf&#233;) publishes numerous reports on the subject&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-41&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See in particular the page dedicated to internal land borders on the Anaf&#233; (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-41&#034;&gt;41&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. At the French-Italian border in particular, the recurrent practice led to a ruling by the Court of Justice of the European Union on September 21, 2023&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-42&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;The EU Court of Justice ruling was echoed in a decision by the French (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-42&#034;&gt;42&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_4727 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;79&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;xx&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L360xH500/couverture-99814.png?1739364325' width='360' height='500' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cover of the Black Book of pushbacks report published by the BVMN collective.
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The corollary of pushbacks is the outpouring of violence made possible by the absence of rights. There have been countless reports by researchers&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-43&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See for instance Harold Robert, 2021, 'Fronti&#232;res : le &#171; game &#187; des (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-43&#034;&gt;43&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, associations&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-44&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See the 2023 No Name Kitchen report 'Bloody Border Project' and the 2024 (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-44&#034;&gt;44&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; and institutions&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-45&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;For example, this statement from the United Nations in April 2021: 'The UN (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-45&#034;&gt;45&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; documenting the violence perpetrated by police forces in the Balkan states, particularly since 2016 and the closure of the formal Balkan corridor. Now, the thousands of stories collected add up to a sum. Those compiled by the BVMN network can be consulted in an online database and an open-access &lt;i&gt;Black Book of Pushbacks&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-46&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See the 2022 expanded edition of Black book of pushbacksand BVMN database.&#034; id=&#034;nh5-46&#034;&gt;46&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; , a truly painstaking effort to reconstruct the sequence of events and their massive nature.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The first &lt;i&gt;Black Book&lt;/i&gt;, published in 2020, listed 12,000 cases of violence, depicted on 1,500 pages; the second edition of the &lt;i&gt;Black Book&lt;/i&gt;, published two years later, in 2022, counted 25,000 cases on 3,000 pages of description (more than double).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The map below spatializes these acts of violence and attempts to reveal, behind the numbers, the individuality of the people who gave their testimony &#8211; whose identities are anonymized by the drawing&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-47&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Data for Italy and Slovenia are not shown on this map, although it should be (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-47&#034;&gt;47&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_4719 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;63&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;x&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/png/4._eng_-_1__temoigner_une_solidarite_en_voix_et_en_actes_v1_.png' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/png&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH687/4._eng_-_1__temoigner_une_solidarite_en_voix_et_en_actes_v1_-5148d.png?1740290242' width='500' height='687' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Illustration 1. Bearing witness: solidarity in voice and deed
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;First published in &lt;i&gt;Atlas des migrations dans le monde. Libert&#233;s de circulation, fronti&#232;res, in&#233;galit&#233;s&lt;/i&gt;, Migreurop, Casella-Colombeau Sara (dir.), Armand Colin, 2022, p.121 &#169; Morgane Dujmovic&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Detailed testimonies, compiled by BVMN according to a precise methodology, report various types of violence: insults; beatings; blows and injuries; theft, confiscation and destruction of property; dog attacks; armed threats; mutilation. Some practices are particularly inventive: intimidation and humiliation, such as marking people with a cross of red paint on the head&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-48&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See, for example, the paper 'Croatian police accused of spray-painting heads (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-48&#034;&gt;48&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, or forced undressing. They also deliberately endanger people by forcing them to swim out to sea or into icy rivers.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Testimonies go as far as allegations of rape and torture, which have been relayed by Amnesty International, among others, and taken up in court rulings. For example, in January 2021, the Court of Rome issued a judgment in favour of a claimant who had been subjected to illegal chain-removal between Italy, Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, based on the testimony he had given to BVMN&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-49&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See the judgment, the testimony and the report of Italian NGO ASGI which (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-49&#034;&gt;49&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. This work by civil society volunteers has become a necessity for documenting the facts, in the absence of any investigation by the public authorities.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Survivors of a European geostrategy of violence &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dismissal, refusal, expulsion, refoulement or pushbacks... Words cannot express the indelible imprint of these experiences of violence. Nor can numbers measure the impact of these inhuman and degrading practices. But in the presence of the people it affects, this widespread violence takes on a consistency: that of the countless traces left by pushbacks on bodies and in traumatic narratives.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In Bori&#263;i and Lipa, everyone carries with them, or on them, a story of physical or psychological violence endured. M* has an injured leg from his last attempt to enter Croatia, and can no longer afford to walk, in the absence of proper examination and care. For T*, his life's work and dreams were shattered at the Croatian border: &#8220;&lt;i&gt;My boxing career came to an end because the Croatian police injured my right and left knees&lt;/i&gt;&#8221;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;His mental strength enables him to put things into perspective: &#8220;&lt;i&gt;There are those who have become completely unable to walk, and this continues to happen here in Bosnia&lt;/i&gt;&#8221;. F* says he has suffered violence at the hands of the Croatian police, which he does not allow himself to detail. E* explains that music gives him the strength not to go mad.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_4722 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;66&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;xx&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/jpg/5__conversations_dans_le_market_de_lipa.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH281/5__conversations_dans_le_market_de_lipa-6a895.jpg?1740290242' width='500' height='281' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conversations in the Market of Lipa camp &#169; Morgane Dujmovic 2024
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Far from the miserabilist or victimizing portrayals &#8211; which would have us believe that people who are violently repressed are victims by nature, when in fact they are victims of clearly identifiable legislation, systems and practices&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-50&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;On this distinction, see Didier Fassin's lecture at the Coll&#232;ge de France on (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-50&#034;&gt;50&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &#8211; it is important to take the time to ask a simple question: who are the people targeted by such violence?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8220;&lt;i&gt;Here, you could write a book about everyone&lt;/i&gt;&#8221;. As R*, one of the men I met in Lipa, suggests, migratory journeys are rich and plural. The routes differ, whether you come from Afghanistan, Syria, Iraq, Pakistan, North Africa or sub-Saharan Africa. The socio-economic profiles range from the unemployed, to students, to the qualified; in Lipa, you'll find a cook, an economist, an engineer, a musician, a professional boxer... The taxi drivers know it well: &#8220;&lt;i&gt;Among them, you'll find highly educated people, graduates, even professors&lt;/i&gt;&#8221;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;These multiple experiences show that it is pointless to compare the reasons for departure: people flee wars as much as persecutions, or social and political contexts that make a decent life impossible.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Another disturbing trend is that many of the people blocked in the canton of Una-Sana have already spent time in EU member states, sometimes for several years, before new physical and administrative barriers were erected. These are the result of tougher legislations introduced with the construction of the Schengen area in the 2000s. Control is now exercised upstream of the Schengen area, from the moment a Schengen visa application is submitted in the country of departure; it then extends to all transit countries, where EU-funded control systems are outsourced; finally, administrative barriers are put in place following forced returns to the country of origin, for example via bans from European territory.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_4768 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;56&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;x&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/jpg/24551351393_69c3-5dbd2256-f5247-74727-2.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH400/24551351393_69c3-5dbd2256-f5247-74727-2-5a749.jpg?1740290243' width='500' height='400' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;For Schengen, a welcome world and an &#8220;unwelcome&#8221; world
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.visionscarto.net/221&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;See the map online (only in French)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;J* tells me that he lived legally in France in the 1990s, where part of his family still lives, before returning to Tunisia; to make the same journey again twenty years later, he had to take an illegal route through Turkey, Bulgaria, Northern Macedonia, Serbia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, where he is now at a standstill. For his part, X* was able to work for two years in Italy after leaving Morocco; he was then deported to Serbia, from where he resumed his journey towards Kosovo, Albania and Montenegro, where I met him before he in turn joined one of the IOM camps in Bosnia.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;These stories illustrate that people caught in the &#8220;buffer-zone&#8221; of the Balkan borders are subject to a gradual process of &#8220;illegalization&#8221;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-51&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;The term &#8220;illegalized migrant&#8221; is widely used in critical border studies. (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-51&#034;&gt;51&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. As Steffen Mau rightly writes, a &#8220;&lt;i&gt;cascade of borders&lt;/i&gt;&#8221; stands in front of those who take the Balkan routes&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-52&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Steffen Mau, 2023 [2021]. La r&#233;invention de la fronti&#232;re au XXIe si&#232;cle. (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-52&#034;&gt;52&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. But this multiplied border operates beyond the Balkan space: it is &#8220;&lt;i&gt;embedded in a supra-regional constellation&lt;/i&gt;&#8221; and integrated into EU border and migration management &#8211; or, more precisely, reactivated in the Balkans by the EU.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;People caught up in these extended border meshes experience cumulative, gradual violence. Beyond its administrative, filtering function (&lt;i&gt;see episode 1 above&lt;/i&gt;), the Balkan &#8220;buffer-zone&#8221; fulfils a biopolitical, degrading function: if people categorized as undesirables do not give up, they arrive in Europe increasingly destroyed by the crossing.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A sensitive experience of border violence&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I sought to give an account of this gradual violence with other words than those of the researcher, which tend to neutralize violence in order to objectify it. The methodology I use in the field aims to facilitate the expression of narratives and knowledge derived from the experience of borders. My approach is to include people in the representation of their journey, through participatory mapping workshops&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-53&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;This approach stems from the CartoMobile research project launched in 2022 (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-53&#034;&gt;53&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. When imposed by the violence of the border context (lack of intimate space, evictions, shelter deprivation), these workshops take place in a converted vehicle (the CartoMobile), designed as a space for respite, creation and work, better suited for self-expression and intellectual reflection.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In the spring of 2024, I took the CartoMobile to the outskirts of the Lipa and Bori&#263;i camps. It welcomed several people, all affected by gradual institutional violence during their journey to Europe. The cartographic work I undertook with R* illustrates his journey from Tunisia to Bosnia-Herzegovina, attempting to adopt his gaze, to approach the sensitive dimension of his experience. The resulting narrative map bears the title of a quotation from R*: &#8220;&lt;i&gt;Ten years of travel, and how many borders before I have the right to become someone?&lt;/i&gt;&#8221;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-54&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;R*'s quotations have been translated from French by the author.&#034; id=&#034;nh5-54&#034;&gt;54&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_4724 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;53&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;x&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/png/7._eng_-_r_carte_5_eng-01.png' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/png&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH707/7._eng_-_r_carte_5_eng-01-8f833.png?1740290244' width='500' height='707' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Illustration 2. Map of R* &#169; Morgane Dujmovic and R*
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;R*'s individual journey reflects macro realities. Like J* and X*, this is not his first time in Europe: in 2013, he left Tunisia following the Arab Springs, to reach Italy by sea, then France and Germany. Five years passed before his asylum application was rejected and he was deported back to Tunisia with a five-year ban.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;R* set off again in 2019, this time via Turkey. This was the beginning of a series of deportations across seven countries in south-eastern Europe. Over the course of this five-year journey, until our meeting in Bosnia-Herzegovina, the map shows how the border gradually thickens and the journey fragments, seeking new routes through EU member states (Greece, Hungary, Slovakia and Croatia), or non-member states that apply the border control measures promoted by the former (Northern Macedonia, Kosovo, Serbia and Bosnia-Herzegovina). This stage of the journey reveals the &#8220;cascading&#8221; border that can be experienced when approaching the EU, when one is engaged on roads made illegal.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;R*'s testimony is also among those that question the role of Frontex, the agency being mentioned as responsible for illegal and violent refoulements at two stages of the journey (at the Macedo-Greek and Croatian-Bosnian borders)&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-55&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Frontex role and responsibility in the Balkans will be explored in the next (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-55&#034;&gt;55&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;From R*'s perspective, the border experience can be understood on several levels. In addition to geopolitical and administrative barriers, there are physical, geographical and individual borders: on the one hand the Mediterranean Sea, the Balkan mountains and border rivers, such as the one he accidentally fell into in 2023; on the other hand his own body, whose capacities have deteriorated since that accident and an hospitalization for several months. This is partly how R* explained his difficulties in undertaking the &lt;i&gt;game&lt;/i&gt; to Croatia (two attempts in one year).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The fact that he considers himself &#8220;stuck&#8221; in Bosnia-Herzegovina is also the effect of the tightened control systems at the Bosnian-Croatian border, with regard to his whole journey:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&#034;margin-left: 80px;&#034;&gt;&#8220;&lt;i&gt;I left 10 years ago, I've crossed more than 10 countries. I've been stuck here in Bosnia for 10 months. Eventually, I was stopped here at the Croatian border. Of all the borders, Croatia is the most difficult&lt;/i&gt;&#8221;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;However, the words that accompanied the mapping process reflect his lucidity about the dissuasive function of indiscriminate police violence: &#8220;&lt;i&gt;They hit a lot to scare us, to prevent us from crossing the border again. But they're afraid of terrorists, not people like us&lt;/i&gt;&#8221;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;With R*, our graphic choices sought to convey this retrospective experience. Of a body affected by the hardships of travel, at the centre of the map. Of a border that imprisons, hence the circular arrangement of the countries crossed. Of a journey fragmented by multiple expulsions, rendered by the dislocation of spatial landmarks. Of a sticky, omnipresent and insidious illegality, in the image of the snatches of experience that wind their way through. Of long, cyclical time, of the eternal &lt;i&gt;game&lt;/i&gt; starting again. And, at last, of an uncertain and misunderstood condition, as reflected in his question: &#8220;&lt;i&gt;How many borders [do I have to cross] before I have the right to become someone?&lt;/i&gt;&#8221;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On the scale of journeys lasting several years, border violence permeates memories as much as future prospects. B* deplores the fact that his little brother's legs bear the scars of the long journey from Syria through the Balkans. H* describes how his health has plummeted since his confinement in Serbia, showing me the anti-anxiety medication given to him in the Lipa camp: &#8220;&lt;i&gt;I used to be fit, very sporty, and now: cigarettes, psychologist, medication&lt;/i&gt;&#8221;. As for E*, he talks at length about his condition as a black man in the Balkans, since his arrival on an island on the Greek-Turkish border.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The physical and psychological impacts of Balkan journeys continue to be observed across time and distance, for example in those who later reach the French-Italian border&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-56&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See notably the work of M&#233;decins du monde in Brian&#231;on.&#034; id=&#034;nh5-56&#034;&gt;56&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. In the map below, made at the Terrasses Solidaires refuge in Brian&#231;on in 2023, Marouane has recomposed his Balkan experience by associating an emotion or key word with each country he crossed: agony [agonie, in French] for Morocco, racism [racisme] in Turkey, fear [peur] in Serbia and death [mort] in Hungary. More generally, when exiled people escape from the Balkans, their retrospective account takes the shape of of a veritable &#8220;journey of death&#8221;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-57&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See the article of Ma&#239;a Courtois during CartoMobile workshops in Brian&#231;on : (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-57&#034;&gt;57&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_4725 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;97&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;xx&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/jpg/8__carte_de_marouane.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH332/8__carte_de_marouane-62f28.jpg?1740415542' width='500' height='332' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Map of Marouane's Balkan route, made retrospectively in Brian&#231;on &#169; Marouane et Morgane Dujmovic
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;While these stories of border violence are singular, they are recurrent enough to be significant and instructive. The huge amount of the testimonies reveals the experience of a &#8220;mobile&#8221; border, a &#8220;borderity&#8221; that is exercised along the way, with little discernment&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-58&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See Anne-Laure Amilhat Szary and Fr&#233;d&#233;ric Giraut, 2015, Borderities and the (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-58&#034;&gt;58&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Several authors have shown that violence is an integral and structural part of the border, either as a means of asserting the State&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-59&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See Reece Jones, 2016, Violent Borders. Refugees and the Right to Move, (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-59&#034;&gt;59&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, or as a means of depriving people of certain resources&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-60&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See Sandro Mezzadra and Brett Neilson, 2013, Border as Method, or the (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-60&#034;&gt;60&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;From the accounts of R* and the other people I met at the Bosnian-Croatian border, I understand that this deprivation targets personal achievements and fairly simple life projects, in front of which the warlike geostrategy deployed by the EU seems disproportionate.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Eventually, testimonies from the Balkans lead to the chilling realization that physical and psychological violence has become part of the border control strategies of several European states, supported in this by the EU. The border filter no longer operates so much on the level of rights linked to status (since these rights are massively violated), but on each individual's ability to survive this institutionalized violence.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Those who emerge unscathed are the survivors of the European border.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;To be continued in the third part of this series: How did the Croatian police reach such a level of violence and illegality? What is the responsibility of the Frontex agency, increasingly present in the Balkans?&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Acknowledgements&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I would like to thank the exiled people I met on these roads and along these rivers, the people from the collectives, associations, universities and institutions with whom I spoke, as well as Louis Fernier, Romain Kosellek, Eva Ottavy, Elsa Putelat and Marijana Hamer&#353;ak for their invaluable contributions prior to and during this field mission.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Research note&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This series of portfolio articles is the result of field research carried out in the spring of 2024 in several South-East European countries: Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro and Albania. This publication is sent to all the interlocutors met in the field. Updates may be added, according to requests for information sent to Frontex and the various Ministries of the Interior/Security.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This publication is part of the work carried out by the author at the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) on violent border areas &#8211; in the Balkans, Italy, France and the central Mediterranean. In addition to social science methods of observation and interviewing, Morgane Dujmovic uses a mobile device, embarked in a converted vehicle, to conduct participatory mapping workshops with exiled people caught in the meshes of the border. This methodology allows for including the latter in the representation of their own narrative, where migration policies encourage them to be sidelined, invisibilized and silenced. The project aims to develop a sensitive and &#8220;experiential&#8221; cartography of European borders. It has led to a traveling exhibition and the emergence of an art-science collective bringing together cartographers and exiled people. See the &lt;a href=&#034;https://cartomobile.hypotheses.org/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;CartoMobile project website&lt;/a&gt; (under construction).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;hr /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_notes'&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-1&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-1&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Morgane Dujmovic is a geographer and political scientist at the CNRS. She currently works at &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.pacte-grenoble.fr/fr/morgane-dujmovic&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Pacte&lt;/a&gt; laboratory (Grenoble-Alpes University) and TELEMMe (Aix-Marseille University). In France, she is also a fellow of the Institut Convergences Migrations (Paris), Migreurop and Anaf&#233; (the National Association for Border Assistance for Foreigners). She is the author of a PhD on migration control and the externalisation of EU borders in Croatia: &#8216;A social and critical geography of migration control in Croatia' (&#8216;&lt;a href=&#034;https://theses.fr/2019AIXM0646&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Une g&#233;ographie sociale critique du contr&#244;le migratoire en Croatie : ancrages et mirages d'un dispositif'&lt;/a&gt;). She has produced a number of &lt;a href=&#034;https://hal.science/search/index?q=Morgane+Dujmovic&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;articles and formats&lt;/a&gt; on European borders and is currently coordinating a sensitive and participatory cartography project with exiles: the &lt;a href=&#034;https://cartomobile.hypotheses.org/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;CartoMobile&lt;/a&gt; project.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-2&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-2&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;This world-renowned park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, welcomes over a million visitors every year.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-3&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-3&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;In 1991, the Serbian Republic of Krajina (RSK) was self-proclaimed, following the Croatian declaration of independence; four years later, the Krajina region was the scene of a fulgurant territorial reconquest offensive by the Croatian armed forces, known as &#8220;Operation Storm&#8221;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-4&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-4&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;On the closure of the corridor in 2016, see for instance &lt;a href=&#034;https://bordermonitoring.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Formation_and_Disintegration_of_the_Balkan_Refugee_Corridor-2018.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Emina Bu&#382;inki&#263; and Marijana Hamer&#353;ak 2017&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.cairn.info/revue-plein-droit-2016-4.htm&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Morgane Dujmovic 2016&lt;/a&gt;. For an in-depth analysis of the corridor progressive closure mechanisms, see &lt;a href=&#034;https://theses.fr/2019AIXM0646&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Morgane Dujmovic 2019 (PhD part 3)&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&#034;https://theses.fr/2022POIT5001&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Lucie Bacon 2022 (PhD chapter 3)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-5&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-5&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-5&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Croatia joined the Schengen area on January 1, 2023; since then, land and sea controls have been lifted with Slovenia, Hungary and Italy, while airport controls were eased on March 26, 2023.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-6&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-6&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-6&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See the author's PhD, which traces these processes from 2000 to 2016: &#8216;&lt;a href=&#034;https://theses.fr/2019AIXM0646&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;A social and critical geography of migration control in Croatia&lt;/a&gt;'.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-7&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-7&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-7&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;This filtering function has been applied to the entire Balkans peninsula since the 2000s, see for example the map &#8220;&lt;a href=&#034;http://en.closethecamps.org/2015/12/09/the-balkan-buffer-zone/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;The Balkan buffer-zone&lt;/a&gt;&#8221; (2015).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-8&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-8&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-8&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Bosnia-Herzegovina's application for membership was submitted on February 15, 2016, see &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/enlargement/bosnia-herzegovina/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;the Council website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-9&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-9&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-9&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;This strategic use of space is similar to what was observed as early as 2015 in the Roya Valley in France near the Italian border, see the map &#8220;&lt;a href=&#034;http://migreurop.org/article2878.html?lang_article=fr&#034;&gt;Vall&#233;e de la Roya: un terrain de chasse meurtrier dans l'espace Schengen&lt;/a&gt;&#8221; (2017).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-10&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-10&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-10&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;According to &lt;a href=&#034;https://bih.iom.int/temporary-reception-center-profiles&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;figures compiled by IOM in Bosnia-Herzegovina&lt;/a&gt;, the level of detected entries was 24,067 in 2018, 30 times higher than the previous year (755 in 2017).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-11&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-11&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-11&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Speech collected in April 2024, translated from Bosnian by the author.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-12&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-12&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-12&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See the article published then: &#8216;Hundreds of migrants evicted from an IOM camp in Bosnia' (&#8216;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/27676/en-bosnie-des-centaines-de-migrants-expulses-dun-camp-de-loim&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;En Bosnie, des centaines de migrants expuls&#233;s d'un camp de l'OIM &lt;/a&gt;&#8216;).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-13&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-13&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-13&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;13&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;On the chronology of this installation, see Louis Fernier's summary for the &lt;a href=&#034;https://o-cr.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Lipa-Bosnie.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Observatoire des Camps de R&#233;fugi&#233;-e-s&lt;/a&gt;, p. 4-5.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-14&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-14&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-14&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;14&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; See the &lt;a href=&#034;https://webalkans.eu/en/news/renovation-of-borici-migrant-reception-centre-thanks-to-the-eu/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;figures provided by the EU delegation in Bosnia-Herzegovina&lt;/a&gt; for the inauguration of the building final facade works in July 2022.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-15&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-15&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-15&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;15&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See, for example, the website of the Ministry of Security &lt;a href=&#034;https://sps.gov.ba/?page_id=2476&amp;lang=en&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Service for Foreigner's Affairs&lt;/a&gt; (SPS/SFA).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-16&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-16&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-16&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;16&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See Saskia Sassen, in particular: &#8216;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.cairn.info/revue-multitudes-2010-4-page-50.htm?ref=doi&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Villes entre vieilles fronti&#232;res et nouvelles cl&#244;tures du capital&lt;/a&gt;', Multitudes, 2010/4 (no. 43), pp. 50-59.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-17&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-17&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-17&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;17&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Extract translated from Bosnian by the author. See full article: '&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.24sata.hr/news/policija-evakuira-250-ilegalnih-migranta-iz-bihaca-u-kampu-lipa-ima-dovoljno-mjesta-za-sve-762687&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Police evacuates 250 illegal migrants from Biha&#263;: there's enough room for everyone in Lipa camp&lt;/a&gt;'.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-18&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-18&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-18&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;18&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See the &lt;a href=&#034;https://bih.iom.int/news/former-student-dormitory-borici-renovated-thanks-eu&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;IOM press release&lt;/a&gt; mentioning this amount.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-19&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-19&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-19&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;19&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See Migreurop report published the same year: Bisiaux &amp; al., 2021, '&lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article3191.html?lang_article=en&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Endless exiles - Migration blackmail along the Balkan route&lt;/a&gt;', p. 9.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-20&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-20&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-20&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;20&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;On the ambiguous role of the IOM, see the comprehensive report published by Nid&#382;ara Ahmeta&#353;evi&#263; &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; In 2023: '&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.tni.org/en/publication/repackaging-imperialism&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Repackaging Imperialism. The EU &#8211; IOM border regime in the Balkans&lt;/a&gt;'.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-21&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-21&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-21&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;21&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See the &lt;a href=&#034;https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/document/download/e3045ec9-f2fc-45c8-a97f-58a2d9b9945a_en?filename=SWD_2023_691%20Bosnia%20and%20Herzegovina%20report.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Commission monitoring report for the year 2022&lt;/a&gt;, p. 48 and 57.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-22&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-22&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-22&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;22&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See the IOM webpage dedicated to the '&lt;a href=&#034;https://bih.iom.int/temporary-reception-center-profiles&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Temporary Reception Centers' &lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-23&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-23&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-23&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;23&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Speech collected in April 2024, translated from Bosnian by the author.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-24&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-24&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-24&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;24&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See the &lt;a href=&#034;https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/document/download/e3045ec9-f2fc-45c8-a97f-58a2d9b9945a_en?filename=SWD_2023_691%20Bosnia%20and%20Herzegovina%20report.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Commission monitoring report for the year 2022&lt;/a&gt;, p. 57-58.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-25&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-25&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-25&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;25&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See Louis Fernier and Morgane Dujmovic : &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://hal.science/hal-04568937&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Fronti&#232;res violentes, recherches &#224; risque : s'engager par le mouvement&lt;/a&gt; &#187;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-26&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-26&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-26&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;26&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Referring to the work of geographer Michel Lussault, &#8220;spatial offenses&#8221; encompass situations in which actors feel they no longer control distances, and are victims of intrusion or isolation.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-27&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-27&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-27&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;27&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See the IOM &#8220;&lt;a href=&#034;https://bih.iom.int/situation-reports&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Situation Reports&lt;/a&gt;&#8221; page showing the evolution of the number of people registered by the organization, updated every two weeks (last consultation: May 3rd 2024).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-28&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-28&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-28&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;28&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;This represents a donation of 725,000 Bosnian Convertible Marks from the Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance (IPA) project. See: &#8220;&lt;a href=&#034;https://bih.iom.int/news/european-union-donates-ten-road-vehicles-directorate-coordination-police-bodies&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Individual measure to strengthen the response capacity to manage migration flows in Bosnia and Herzegovina&lt;/a&gt;&#8221;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-29&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-29&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-29&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;29&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See the project: &#8220;&lt;a href=&#034;https://bih.iom.int/news/european-union-donated-ten-specialized-vehicles-border-police-bosnia-and-herzegovina&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Special Measures to Support the Response to the Refugee and Migrant Situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina Phase III&lt;/a&gt;&#8220;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-30&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-30&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-30&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;30&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;speech collected in April 2024, translated from Bosnian by the author.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-31&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-31&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-31&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;31&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;All the words collected from taxi drivers, individually and privately, have been voluntarily combined for anonymization purposes. They have been translated from Bosnian by the author.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-32&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-32&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-32&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;32&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See the various forms and cases of criminalization reported in the Border Violence Monitoring Network (BVMN) 2022 report: &#8220;&lt;a href=&#034;https://borderviolence.eu/app/uploads/Criminalisation.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Accused of solidarity. A Report on Incidents of Criminalisation Targeting BVMN Member Organisations and their Team Members in 2021 &lt;/a&gt;&#8220;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-33&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-33&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-33&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;33&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See the newswire on refugees on &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.courrierdesbalkans.fr/Refugies-Balkans-Les-dernieres-info&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Courrier des Balkans&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, October 22, 2023.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-34&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-34&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-34&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;34&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Since Croatia accession to the Schengen area on January 1, 2023.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-35&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-35&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-35&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;35&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;The CartoMobile project is part of the author's work at the CNRS, on various violent borderlands - in the Balkans, Italy, France and the central Mediterranean. It aims to develop a sensitive and &#8220;experiential&#8221; cartography of European borders. It has given rise to a traveling exhibition and the emergence of an art-science collective bringing together cartographers and exiled people. See the &lt;a href=&#034;https://cartomobile.hypotheses.org/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;CartoMobile project website&lt;/a&gt; (under construction).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-36&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-36&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-36&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;36&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;This is the name given to the repeated attempts to cross the border, often followed by refoulement.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-37&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-37&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-37&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;37&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;In order to preserve their anonymity, the exiled people I met in Bori&#263;i and Lipa are referred to here by a randomly assigned letter, with their consent.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-38&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-38&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-38&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;38&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;The rationale behind the signature of readmission agreements is to enable expulsions from an EU Member State to a non-EU Balkan State (of their own nationals or third-country nationals); moreover, readmissions are bilateral agreements that enable accelerated state-to-state removals. In addition, the model promoted in the follow-up to EU applications encourages Balkan states to sign readmission agreements with third states from which many exiled persons originate (for example Pakistan, with which Bosnia-Herzegovina concluded a readmission agreement in November 2020, effective since July 2021). See the &lt;a href=&#034;https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/document/download/e3045ec9-f2fc-45c8-a97f-58a2d9b9945a_en?filename=SWD_2023_691%20Bosnia%20and%20Herzegovina%20report.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Commission staff working document for Bosnia and Herzegovina&lt;/a&gt; in 2023, p. 57.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-39&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-39&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-39&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;39&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See the page &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://borderviolence.eu/about/understanding-pushbacks/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Understanding pushbacks &lt;/a&gt;&#187; on BVMN website.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-40&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-40&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-40&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;40&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;For information on the period when the so-called &#171; corridor &#187;, borders and transit camps were closed, see the sources already cited in Episode 1: &lt;a href=&#034;https://bordermonitoring.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Formation_and_Disintegration_of_the_Balkan_Refugee_Corridor-2018.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Emina Bu&#382;inki&#263; &amp; Marijana Hamer&#353;ak 2017&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&#034;https://theses.fr/2019AIXM0646&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Morgane Dujmovic, 2019 (part 3 of the PhD thesis)&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&#034;https://theses.fr/2022POIT5001&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Lucie Bacon, 2022 (Part 3 of the PhD thesis)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-41&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-41&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-41&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;41&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See in particular the page dedicated to internal land borders on the &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.anafe.org/spip.php?mot31&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Anaf&#233; website&lt;/a&gt;, and the &lt;a href=&#034;http://anafe.org/IMG/pdf/noteanalyse_web_-_cafi-anafe_controles_migratoires_a_la_frontiere_franco-espagnole.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;report on the French-Spanish border&lt;/a&gt; published in 2023 by the Anaf&#233; and CAFI network.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-42&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-42&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-42&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;42&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;The EU Court of Justice ruling was echoed in a decision by the French Council of State on February 2, 2024, clarifying the procedures for carrying out removals to Italy. This was followed by a &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2024/04/25/a-la-frontiere-franco-italienne-des-refoulements-illegaux-de-migrants-denonce-la-defenseure-des-droits_6229763_3224.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;framework decision&lt;/a&gt; issued by the French Ombudsman on April 25, 2024, following a two-year investigation at the French-Italian border. To find out more about these decisions, see the &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DJevj85dM2Q&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;online training course&lt;/a&gt; organized by Anaf&#233;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-43&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-43&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-43&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;43&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See for instance Harold Robert, 2021, '&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.visionscarto.net/_harold-robert_&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Fronti&#232;res : le &#171; game &#187; des exil&#233;&#183;es, mythe de Sisyphe contemporain&lt;/a&gt;'.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-44&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-44&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-44&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;44&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See the 2023 No Name Kitchen report '&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.nonamekitchen.org/no-name-kitchen-and-the-newest-border-violence-special-report-we-present-the-bloody-borders-project/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Bloody Border Project&lt;/a&gt;' and the 2024 Amnesty International report on &#8220;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/pol10/7200/2024/en/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;The State of the World's Human Rights: April 2024&lt;/a&gt;', p. 186.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-45&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-45&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-45&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;45&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;For example, this statement from the United Nations in April 2021: '&lt;a href=&#034;https://bosniaherzegovina.un.org/en/123914-un-bosnia-and-herzegovina-concerned-violent-pushback-migrants-asylum-seekers-and-refugees&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;The UN in Bosnia and Herzegovina is concerned by violent pushback of migrants, asylum-seekers and refugees&lt;/a&gt;'.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-46&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-46&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-46&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;46&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See the 2022 expanded edition of &lt;a href=&#034;https://acrobat.adobe.com/link/track?uri=urn%3Aaaid%3Ascds%3AUS%3Acb5a9aaa-ee62-3286-a505-0d9122b69b8f&amp;viewer%21megaVerb=group-discover&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Black book of pushbacks&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;and &lt;a href=&#034;https://borderviolence.eu/testimonies/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;BVMN&lt;/a&gt; database.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-47&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-47&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-47&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;47&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Data for Italy and Slovenia are not shown on this map, although it should be noted that violence is also recorded there. A recorded case of violence is likely to concern the same person, if that person has been abused during different refoulements (multiple counts). This map was originally published in Migreurop's atlas (4th edition), published in 2022: &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article3119.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Atlas des migrations dans le monde : libert&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#233;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;s de circulation, fronti&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#232;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;res, in&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#233;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;galit&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#233;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;s&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-48&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-48&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-48&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;48&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See, for example, the paper '&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/may/12/croatian-police-accused-of-shaving-and-spray-painting-heads-of-asylum-seekers?utm_source=Klix.ba&amp;utm_medium=Clanak&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Croatian police accused of spray-painting heads of asylum seekers&lt;/a&gt;'.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-49&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-49&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-49&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;49&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See the &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.asgi.it/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Tribunale-Roma_RG-564202020.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;judgment&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a href=&#034;https://borderviolence.eu/reports/italian-court-ruling-on-chain-pushback/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;testimony&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href=&#034;https://borderviolence.eu/app/uploads/Decisione-del-Tribunale.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;report of Italian NGO ASGI&lt;/a&gt; which details the nature of the violence perpetrated by the Croatian police. In addition, BVMN carries out a &lt;a href=&#034;https://borderviolence.eu/databases/legal-actions/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;monitoring of pushback litigation&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-50&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-50&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-50&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;50&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;On this distinction, see Didier Fassin's lecture at the Coll&#232;ge de France on April 19, 2023: &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QZZ0-BGZDMg&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Les &#233;preuves de la fronti&#232;re (3)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-51&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-51&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-51&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;51&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;The term &#8220;illegalized migrant&#8221; is widely used in critical border studies. See, for example Harald Bauder, 2013, 'Why We Should Use the Term Illegalized Immigrant', &lt;i&gt;RCIS Research Brief&lt;/i&gt;, No. 2013/1, pp. 1-7 ; Karen Akoka, 2017, 'Refugees and Migrants' in MIGREUROP, 2017, &lt;i&gt;The Atlas of Migration in Europe. A Critical Geography of Migration Policies&lt;/i&gt;, Armand Colin, Paris, p. 18.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-52&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-52&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-52&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;52&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Steffen Mau, 2023 [2021]. La r&#233;invention de la fronti&#232;re au XXIe si&#232;cle. Transl. from German to French by Christophe Lucchese. &#201;ditions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, p. 59-60. See the book review: &lt;a href=&#034;https://shs.hal.science/halshs-04863133v1/document&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Morgane Dujmovic. Steffen Mau, La r&#233;invention de la fronti&#232;re au XXIe si&#232;cle&lt;/a&gt;, &#201;ditions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, Paris, 2023, 152 p. &lt;i&gt;G&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#233;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;ographie, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#201;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;conomie, Soci&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#233;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;t&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#233;&lt;/i&gt;, 2024, 26 (4), pp. 606-611.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-53&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-53&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-53&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;53&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;This approach stems from the CartoMobile research project launched in 2022 in the Balkans, on the French borders and in the central Mediterranean. This participatory cartographic work brings together the accounts of some sixty exiled people in the form of a traveling exhibition. More information on the &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/morga/OneDrive/Documents/MD%20FILES%2014.11.22/CORE-ARTICLES%20en%20cours/PRODUCTION%20BALKANS/project%20website'&gt;project website&lt;/a&gt; and in the note on research in the introduction to this series.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-54&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-54&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-54&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;54&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;R*'s quotations have been translated from French by the author.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-55&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-55&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-55&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;55&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Frontex role and responsibility in the Balkans will be explored in the next portfolio articles of this series.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-56&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-56&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-56&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;56&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See notably the work of &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.facebook.com/MdMPACA/?locale=fr_FR&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;M&#233;decins du monde&lt;/a&gt; in Brian&#231;on.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-57&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-57&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-57&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;57&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See the article of Ma&#239;a Courtois during CartoMobile workshops in Brian&#231;on : &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.infomigrants.net/fr/webdoc/212/apres-le-voyage-de-la-mort-les-terrasses-de-briancon-offrent-un-repit-aux-exiles&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Apr&#232;s &#8220;le voyage de la mort&#8221;, les Terrasses de Brian&#231;on offrent un r&#233;pit aux exil&#233;s&lt;/a&gt;'.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-58&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-58&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-58&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;58&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See Anne-Laure Amilhat Szary and Fr&#233;d&#233;ric Giraut, 2015,&lt;i&gt; Borderities and the Politics of Contemporary Mobile &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;Borders&lt;/i&gt;, Palgrave Macmillan, Londres, p. 1-19.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-59&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-59&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-59&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;59&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See Reece Jones, 2016, &lt;i&gt;Violent Borders. Refugees and the Right to Move&lt;/i&gt;, London, UK &amp; Brooklyn, NY: Verso, 212 p.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-60&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-60&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-60&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;60&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See Sandro Mezzadra and Brett Neilson, 2013, &lt;i&gt;Border as Method, or the Multiplication of Labor&lt;/i&gt;, Duke university press, Durham, 384 p.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		</content:encoded>


		

	</item>
<item xml:lang="en">
		<title>Endless exiles - Migration blackmail along the Balkan route</title>
		<link>http://migreurop.org/article3191.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">http://migreurop.org/article3191.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2023-03-22T18:04:00Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>en</dc:language>
		


		<dc:subject>Bosnia and Herzegovina</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Externalisation</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Croatia</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Albania</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Serbie</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;For more than 20 years, the EU has been developing cooperation with non-member countries (so-called &#034;third countries&#034;) to outsource its border control. Identified as departure countries and then as transit countries for migration to the EU, the Balkan countries have been rapidly integrated into the core of this externalisation strategy. This has been particularly the case since the so-called &#034;migration crisis&#034; of 2015, when almost one million persons, mainly from the Middle East, were (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


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&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot31.html" rel="tag"&gt;Bosnia and Herzegovina&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot168.html" rel="tag"&gt;Externalisation&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot180.html" rel="tag"&gt;Croatia&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot182.html" rel="tag"&gt;Albania&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot199.html" rel="tag"&gt;Serbie&lt;/a&gt;

		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L150xH109/arton3191-79eb7.png?1717745089' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='150' height='109' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;For more than 20 years, the EU has been developing cooperation with non-member countries (so-called &#034;third countries&#034;) to outsource its border control. Identified as departure countries and then as transit countries for migration to the EU, the Balkan countries have been rapidly integrated into the core of this externalisation strategy. This has been particularly the case since the so-called &#034;migration crisis&#034; of 2015, when almost one million persons, mainly from the Middle East, were accounted for along the Balkan route1 linking Greece to EU countries further west, notably Germany. Summoned to act as border guards and &#034;hotspots&#034;2 for the EU, the Balkan countries are now the scene of many rights violations and violence against exiles.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This report is a result of a fieldwork carried out between January and April 2021 for Migreurop network, and documents this process of externalization of European borders in the Balkan region. It is based on field observations and more than a hundred interviews with exiled persons, representatives of local and international NGOs, researchers, activists, lawyers, journalists and institutional actors.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The report is divided into three parts. The first examines how EU leaders are instrumentalising the accession process of the Balkan countries for the purposes of migration control. The second addresses the transformation of these countries into EU's border watchdogs, with a particular focus on refoulement practices and violence as standard border management tools. The third part documents the implementation of the 'hotspot approach' in the region.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;To go further : &lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;For over ten years, members and close partners of the Migreurop network have documented the process of externalisation of EU border control in the Balkans -&gt; see the additional bibliography in the report.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
		</content:encoded>


		
		<enclosure url="http://migreurop.org/IMG/pdf/en_rapport_balkans_complet_avec_annexes_corrigees_definitif.pdf" length="10980883" type="application/pdf" />
		

	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Exils sans fin - Chantages anti-migratoires le long de la route des Balkans</title>
		<link>http://migreurop.org/article3069.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">http://migreurop.org/article3069.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2021-11-22T09:23:57Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		


		<dc:subject>Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Externalisation</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Croatie</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Albanie</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Serbie</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Depuis plus de 20 ans, l'UE d&#233;veloppe une coop&#233;ration avec des pays non-membres (dits &#171; tiers &#187;) pour externaliser le contr&#244;le de ses fronti&#232;res. Identifi&#233;s comme des pays de d&#233;part puis comme des pays de transit des migrations &#224; destination de l'UE, les pays des Balkans ont &#233;t&#233; rapidement int&#233;gr&#233;s au c&#339;ur de cette strat&#233;gie d'externalisation. Ce, particuli&#232;rement depuis la malnomm&#233;e &#171; crise migratoire &#187; de l'ann&#233;e 2015 lors de laquelle pr&#232;s d'un million de personnes venues principalement du (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


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&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot31.html" rel="tag"&gt;Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot168.html" rel="tag"&gt;Externalisation&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot180.html" rel="tag"&gt;Croatie&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot182.html" rel="tag"&gt;Albanie&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot199.html" rel="tag"&gt;Serbie&lt;/a&gt;

		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L150xH117/rapport_balkans_2021_image_pour_site-225e7.jpg?1720681222' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='150' height='117' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;Depuis plus de 20 ans, l'UE d&#233;veloppe une coop&#233;ration avec des pays non-membres (dits &#171; tiers &#187;) pour externaliser le contr&#244;le de ses fronti&#232;res. Identifi&#233;s comme des pays de d&#233;part puis comme des pays de transit des migrations &#224; destination de l'UE, les pays des Balkans ont &#233;t&#233; rapidement int&#233;gr&#233;s au c&#339;ur de cette strat&#233;gie d'externalisation. Ce, particuli&#232;rement depuis la malnomm&#233;e &#171; crise migratoire &#187; de l'ann&#233;e 2015 lors de laquelle pr&#232;s d'un million de personnes venues principalement du Moyen-Orient ont &#233;t&#233; compatibilis&#233;es le long de la route des Balkans, itin&#233;raire reliant la Gr&#232;ce &#224; des pays de l'UE situ&#233;s plus &#224; l'Ouest, et notamment l'Allemagne.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pr&#233;tendant r&#233;soudre une crise que l'UE a elle-m&#234;me engendr&#233;e, les politiques migratoires europ&#233;ennes dans la r&#233;gion sont celles de pompiers pyromanes. Zone tampon ou zone de &#171; s&#233;curit&#233; migratoire &#187;, cela fait plusieurs d&#233;cennies que la r&#233;gion des Balkans est utilis&#233;e par l'UE pour la sous-traitance du contr&#244;le de ses fronti&#232;res, au d&#233;triment tant de la population locale que des personnes exil&#233;es. Somm&#233;s de s'&#233;riger en gardes-fronti&#232;res et en v&#233;ritables &#171; hotspots &#187; au service de l'UE, les pays des Balkans sont aujourd'hui le th&#233;&#226;tre d'une multitude de violations de droits et de violences exerc&#233;es &#224; l'encontre des personnes exil&#233;es.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Fruit d'un travail in situ r&#233;alis&#233; entre janvier et avril 2021 pour le r&#233;seau Migreurop, le pr&#233;sent rapport documente ce processus d'externalisation des fronti&#232;res europ&#233;ennes dans la r&#233;gion des Balkans. Il s'appuie sur des observations de terrain et plus d'une centaine d'entretiens r&#233;alis&#233;s avec des personnes exil&#233;es, des repr&#233;sentant&#183;e&#183;s d'ONG locales et internationales, des chercheurs et des chercheuses, des militant&#183;e&#183;s, des avocat&#183;e&#183;s, des journalistes, ainsi que des actrices et acteurs institutionnels.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le rapport se d&#233;compose en trois parties. La premi&#232;re examine la mani&#232;re dont les dirigeant&#183;e&#183;s europ&#233;en&#183;ne&#183;s instrumentalisent le processus d'adh&#233;sion des pays des Balkans &#224; des fins de contr&#244;le migratoire. La deuxi&#232;me s'int&#233;resse &#224; la transformation de ces pays en v&#233;ritables &#171; chiens de garde &#187; des fronti&#232;res de l'UE, en accordant une attention particuli&#232;re aux pratiques de refoulements et aux violences comme outils normalis&#233;s de gestion des fronti&#232;res. La troisi&#232;me partie documente la mise en place de &#171; l'approche hotspot &#187; dans la r&#233;gion.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Cliquez sur l'image pour lire le rapport :&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_3769 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_file spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;22&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt;
&lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/pdf/fr_rapport_balkans_complet.pdf' class=&#034; spip_doc_lien&#034; title='PDF - 13.3 Mio' type=&#034;application/pdf&#034;&gt;&lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH707/couverture-4-d5d28.jpg?1720681222' width='500' height='707' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Rapport Balkans 2021
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Pour aller plus loin : &lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Depuis plus de dix ans, des membres et proches partenaires du r&#233;seau Migreurop ont document&#233; le processus d'externalisation du contr&#244;le des fronti&#232;res de l'UE dans les Balkans -&gt; voir la bibliographie du rapport Balkans&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
		</content:encoded>


		
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	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Chantage dans les Balkans : comment l'UE externalise ses politiques d'asile</title>
		<link>http://migreurop.org/article3046.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">http://migreurop.org/article3046.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2021-06-01T17:33:00Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		


		<dc:subject>Externalisation</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Militarisation des fronti&#232;res</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Politiques migratoires</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Surveillance et contr&#244;le</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Albanie</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Serbie</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Mac&#233;doine</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Le d&#233;veloppement d'un syst&#232;me de collecte de donn&#233;es des personnes exil&#233;es dans les Balkans illustre l'orientation globale des politiques migratoires de l'Union europ&#233;enne (UE) : externaliser la gestion des migrations &#224; tout prix, au d&#233;triment de l'accueil. Pour tenir &#224; distance celles et ceux qu'elle consid&#232;re comme &#171; ind&#233;sirables &#187;, l'UE irait-elle jusqu'&#224; &#233;tendre le m&#233;canisme Dublin (d&#233;terminant l'Etat responsable de la demande d'asile) au-del&#224; de ses fronti&#232;res, au risque d'aggraver (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


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&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/rubrique482.html" rel="directory"&gt;Publications des membres&lt;/a&gt;

/ 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot168.html" rel="tag"&gt;Externalisation&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot174.html" rel="tag"&gt;Militarisation des fronti&#232;res&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot194.html" rel="tag"&gt;Politiques migratoires&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot195.html" rel="tag"&gt;Surveillance et contr&#244;le&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot182.html" rel="tag"&gt;Albanie&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot199.html" rel="tag"&gt;Serbie&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot196.html" rel="tag"&gt;Mac&#233;doine&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot31.html" rel="tag"&gt;Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine&lt;/a&gt;

		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L150xH123/arton3046-702c7.jpg?1717937403' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='150' height='123' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Le d&#233;veloppement d'un syst&#232;me de collecte de donn&#233;es des personnes exil&#233;es dans les Balkans illustre l'orientation globale des politiques migratoires de l'Union europ&#233;enne (UE) : externaliser la gestion des migrations &#224; tout prix, au d&#233;triment de l'accueil. Pour tenir &#224; distance celles et ceux qu'elle consid&#232;re comme &#171; ind&#233;sirables &#187;, l'UE irait-elle jusqu'&#224; &#233;tendre le m&#233;canisme Dublin (d&#233;terminant l'Etat responsable de la demande d'asile) au-del&#224; de ses fronti&#232;res, au risque d'aggraver encore un peu plus les violations de droits le long de la route des Balkans ? &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Dublin : l'&#233;chec de la solidarit&#233; europ&#233;enne&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#171; Nous allons abolir le r&#232;glement de Dublin et le remplacer par un nouveau syst&#232;me europ&#233;en de gouvernance de la migration (&#8230;). Il y aura un nouveau m&#233;canisme fort de solidarit&#233; &#187; . Ainsi s'exprimait la cheffe de l'ex&#233;cutif europ&#233;en Ursula von der Leyen en septembre 2020, une semaine avant la pr&#233;sentation par la Commission europ&#233;enne de son nouveau pacte sur la migration et l'asile.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Abolir le r&#232;glement Dublin et davantage de solidarit&#233; : deux promesses a priori bienvenues dans une Europe en pleine crise de l'accueil. De fait, le r&#232;glement Dublin essuie depuis plusieurs ann&#233;es d'&#226;pres critiques. Pr&#233;voyant que, sauf crit&#232;res familiaux, le pays responsable de l'examen de la demande d'asile soit le premier &#201;tat membre europ&#233;en foul&#233;, et dans lequel les empreintes digitales ont &#233;t&#233; collect&#233;es, Dublin fait peser de mani&#232;re in&#233;quitable l'accueil des personnes en besoin de protection sur les &#201;tats membres situ&#233;s aux fronti&#232;res ext&#233;rieures de l'Union europ&#233;enne.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Apr&#232;s l'arriv&#233;e de plus d'un million de personnes exil&#233;es sur le territoire europ&#233;en en 2015, principalement en Gr&#232;ce et en Italie, la Commission mettait alors en &#339;uvre &#171; l'approche hotspot &#187; destin&#233;e &#224; soutenir ces deux pays &#171; en premi&#232;re ligne &#187;, en renfor&#231;ant conjointement leurs capacit&#233;s en mati&#232;re de traitement de la demande d'asile et d'expulsion. Mais alors que cette approche devait s'accompagner d'un plan de relocalisation destin&#233; &#224; mieux r&#233;partir l'accueil des exil&#233;&#183;e&#183;s &#224; l'&#233;chelle europ&#233;enne, celui-ci a &#233;chou&#233; , faute de volont&#233; politique des &#201;tats membres. Surnomm&#233;s &#171; les camps de la honte &#187;, les hotspots des &#238;les grecques, o&#249; s'entassent des milliers de personnes dans des conditions indignes, sont ainsi devenus l'embl&#232;me de la faillite de la solidarit&#233; europ&#233;enne, tant &#224; l'&#233;gard des exil&#233;&#183;e&#183;s qu'entre les &#201;tats membres.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_3538 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;25&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/jpg/squat.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH409/squat-e4270.jpg?1717937403' width='500' height='409' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;squat - mission blakans
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;B&#226;timent abandonn&#233; occup&#233; par des personnes exil&#233;es &#224; Bihac en Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine, &#224; proximit&#233; de la fronti&#232;re croate (Sophie-Anne Bisiaux, f&#233;vrier 2021)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Le nouveau pacte europ&#233;en : un m&#233;canisme de &#171; solidarit&#233; &#187; pour les expulsions et l'externalisation des politiques migratoires &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dans le nouveau pacte sur la migration et l'asile rendu public le 23 septembre 2020, la solidarit&#233; promise par Ursula von der Leyen sonne de mani&#232;re &#233;trange. De la solidarit&#233;, il n'y en aurait qu'entre les &#201;tats membres, et non pas vis-&#224;-vis des personnes exil&#233;es pour les accueillir &#233;quitablement et dignement, mais avant tout pour mieux les expulser. Le &#171; m&#233;canisme de solidarit&#233; obligatoire &#187; inscrit dans le nouveau pacte ouvre la possibilit&#233; pour les &#201;tats membres qui refusent le m&#233;canisme de relocalisation de &#171; parrainer &#187; l'expulsion d'une personne en situation administrative irr&#233;guli&#232;re sur le territoire europ&#233;en.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les &#201;tats peuvent &#233;galement choisir de se d&#233;rober &#224; leurs responsabilit&#233;s en mati&#232;re d'accueil en soutenant un autre &#201;tat membre pour renforcer les capacit&#233;s de contr&#244;les aux fronti&#232;res de celui-ci, ainsi que sa coop&#233;ration avec des pays tiers (non-membres de l'UE) en la mati&#232;re. Comme le note le r&#233;seau Euromed Droits, &#171; [c]e point manque de clart&#233; dans le Pacte et suscite des inqui&#233;tudes car les &#201;tats membres pourraient facilement l'interpr&#233;ter au sens large [&#8230;]. Par exemple, un pays comme la Hongrie pourrait choisir de soutenir l'Espagne dans ses relations bilat&#233;rales avec le Maroc sur des projets sp&#233;cifiquement li&#233;s &#224; la gestion des fronti&#232;res et &#224; l'augmentation de la capacit&#233; d'interception &#187; . Cette seconde option s'inscrit ainsi au c&#339;ur de la strat&#233;gie d'externalisation de l'UE par laquelle cette derni&#232;re, depuis le d&#233;but des ann&#233;es 2000, sous-traite &#224; des pays non-europ&#233;ens non seulement le contr&#244;le de ses propres fronti&#232;res, mais &#233;galement la gestion des personnes migrantes qu'elle juge &#171; ind&#233;sirables &#187;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Solidarit&#233; entre les &#201;tats membres pour augmenter la cadence des expulsions, pour renforcer des fronti&#232;res d&#233;j&#224; meurtri&#232;res et sous-traiter la gestion des migrations &#224; des pays tiers qui n'ont rien de &#171; s&#251;rs &#187; pour les personnes exil&#233;es&#8230; A d&#233;faut d'une Europe solidaire dans l'accueil, la Commission mise ainsi sur une Europe &#171; solidaire &#187; dans la mise &#224; distance des personnes exil&#233;es, au m&#233;pris de leurs droits fondamentaux. Aussi, le nouveau pacte fait-il du renforcement de la coop&#233;ration avec les pays tiers l'une de ses priorit&#233;s.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Les pays des Balkans, au c&#339;ur des chantages migratoires europ&#233;ens&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dans le processus d'externalisation des fronti&#232;res de l'Union europ&#233;enne, les pays des Balkans occupent une place centrale. D'une part, parce que ladite &#171; route des Balkans &#187; continue d'&#234;tre une voie d'entr&#233;e sur le territoire europ&#233;en. En juin 2020, Frontex estimait qu'elle &#233;tait devenue &#171; la route migratoire la plus active &#187; avec plus de 2 000 d&#233;tections de &#171; franchissements ill&#233;gaux &#187; de fronti&#232;res, soit trois fois plus que l'ann&#233;e pr&#233;c&#233;dente &#224; la m&#234;me p&#233;riode. Malgr&#233; la diminution drastique des arriv&#233;es depuis 2016, les documents officiels de l'UE continuent de mentionner un &#171; niveau de pression migratoire &#187; &#233;lev&#233; sur cette &#171; route &#187;, alimentant la rh&#233;torique d'une &#171; crise &#187; perp&#233;tuelle face &#224; laquelle les pays des Balkans sont somm&#233;s d'endosser le r&#244;le de garde-fronti&#232;res au service de l'UE. La plupart des personnes qui empruntent cet itin&#233;raire viennent de Syrie, d'Afghanistan, d'Irak ou encore du Pakistan , fuyant aussi bien des guerres, des pers&#233;cutions politiques que des situations &#233;conomiques devenues invivables.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les &#201;tats des Balkans sont d'autre part au c&#339;ur du dispositif de sous-traitance migratoire de l'Union europ&#233;enne, en vertu de leur statut particulier. Depuis le Sommet de Thessalonique de juin 2003, tous ont &#233;t&#233; identifi&#233;s comme des candidats potentiels &#224; l'adh&#233;sion &#224; l'Union. &#192; ce titre, ils b&#233;n&#233;ficient d'une assistance financi&#232;re et technique de l'UE (notamment via l'Instrument d'aide de pr&#233;adh&#233;sion &#8211; IPA), pour renforcer leurs capacit&#233;s dans divers domaines, tels que la d&#233;mocratie, l'&#201;tat de droit, le respect des droits fondamentaux, le but &#233;tant &#224; terme d'aider ces &#201;tats &#224; r&#233;pondre aux crit&#232;res d'adh&#233;sion. Particuli&#232;rement depuis l'ann&#233;e 2015, le renforcement des capacit&#233;s en mati&#232;re de gestion des migrations et de contr&#244;le des fronti&#232;res n'a cess&#233; de prendre de l'importance , mettant les &#201;tats des Balkans face &#224; un v&#233;ritable chantage migratoire dans le cadre de leur processus d'adh&#233;sion. L'UE ne laisse aucun doute sur le fait que le soutien des pays des Balkans dans ce domaine est essentiel s'ils veulent poursuivre le processus.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Entre 2007 et 2019, plus de 216 millions d'euros du fonds IPA ont ainsi &#233;t&#233; allou&#233;s &#224; ces pays des Balkans dans le domaine des migrations . Cela comprend, entre autres, le soutien &#224; la construction de nouveaux postes fronti&#232;res, la formation et la fourniture d'&#233;quipements modernes aux autorit&#233;s en charge de la protection des fronti&#232;res, ou encore l'ouverture de centres de r&#233;tention et d'expulsion. Depuis 2015, 141 millions d'euros suppl&#233;mentaires d'aides europ&#233;ennes ont &#233;t&#233; d&#233;bloqu&#233;s pour les aider &#224; faire face &#224; l'arriv&#233;e de plusieurs centaines de milliers d'exil&#233;&#183;e&#183;s. Conjointement &#224; sa tentative d'imperm&#233;abiliser ses fronti&#232;res ext&#233;rieures, l'UE a ainsi financ&#233; la construction de dizaines de camps le long de la &#171; route des Balkans &#187; pour y &#171; stocker &#187; les personnes qu'elle refuse d'accueillir.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_3539 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;28&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/jpg/barbwire.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH374/barbwire-caf37.jpg?1717937403' width='500' height='374' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;barbwire - mission Balkans
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Port de Vlor&#235; en Albanie (Sophie-Anne Bisiaux, avril 2021)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&#171; Partenariat &#187; UE-Balkans : priorit&#233; &#224; l'&#233;change de donn&#233;es &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ces derni&#232;res ann&#233;es, l'UE a notamment concentr&#233; ses efforts sur le renforcement des capacit&#233;s des pays des Balkans en mati&#232;re de collecte et d'&#233;change des donn&#233;es. Dans un document publi&#233; en janvier 2020 , Frontex, EASO (Bureau europ&#233;en d'appui en mati&#232;re d'asile) et Europol appelaient ainsi au d&#233;veloppement d'un nouveau &#171; m&#233;canisme de surveillance des r&#233;seaux sociaux &#187;, invoquant la n&#233;cessit&#233; de lutter contre les r&#233;seaux de passeurs et l'immigration &#171; irr&#233;guli&#232;re &#187; dans la r&#233;gion des Balkans. Op&#233;r&#233;e pendant un temps par EASO, cette surveillance avait finalement &#233;t&#233; condamn&#233;e par le Contr&#244;leur europ&#233;en de la protection des donn&#233;es, lequel avait jug&#233; qu'il n'existait pas de base l&#233;gale permettant &#224; EASO de collecter des donn&#233;es personnelles . D'o&#249; le besoin pressant de confier cette t&#226;che &#224; un nouvel acteur.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dans ses conclusions du 5 janvier 2020, le Conseil europ&#233;en affirme sa volont&#233; de &#171; r&#233;fl&#233;chir &#224; la mise en place, par les partenaires des Balkans occidentaux, de syst&#232;mes nationaux interop&#233;rables d'enregistrement biom&#233;trique et de partage des donn&#233;es sur les demandeurs d'asile et les migrants en situation irr&#233;guli&#232;re, et de soutenir cette d&#233;marche &#187;. Le Conseil mentionne en outre que les syst&#232;mes de collecte et de partage des donn&#233;es devraient &#171; &#234;tre calqu&#233;s sur les principes techniques et de protection des donn&#233;es d'Eurodac, permettant ainsi un &#233;change r&#233;gulier d'informations au niveau r&#233;gional et garantissant leur interop&#233;rabilit&#233; et leur compatibilit&#233; futures avec les syst&#232;mes de l'UE &#187;. Dot&#233;e d'un syst&#232;me automatis&#233; de reconnaissance d'empreintes digitales, la base de donn&#233;es Eurodac contient les empreintes des personnes ressortissantes de pays tiers ayant d&#233;pos&#233; une demande d'asile ou ayant &#233;t&#233; intercept&#233;es &#224; l'occasion du franchissement &#171; irr&#233;gulier &#187; d'une fronti&#232;re ext&#233;rieure. Elle est utilis&#233;e par l'Union europ&#233;enne dans le cadre de l'application du r&#232;glement Dublin pour d&#233;terminer l'&#201;tat membre responsable d'une demande d'asile. A noter que la base de donn&#233;es a vocation &#224; &#234;tre consid&#233;rablement &#233;tendue dans le cadre du nouveau pacte europ&#233;en sur la migration et l'asile.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On retrouve cette volont&#233; de renforcer les &#201;tats des Balkans en mati&#232;re de collecte et d'&#233;change de donn&#233;es dans le programme IPA financ&#233; par l'UE intitul&#233; &#171; Regional support to protection-sensitive migration management in the Western Balkans and Turkey Phase II &#187; . Si les documents publi&#233;s par la Commission europ&#233;enne sur ce programme manquent de transparence concernant le type de donn&#233;es &#233;chang&#233;es, divers t&#233;moignages confirment la mise en place dans ce cadre d'une base de donn&#233;es r&#233;gionale construite sur le mod&#232;le de la base de donn&#233;es Eurodac et compatible avec cette derni&#232;re. Un document &#224; acc&#232;s limit&#233; r&#233;sumant les &#233;changes tenus lors d'une r&#233;union du Conseil JAI avec les pays des Balkans vient &#233;galement confirmer cette initiative de l'UE : &#171; Les partenaires des Balkans occidentaux se sont d&#233;clar&#233;s favorables &#224; l'am&#233;lioration de l'&#233;change d'informations avec l'UE et dans la r&#233;gion gr&#226;ce &#224; la mise en place de syst&#232;mes d'information nationaux interop&#233;rables, inspir&#233;s des normes Eurodac, pour enregistrer les donn&#233;es relatives aux migrants. L'UE s'est d&#233;clar&#233;e pr&#234;te &#224; fournir un soutien technique &#187;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;D'apr&#232;s les diverses d&#233;l&#233;gations de l'Union europ&#233;enne pr&#233;sentes dans les pays des Balkans, c'est l'agence Frontex qui serait en charge d'&#233;valuer pour chaque pays les travaux n&#233;cessaires pour assurer l&#8216;interconnectivit&#233; &#224; l'&#233;chelle r&#233;gionale des bases de donn&#233;es nationales et leur compatibilit&#233; avec les bases europ&#233;ennes. Dans la r&#233;gion, Frontex est d&#233;j&#224; en charge de d&#233;velopper des centres de coordination nationaux pour la collecte et l'&#233;changes de donn&#233;es li&#233;es &#224; la gestion des migrations et au contr&#244;le des fronti&#232;res . Ces centres sont construits sur le mod&#232;le de ceux des &#201;tats membres en vue de leur future interconnexion.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Des millions d'euros investis pour des technologies de pointe, en pleine &#171; crise humanitaire &#187; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Aussi, les pays des Balkans sont-ils progressivement dot&#233;s par l'Union europ&#233;enne de syst&#232;mes de collecte et d'&#233;change de donn&#233;es &#224; la pointe de la technologie. Apr&#232;s la Serbie , c'est maintenant au tour de la Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine d'&#234;tre outill&#233;e avec la technologie AFIS (Automated Fingerprint Identification System), laquelle permet la reconnaissance automatique des empreintes digitales, pr&#233;alable &#224; la mise en place de la base de donn&#233;es Eurodac. Pour am&#233;liorer ses capacit&#233;s en mati&#232;re de collecte de donn&#233;es li&#233;es aux migrations, celle-ci a re&#231;u 17 millions d'euros du fonds IPA entre 2015 et 2020 , l'objectif &#233;tant &#224; terme de mettre en &#339;uvre une base de donn&#233;es op&#233;rationnelle, un outil analytique et un syst&#232;me de contr&#244;le des donn&#233;es biom&#233;triques des migrants. A noter que la Suisse apporte &#233;galement un soutien important dans cette entreprise.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine, pour acc&#233;der &#224; la plupart des camps et aux diff&#233;rents services humanitaires de base, les personnes exil&#233;es doivent d&#233;sormais donner les empreintes digitales de leurs dix doigts, sans toutefois &#234;tre inform&#233;es de l'utilisation qui en sera faite. Dans le camp de containeurs de Blazuj, surpeupl&#233; et insalubre, o&#249; s'entassent plus de 3 000 personnes et o&#249; l'on manque de tout, le degr&#233; de sophistication des technologies de collectes de donn&#233;es tranche avec l'archa&#239;sme des conditions de vie auxquelles les personnes exil&#233;es sont soumises. &#171; Dans les camps de l'OIM, on souffre de la gale et on meurt encore de la pneumonie. Qui &#224; notre &#233;poque meurt encore de la pneumonie ? &#187; s'interroge la journaliste de Sarajevo Nidzara Ahmetasevic, faisant r&#233;f&#233;rence &#224; un jeune gar&#231;on d&#233;c&#233;d&#233; faute de soins. Pas d'acc&#232;s aux services m&#233;dicaux, pas de toit pour des milliers de personnes oblig&#233;es de dormir dehors par des temp&#233;ratures glaciales, pas de mesures protection s&#233;rieuses contre la COVID 19 &#8230;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dans ce petit pays, qui se remet &#224; peine d'une guerre encore r&#233;cente, qui est d&#233;crit comme &#233;tant en pleine &#171; crise humanitaire &#187; et o&#249; les quelques 10 000 personnes exil&#233;es qui y sont bloqu&#233;es survivent p&#233;niblement, l'ampleur des fonds europ&#233;ens allou&#233;s &#224; ces technologies de pointe rel&#232;ve de l'ind&#233;cence.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Connecter les pays des Balkans &#224; la base de donn&#233;es Eurodac avant m&#234;me leur adh&#233;sion &#224; l'Union europ&#233;enne ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La Commission europ&#233;enne ne cache pas que l'ambition est &#224; terme d'int&#233;grer les pays des Balkans dans la base de donn&#233;es Eurodac. Mais, pr&#233;cise-t-elle, cette connexion ne saurait &#234;tre possible avant leur adh&#233;sion &#224; l'Union europ&#233;enne . Le d&#233;veloppement actuel de syst&#232;mes de collecte de donn&#233;es biom&#233;triques pour les personnes migrantes dans les pays des Balkans ne viserait donc qu'&#224; pr&#233;parer ces derniers &#224; leur adh&#233;sion future.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pourtant, l'absence de perspectives d'adh&#233;sion &#224; court-terme et m&#234;me &#224; moyen-terme de la plupart des pays des Balkans pose question : pourquoi d&#233;penser des millions pour aider des &#201;tats &#224; mettre en place des syst&#232;mes de collecte et d'&#233;change de donn&#233;es qu'ils ne pourront pas utiliser d'ici plusieurs ann&#233;es, voire d&#233;cennies, au risque que les technologies employ&#233;es ne deviennent entre temps obsol&#232;tes ? De fait, cela fait longtemps que le processus d'adh&#233;sion semble au point mort, tant pour des raisons propres &#224; l'UE (d&#233;fiance envers tout &#233;largissement, notamment depuis la crise du Brexit) que pour des raisons propres aux pays candidats, comme l'absence de volont&#233; politique, les blocages institutionnels ou diplomatiques, ou la d&#233;gradation de la situation &#233;conomique&#8230;. Davantage encore que celle des autres pays des Balkans, l'adh&#233;sion de la Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine est plus qu'hypoth&#233;tique, cette derni&#232;re n'ayant, pour l'heure, pas m&#234;me le statut de candidat officiel.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;De quoi &#233;veiller encore un peu plus les soup&#231;ons : la Serbie a indiqu&#233; qu'elle mettrait en &#339;uvre les r&#232;glements Dublin et Eurodac deux ans avant de rejoindre l'UE . Comme le remarque l'ONG Klikaktiv bas&#233;e &#224; Belgrade, &#171; il s'agirait d'un cas unique de pays signant les r&#232;glements de Dublin et d'EURODAC avant de devenir un &#201;tat membre de l'UE &#187; . Dans son rapport 2020 sur l'&#233;tat du processus d'adh&#233;sion de la Serbie &#224; l'UE , la Commission europ&#233;enne d&#233;voile par ailleurs que le minist&#232;re de l'Int&#233;rieur serbe utilise d&#233;sormais une base de donn&#233;es unique pour identifier et enregistrer les demandeur&#183;euse&#183;s d'asile et que &#171; les pr&#233;paratifs de la connexion &#224; la base de donn&#233;es d'empreintes digitales des demandeurs d'asile de l'UE (Eurodac) sont dans leur phase initiale &#187; . Mais comme le d&#233;nonce Klikaktiv, cette connexion serait ill&#233;gale, la loi serbe ne permettant pas l'&#233;change de ce type de donn&#233;es avec les pays de l'UE.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;L'interconnexion d'Eurodac et des bases de donn&#233;es des pays des Balkans avant l'ach&#232;vement du processus d'adh&#233;sion constituerait &#233;galement une violation flagrante des standards europ&#233;ens en mati&#232;re de protection des donn&#233;es personnelles. Or, dans ce domaine, il semble que l'Union europ&#233;enne n'est plus &#224; une ill&#233;galit&#233; pr&#232;s . Comme on peut le lire dans un document du Conseil europ&#233;en r&#233;sumant les positions des pays des Balkans sur la perspective d'une interconnexion : &#171; l'affirmation selon laquelle [la connexion &#224; la base de donn&#233;es Eurodac] ne peut se faire en raison de la l&#233;gislation sur la protection des donn&#233;es ne tient pas, car les pays des Balkans occidentaux ont d&#233;j&#224; sign&#233; un accord de coop&#233;ration op&#233;rationnelle avec Europol, alors qu'en la mati&#232;re les l&#233;gislations nationales ne sont qu'approximativement align&#233;es sur les standards de l'Union europ&#233;enne &#187; . Que l'interconnexion des bases de donn&#233;es soit l&#233;gale ou non, l'UE pourrait envisager la possibilit&#233; d'int&#233;grer les pays des Balkans dans le syst&#232;me Eurodac, sans que ceux-ci ne fassent partie du club europ&#233;en.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Frontex : le maillon pour connecter les bases de donn&#233;es des pays des Balkans &#224; Eurodac ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pour permettre une interconnexion pr&#233;coce des bases de donn&#233;es, l'Union europ&#233;enne semble compter sur l'agence Frontex. De fait, alors qu'en 2019, le mandat de Frontex a &#233;t&#233; &#233;largi pour accro&#238;tre sa capacit&#233; &#224; agir dans des pays tiers, l'agence est, de plus, pr&#233;sente dans les &#201;tats des Balkans. Des accords de coop&#233;ration autorisant son d&#233;ploiement op&#233;rationnel ont &#233;t&#233; n&#233;goci&#233;s avec l'Albanie, le Mont&#233;n&#233;gro, la Serbie, la Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine et la Mac&#233;doine du Nord. En mai 2019, Frontex a ainsi lanc&#233; sa premi&#232;re op&#233;ration conjointe officielle sur un territoire non europ&#233;en, &#224; la fronti&#232;re de l'Albanie avec la Gr&#232;ce , suivie par deux op&#233;rations lanc&#233;es au Mont&#233;n&#233;gro en juillet et octobre 2020. Alors que l'accord avec la Serbie est entr&#233; en vigueur le 10 mars 2021 apr&#232;s avoir &#233;t&#233; adopt&#233; l'unanimit&#233; par le Parlement serbe, la Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine s'appr&#234;te &#233;galement &#224; donner son feu vert au d&#233;ploiement de Frontex.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Or, les accords que Frontex signe avec les &#201;tats des Balkans donnent &#224; l'agence certains droits en mati&#232;re de consultation des bases de donn&#233;es nationales. Comme le note Statewatch, &#171; les accords avec l'Albanie et le Mont&#233;n&#233;gro permettent &#224; l'&#201;tat h&#244;te d'autoriser les membres de l'&#233;quipe [de Frontex] &#224; consulter les bases de donn&#233;es nationales si cela est n&#233;cessaire pour les objectifs op&#233;rationnels ou pour les op&#233;rations de retour &#187; . Parall&#232;lement, l'adoption du r&#232;glement &#171; interop&#233;rabilit&#233; &#187; en 2019 facilite l'acc&#232;s de l'agence Frontex aux diff&#233;rentes bases de donn&#233;es europ&#233;ennes, et notamment &#224; Eurodac. Gr&#226;ce &#224; ce double acc&#232;s, l'agence pourrait ainsi &#234;tre en mesure de comparer les donn&#233;es collect&#233;es par les autorit&#233;s nationales des pays des Balkans dans la base de donn&#233;es Eurodac.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cette possibilit&#233; semble &#234;tre exploit&#233;e en Albanie, o&#249; des officiers de Frontex sont d&#233;ploy&#233;s &#224; la fronti&#232;re grecque. Depuis le d&#233;but de l'op&#233;ration lanc&#233;e en 2019, l'agence veille &#224; ce que les personnes intercept&#233;es &#224; la fronti&#232;re par la police albanaise soient emmen&#233;es dans des camps de containeurs , o&#249; celles-ci sont enregistr&#233;es avant d'&#234;tre g&#233;n&#233;ralement refoul&#233;es en toute ill&#233;galit&#233; vers la Gr&#232;ce. Selon divers t&#233;moignages , les officiers de Frontex compareraient les donn&#233;es collect&#233;es &#224; l'occasion de cette proc&#233;dure d'enregistrement dans diverses bases de donn&#233;es europ&#233;ennes (SIS, Europol, Eurodac&#8230;). En janvier 2020, le Conseil avait d'ailleurs d&#233;j&#224; &#233;voqu&#233; cette possibilit&#233; . Selon le cadre juridique actuel et jusqu'&#224; ce que les nouveaux amendements aient &#233;t&#233; adopt&#233;s, il s'agirait d'une pratique ill&#233;gale concernant Eurodac. Interrog&#233; &#224; ce sujet, le service de presse de Frontex nie, contrairement aux informations re&#231;ues sur le terrain, effectuer de tels recoupements de donn&#233;es dans le cadre de ses op&#233;rations dans les Balkans&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Frontex pourrait ainsi servir de maillon interm&#233;diaire permettant &#224; l'UE d'acc&#233;der aux bases de donn&#233;es des &#201;tats des Balkans . N'autorisant qu'une consultation &#224; sens unique (les pays des Balkans n'ayant pas d'acc&#232;s direct &#224; Eurodac), cette strat&#233;gie pr&#233;sente l'avantage de contourner les diff&#233;rentes restrictions en mati&#232;re de protection des donn&#233;es personnelles et de maintenir ces pays dans une relation de centre &#224; p&#233;riph&#233;rie, dans laquelle l'UE peut continuer &#224; servir ses propres int&#233;r&#234;ts en mati&#232;re de gestion migratoire.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Des hotspots pour l'UE, hors UE &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;L'int&#233;r&#234;t que pourrait avoir l'Union europ&#233;enne &#224; &#233;tendre le syst&#232;me Eurodac aux pays des Balkans est &#233;vident. Pr&#233;alable &#224; l'instauration d'un &#171; Dublin hors UE &#187;, cette entreprise viendrait parachever la mise en &#339;uvre de l'&#171; approche hotspot &#187; de l'UE dans la r&#233;gion. Pour toute personne exil&#233;e qui serait appr&#233;hend&#233;e en train de franchir &#171; irr&#233;guli&#232;rement &#187; une fronti&#232;re ou d&#233;poserait une demande d'asile dans un &#201;tat membre europ&#233;en, il serait possible, gr&#226;ce &#224; la base de donn&#233;es Eurodac &#233;largie &#224; cette r&#233;gion, de savoir quels pays ont &#233;t&#233; pr&#233;alablement travers&#233;s au cours du parcours migratoire. Ces pays seraient d&#232;s lors en charge de l'examen de la demande d'asile de la personne, ou, dans le cas o&#249; cette derni&#232;re serait d&#233;bout&#233;e, de son expulsion vers son pays d'origine. Une personne arrivant en Italie mais dont les empreintes auraient &#233;t&#233; collect&#233;es dans un camp &#224; Sarajevo pourrait ainsi &#234;tre renvoy&#233;e vers la Bosnie.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Lors d'une r&#233;union du groupe de travail interinstitutionnel charg&#233; de pr&#233;parer l'int&#233;gration de la Mac&#233;doine du Nord &#224; l'Union europ&#233;enne, le repr&#233;sentant du minist&#232;re de l'Int&#233;rieur mac&#233;donien s'inqui&#233;tait ainsi que Bruxelles &#171; impose l'id&#233;e d'&#233;tablir ce qu'on appelle BALKANDAC, suivant le mod&#232;le d'EURODAC, une base de donn&#233;es d'empreintes digitales dans l'UE. Cette base de donn&#233;es est accept&#233;e par les pays de la r&#233;gion, mais elle ne nous offre pas la possibilit&#233; d'y acc&#233;der. C'est un pi&#232;ge pour nous car les pays de l'UE sauront quels migrants ont &#233;t&#233; enregistr&#233;s ici et les renverront, et nous ne serons pas en mesure de les renvoyer en Gr&#232;ce. Il n'y a pas de mauvaise intention dans tout cela, mais il est &#233;vident que l'UE nous traite de mani&#232;re paternaliste &#187; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Alors que la possibilit&#233; pour un &#201;tat membre de renvoyer une personne ressortissante d'un pays tiers dont il est prouv&#233; qu'elle a transit&#233; par l'un des pays des Balkans est d&#233;j&#224; pr&#233;vue dans les accords de r&#233;admission que l'UE a sign&#233; avec ces derniers , la mise en &#339;uvre d'un syst&#232;me de collecte de donn&#233;es sp&#233;cifique pourrait donc dans le futur faire du r&#234;ve d'un &#171; Dublin extra-europ&#233;en &#187; une r&#233;alit&#233;. Cela fait d&#233;j&#224; plusieurs d&#233;cennies que l'UE exprime clairement sa volont&#233; de transformer la r&#233;gion des Balkans en lieux de stockage des migrant&#183;e&#183;s qui tentent de rejoindre son territoire . Dans un document dat&#233; du 12 mai 2020, la Pr&#233;sidence croate regrettait ainsi que les pays des Balkans occidentaux continuent de se percevoir comme des pays de transit et rappelait la n&#233;cessit&#233; d'encourager ces derniers &#224; &#171; renforcer leurs capacit&#233;s globales en mati&#232;re de migration - y compris le syst&#232;me d'asile, les conditions d'accueil et les capacit&#233;s de retour &#187; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_3540 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;25&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/jpg/train.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH374/train-57d59.jpg?1717937403' width='500' height='374' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Train - mission Balkans
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Wagons abandonn&#233;s occup&#233;s par des personnes exil&#233;es dans la ville de Sombor, &#224; la fronti&#232;re serbo-hongroise (Sophie-Anne Bisiaux, avril 2021)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;L'UE assigne de fait &#224; cette r&#233;gion un triple objectif : stocker les personnes exil&#233;es bloqu&#233;es aux fronti&#232;res europ&#233;ennes, r&#233;admettre celles dont l'UE ne veut pas sur son territoire et les renvoyer dans leur pays d'origine. Aussi l'UE soutient-elle depuis plusieurs ann&#233;es le renforcement des capacit&#233;s des pays des Balkans en mati&#232;re d'expulsion, notamment en coop&#233;ration avec Frontex et l'OIM . Augmentation des capacit&#233;s des centres d'enfermement et d'expulsion, formation d'escortes pour accompagner les expulsions, renforcement des programmes de retours &#171; volontaires &#187;, incitations &#224; signer des accords de r&#233;admission avec les pays d'origine des personnes exil&#233;es &#8230; Tout est ainsi fait pour transformer les pays des Balkans en lieux de stockage et de pr&#233;-expulsion des &#171; ind&#233;sirables &#187;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Faire passer les &#201;tats des Balkans pour des &#171; pays tiers s&#251;rs &#187; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pour faciliter l'externalisation de la gestion migratoire aux pays des Balkans, l'Union europ&#233;enne les pr&#233;sente comme &#233;tant &#171; s&#251;rs &#187;. Inscrit dans la Directive &#171; Proc&#233;dures &#187; (2013), le concept de &#171; pays tiers s&#251;rs &#187; permet de faciliter le renvoi de demandeur&#183;euse&#183;s d'asile dans des pays tiers sans examen approfondi de leur demande (application d'une proc&#233;dure acc&#233;l&#233;r&#233;e). Mais alors que la Commission europ&#233;enne d&#233;pense des millions pour tenter de renforcer les l&#233;gislations et les capacit&#233;s de ces pays en mati&#232;re de traitement de la demande d'asile en vue de les faire passer pour des pays &#171; s&#251;rs &#187;, les organisations de la soci&#233;t&#233; civile constatent sur le terrain la persistance et parfois m&#234;me l'aggravation des violations de droits des personnes exil&#233;es. Que ce soit au Kosovo, en Albanie, en Mac&#233;doine du Nord, en Serbie, en Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine ou au Mont&#233;n&#233;gro, l'acc&#232;s &#224; la demande d'asile est souvent impossible et les refoulements sont &#224; certaines fronti&#232;res syst&#233;matiques.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Malgr&#233; les violations de droits incessamment rapport&#233;es par la soci&#233;t&#233; civile dans la r&#233;gion, la Commission europ&#233;enne pr&#233;voit dans son nouveau pacte d'inscrire les pays des Balkans sur une liste europ&#233;enne de &#171; pays tiers s&#251;rs &#187; . Et alors que ce concept est pour l'heure d'application facultative pour les &#201;tats membres, la Commission pr&#233;voit de rendre son application obligatoire. Ainsi serait achev&#233;e la strat&#233;gie d'externalisation consistant &#224; sous-traiter la demande d'asile europ&#233;enne &#224; des pays dont les standards en mati&#232;re de protection et de respect des droits fondamentaux sont pourtant bien inf&#233;rieurs &#224; ceux de l'Union europ&#233;enne.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Reste que pour renvoyer &#224; tout prix les personnes migrantes dans les pays des Balkans, les &#201;tats membres n'ont pas attendu l'ach&#232;vement de la machine &#224; expulser bien huil&#233;e que l'Union europ&#233;enne semble &#234;tre en train de mettre en place. Depuis 2016, les pratiques de refoulement des pays europ&#233;ens vers les pays des Balkans se multiplient, au m&#233;pris des droits fondamentaux des personnes venues chercher une protection dans l'Union europ&#233;enne. Toujours plus violentes et syst&#233;matiques, ces pratiques se poursuivent sous l'&#339;il complaisant de l'UE, lorsque celle-ci n'y apporte pas directement son soutien.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;D&#233;noncer ces violations de droits flagrantes est essentiel et urgent. Combattre le r&#233;gime frontalier europ&#233;en qui les rend possible et les encourage l'est tout autant. Que les personnes exil&#233;es soient tenues &#224; distance des fronti&#232;res europ&#233;ennes par la force d'une matraque ou par une base de donn&#233;es biom&#233;triques &#224; grande &#233;chelle est dans tous les cas inacceptable.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Sophie-Anne Bisiaux (Migreurop) et Lorenz Naegeli (chercheur ind&#233;pendant), avec le soutien de Statewatch, Migreurop et Matthias Monroy. &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Annexes : &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Annexe 1 - Conseil europ&#233;en, &#034;EU-Western Balkans Justice and Home Affairs Ministerial videoconference on 22 October 2020 - summary of discussions&#034;&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Annexe 2 - Conseil europ&#233;en, &#034;Council conclusions on enhancing cooperation with Western Balkans partners in the field of migration and security&#034;, 5 juin 2020&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Annexe 3 - Pr&#233;sidence du Conseil europ&#233;en, &#034;Agenda for the EU - Western Balkans Ministerial videoconference on Justice and Home Affairs on 22 October 2020&#034; &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Annexe 4 - Government of the Republic of Serbia, &#8220;Development Strategy of the Ministry of Interior for the period 2018-2023&#8221;, 2020&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Annexe 5 &#8211; D&#233;l&#233;gation de l'UE en Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine, &#034;Regular IPA II assistance on migration &amp; border control&#034;. Document sent by the EU delegation to Bosnia and Herzegovina on 28 January 2021&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Annexe 6 - Swiss State Secretariat for Migration (SEM), &#034;Support to efficient migration and border management in Bosnia and Herzegovina&#034;&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Annexe 7 - Conseil europ&#233;en, &#8220;EU-Western Balkans Justice and Home Affairs Dialogue - Senior Officials Meeting : Informal written consultation - Summary of the replies of the Western Balkans partners in the area of Home Affairs&#8221;, 18 juin 2020&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Annexe 8 &#8211; Pr&#233;sidence du Conseil europ&#233;en, &#8220;Enhancing Cooperation with the Western Balkan Countries : Combating Migrants Smuggling - Presidency Discussion Paper&#8221;, 14 janvier 2020&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;hr /&gt;
		&lt;div &lt;div class='rss_ps'&gt;&lt;p&gt;Toutes les notes de bas de page sont inclues dans le PDF attach&#233;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
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