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	<title>MIGREUROP</title>
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<item xml:lang="en">
		<title>Press Review May/June 2026</title>
		<link>http://migreurop.org/article3600.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">http://migreurop.org/article3600.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2026-07-10T05:53:09Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>en</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Camille</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>Egypte</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Libya</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Morocco</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Rwanda</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Royaume-Uni</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Autriche</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Cyprus</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Manche</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Greece</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Italy</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Albania</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Su&#232;de</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Suisse</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>France</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Union Europ&#233;enne</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Afghanistan</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Asile</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Detention</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Externalisation</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Freedom of movement</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Militarisation of borders</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Pacte europ&#233;en sur la migration et l'asile</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Migration policies </dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Racisme</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>r&#232;glement retour</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Forced returns</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Monitoring and control </dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Egypt/EU EuroNews, &#8220;EU pays Egypt billions to manage migration &#8212; Cairo says it is not enough&#8221;, 21 May 2026* &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Faced with the reception crisis currently affecting Egypt, Cairo is pressing the EU to increase its funding for &#8216;migration management'. The regime considers the &#8364;200 million allocation currently available to the country for the period 2024&#8211;2027 to be &#8216;insufficient'. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
As a key partner of the EU for almost 30 years in the externalisation of borders &#8211; a cornerstone of European (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/rubrique461.html" rel="directory"&gt;Press review&lt;/a&gt;

/ 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot193.html" rel="tag"&gt;Egypte&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot39.html" rel="tag"&gt;Libya&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot184.html" rel="tag"&gt;Morocco&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot201.html" rel="tag"&gt;Rwanda&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot202.html" rel="tag"&gt;Royaume-Uni&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot207.html" rel="tag"&gt;Autriche&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot45.html" rel="tag"&gt;Cyprus&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot213.html" rel="tag"&gt;Manche&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot33.html" rel="tag"&gt;Greece&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot20.html" rel="tag"&gt;Italy&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot182.html" rel="tag"&gt;Albania&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot55.html" rel="tag"&gt;Su&#232;de&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot34.html" rel="tag"&gt;Suisse&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot21.html" rel="tag"&gt;France&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot208.html" rel="tag"&gt;Union Europ&#233;enne&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot189.html" rel="tag"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot203.html" rel="tag"&gt;Asile&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot169.html" rel="tag"&gt;Detention&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot168.html" rel="tag"&gt;Externalisation&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot178.html" rel="tag"&gt;Freedom of movement&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot174.html" rel="tag"&gt;Militarisation of borders&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot204.html" rel="tag"&gt;Pacte europ&#233;en sur la migration et l'asile&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot194.html" rel="tag"&gt;Migration policies &lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot206.html" rel="tag"&gt;Racisme&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot227.html" rel="tag"&gt;r&#232;glement retour&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot176.html" rel="tag"&gt;Forced returns&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot195.html" rel="tag"&gt;Monitoring and control &lt;/a&gt;

		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L150xH150/visuel_rp_3_-3-f5686.png?1783662833' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='150' height='150' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;div class=&#034;cs_sommaire cs_sommaire_avec_fond&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire&#034;&gt; &lt;div class=&#034;cs_sommaire_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;div class=&#034;cs_sommaire_titre_avec_fond&#034;&gt; Sommaire &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#034;cs_sommaire_corps&#034;&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Egypt/EU&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_0'&gt;Egypt/EU&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Libya&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_1'&gt;Libya&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Morocco&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_2'&gt;Morocco&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Rwanda/United Kingdom&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_3'&gt;Rwanda/United Kingdom&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Austria&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_4'&gt;Austria&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Cyprus&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_5'&gt;Cyprus&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Greece&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_6'&gt;Greece&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Italy/Albania&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_7'&gt;Italy/Albania&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sweden&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_8'&gt;Sweden&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;United Kingdom&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_9'&gt;United Kingdom&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;United Kingdom/France&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_10'&gt;United Kingdom/France&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Switzerland&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_11'&gt;Switzerland&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Chisinau Declaration&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_12'&gt;Chisinau Declaration&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Entry into force of the Migration and Asylum Pact&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_13'&gt;Entry into force of the (&#8230;)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Final adoption of the &#8216;return' regulation&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_14'&gt;Final adoption of the &#8216;return'&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;A Taliban delegation in Brussels&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_15'&gt;A Taliban delegation in (&#8230;)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_0&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Egypt/EU&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;EuroNews, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.euronews.com/2026/05/21/eu-pays-egypt-billions-to-manage-migration-cairo-says-it-is-not-enough#https://www.euronews.com/2026/05/21/eu-pays-egypt-billions-to-manage-migration-cairo-says-it-is-not-enough&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;EU pays Egypt billions to manage migration &#8212; Cairo says it is not enough&#8221;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;, 21 May 2026&lt;/i&gt;*&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Faced with the reception crisis currently affecting Egypt, Cairo is pressing the EU to increase its funding for &#8216;migration management'. The regime considers the &#8364;200 million allocation currently available to the country for the period 2024&#8211;2027 to be &#8216;insufficient'.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;As a key partner of the EU for almost 30 years in the externalisation of borders &#8211; a cornerstone of European migration policy &#8211; Egypt wields considerable negotiating leverage. It would therefore come as no surprise if European funding were indeed increased, at a historic juncture when restrictions onmobility have become an absolute priority for the EU. This is despite systematic violations of migrants' rights in the country: migrants in Egypt are arbitrarily detained in inhuman and degrading conditions, and forced returns continue to rise&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See the EuroMed Rights factsheet on this subject, &#8216;Safe on paper, dangerous (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh1&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; . In March 2026, independent experts appointed by the UN Human Rights Council also warned of an intensification of deportations and violations of fundamental rights targeting migrants on Egyptian territory, in particular Sudanese and Syrian nationals&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See OHCHR, &#8220;Egypt: UN experts raise alarm over violations against refugees (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a id=&#034;_Toc3&#034;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_1&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Libya&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;France24, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.france24.com/fr/europe/20260519-libye-ange-de-la-mort-ancien-directeur-prison-libyen-cpi-khaled-el-hishri&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;&#8216;The Angel of Death': former Libyan prison director to appear before the ICC&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8221;, 19 May 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;From 19 to 21 May, Khaled Mohamed Ali El Hishri, a Libyan member of the Special Deterrence Forces militia and a senior official at Mitiga Prison in Tripoli, where he is alleged to have directly committed, ordered and facilitated multiple crimes between 2014 and 2020 (war crimes, crimes against humanity, torture, rape, murder and other acts of persecution). His victims are alleged to have been targeted on the basis of their gender, ethnic origin, sexual orientation and migration status. El Hishri is the first suspect to appear before the ICC for atrocities committed in Libya against migrantd persons, as part of the investigation conducted by the Court since 2011 under a UN mandate&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;14 people, including E Hishri, are currently the subject of international (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;After decades of impunity, the opening of these hearings represents a significant step forward for the victims of the Libyan detention system, which has been fuelled and supported by Europe through its border externalisation policies. Cooperation between the EU and its Member States (notably Italy) with Libya is based on three pillars: technical support and assistance provided to the &#8216;Libyan Department for Combating Illegal Immigration' (DCIM) &#8211; which manages the camps and prisons where migrants suffer serious human rights violations; training and equipping the Libyan coastguard to intercept people at sea and push them back to Libya; and the conclusion of agreements with local Libyan authorities and armed groups to strengthen border controls in the south of the country&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See, in particular, Amnesty International, &#8220;Libya: European governments are (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; . By continuing and strengthening its relations with Libya on migration matters, the EU is making itself complicit in the crimes currently under investigation by the ICC, as well as in the impunity that many of their perpetrators continue to enjoy&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;For further information, see the press release from Refugees in Libya, (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5&#034;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; . The case of Najim Isama Almasri clearly illustrates this long-standing complicity. A former head of the Libyan judicial police and an accomplice of El Hishri in the running of Mitiga, he too is the subject of an international arrest warrant issued by the ICC. When he was on Italian territory in early 2025, Rome sent him back to Libya on a state flight, without handing him over to the Court&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb6&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;This refusal to cooperate with the Court has led to two complaints being (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh6&#034;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb7&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Almasri was recently sentenced by a court in Tripoli to 7 years and 4 (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh7&#034;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;InfoMigrants, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/71751/jai-peur-je-ne-sors-plus-de-chez-moi--en-libye-les-noirs-se-terrent-terrifies-par-la-chasse-aux-migrants-qui-sevit-dans-le-pays&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;&#8216;I'm scared, I don't leave my house anymore': in Libya, Black people are going into hiding, terrified by the &#8216;hunt for migrants' raging across the country&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;', 5 June 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Since early June, Africans of sub-Saharan origin in Libya have been the target of a crackdown on migrants carried out by hostile individuals, the police and local militias. Many are hiding and no longer dare to leave their homes for fear of being attacked. This wave of violence follows anti-immigration protests outside the offices of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in Tripoli, sparked by false information circulated on social media about the existence of a fictitious refugee resettlement programme in Libya. The demonstrators were demanding that the UNHCR leave Libya and that refugee support services cease their activities. The UNHCR expressed concern over the demonstrators' hate speech and stated that it was working in cooperation with the Libyan authorities to find solutions for those who have fled conflict.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;However, as part of this escalation of violence, these same authorities have carried out mass round-ups in neighbourhoods where migrants live. It should also be noted that round-ups and arbitrary arrests of migrants by the Libyan authorities have long been documented in Libya. Those affected are detained in inhumane conditions and subjected to torture. Incidents of physical, psychological and sexual violence, as well as the abandonment of people in the desert, have also been extensively documented&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb8&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See, on this subject, the information on Libya on Migreurop, &#8220;The Maghreb (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh8&#034;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; . The UNHCR, whose mandate is to protect refugees in Libya, appears in reality to be serving as a &#8216;humanitarian fig leaf' to enable European states to continue their cooperation with a failed state where rights are systematically flouted&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb9&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See also Refugees in Libya, &#8220;Book of Shame. How UNHCR Fails to Protect (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh9&#034;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a id=&#034;_Toc4&#034;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_2&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Morocco&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;InfoMigrants, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/71287/on-te-traite-comme-du-betail--des-migrants-arretes-au-maroc-sur-la-route-de-melilla-racontent-leur-calvaire&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;&#8216;They treat you like cattle': migrants arrested in Morocco on their way to Melilla recount their ordeal&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;', 8 May 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In late April, seven Mauritanian nationals attempted to cross the only land border between Morocco and the Spanish-controlled enclave of Melilla. They were arrested by the police and subjected to degrading treatment (including beatings and the theft of their personal belongings), before being pushed back to the Moroccan-Algerian border.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This kind of violence is a daily reality for people attempting to reach the European enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla, located on the African continent. The border between Moroccan territory and these enclaves is heavily militarised: over the years, high barriers have been erected and a dense network of radar, thermal and infrared cameras has been deployed along the entire border, with the aim of preventing anyone from reaching the European territory. Forced returns are systematic and are often accompanied by physical violence and theft, perpetrated by both Moroccan and Spanish forces, whose collaboration on migration issues dates back to 1992 (agreement on the movement of persons, transit and the readmission of foreigners who have entered illegally). This cooperation has since been consolidated through a series of externalisation agreements (between Spain and Morocco, but also between the EU and Morocco), which have turned this country into a veritable &#8216;blockade zone' for migration. The systematic human rights violations in Ceuta and Melilla are emblematic of the process of building a closed-off Europe, and continue with complete impunity&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb10&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See on this subject Migreurop, &#8220;CEUTA Factsheet&#8221;, Isaline Roverato, 2024&#034; id=&#034;nh10&#034;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_3&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Rwanda/United Kingdom&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;BBC, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cy526klrk20o&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8216;UK wins court case over collapsed Rwanda asylum deal'&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, 1 June 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) has rejected Rwanda's claim for compensation against the United Kingdom, following the annulment of the migration arrangement concluded between the two states in 2022. The aim of this informal agreement was to deport to Rwanda foreign nationals who had arrived on British soil &#8216;irregularly' and whose applications for protection had been declared inadmissible. The UK Supreme Court had ruled that this arrangement was unlawful on the grounds that Rwanda could not be considered a safe country for refugees. In 2024, under the Starmer government, the agreement was finally cancelled and payments suspended. Rwanda then initiated arbitration proceedings in January 2026, claiming &#163;50 million in compensation from the United Kingdom.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This brings to a close a legal dispute that clearly illustrates the commercial logic inherent in border externalisation, which reduces asylum seekers to a bargaining chip, enabling, on the one hand, European countries to rid themselves of people deemed &#8216;undesirable', and, on the other, enabling non-European authoritarian regimes to secure financial inflows and achieve diplomatic rehabilitation as legitimate partners of European countries&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb11&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See also Migreurop, &#8220;UK&#8211;Rwanda Agreement: Outsourcing Asylum to Africa, a (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh11&#034;&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_4&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Austria&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;InfoMigrants, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/71504/austria-limits-refugee-family-reunification-under-new-quota-system&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8216;Austria limits refugee family reunification under new quota&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; system', 21 May 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The Austrian Parliament has passed a new law introducing annual caps on family reunification, the level of which has not yet been set. This law follows a measure suspending family reunification procedures adopted in 2025, justified on the grounds of an alleged &#8216;overburdening' of social services, and adopted by unjustifiably invoking the &#8216;emergency clause' provided for in Article 72 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb12&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See on this subject InfoMigrants, &#8220;Austria: family reunification suspended (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh12&#034;&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;With the introduction of this quota system, Austria is flouting its obligations regarding reception and protection: the law will result in the separation of families, in breach of the right to family life protected by Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights, as well as the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union and the European Court of Human Rights, which have established that quotas applied to family reunification are unlawful in the absence of an individual assessment of each situation&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb13&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See in particular Amnesty International Austria, &#8216;Nationalrat adopts quota (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh13&#034;&gt;13&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a id=&#034;_Toc8&#034;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_5&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cyprus&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;CyprusMail, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://cyprus-mail.com/2026/06/08/eu-earmarks-e800m-for-cyprus-to-tackle-immigration&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8216;EU earmarks &#8364;800m for Cyprus to tackle immigration'&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;, 8 June 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cyprus will receive 800 million euros from the EU for the period 2028&#8211;2034, earmarked for &#8216;migration management', representing a 70 per cent increase on the 480 million allocated for the period 2021&#8211;2027.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;To date, EU funding has been used to build camps, to facilitate forced returns (Cyprus has recorded an unprecedented number of deportations of migrants in recent years), or to step up operations to identify people without the right to remain. At the end of May, three migrant people jumped from a balcony in Larnaca to escape the intensifying raids across the country. One of them died&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb14&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See in particular Cyprus Mail, &#8220;Migrant dies following balcony jump during (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh14&#034;&gt;14&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cyprus has repeatedly been accused of and found guilty of violating the rights of migrants, including refoulement&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb15&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See on this subject Cyprus Mail, &#8216;UNHCR expresses concern over alleged (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh15&#034;&gt;15&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; . Yet the southern part of the island will continue to benefit from the EU's support and cooperation in its migration policies that infringe upon the rights and lives of migrants.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a id=&#034;_Toc9&#034;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_6&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Greece&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Al Jazeera, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/6/1/greece-reopens-syrian-and-afghan-asylum-cases-hoping-for-returns&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8216;Greece reopens Syrian and Afghan asylum cases, hoping for returns'&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;, 1 June 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Since February, Greece has reopened all asylum cases likely to be rejected. As part of this process, the cases of Syrian and Afghan nationals &#8211; particularly men &#8211; are being subject to almost systematic re-examination, with rejection rates rising sharply. This review appears to reflect a broader political desire to rid the country of Muslim migrants or those from predominantly Muslim countries by deporting them to regimes where serious human rights violations have been documented. The Minister for Migration and Asylum, Athanasios Plevris, has openly embraced this racist shift during a recent parliamentary hearing, stating that Greece prefers to welcome non-Muslim migrant workers.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Greece's strategy is part of a wider European climate of growing racism and Islamophobia. Several European countries, led by Germany, are now considering the forced return of Afghan and Syrian nationals, despite the extremely dangerous situation in their countries of origin. The European Union itself hosted a Taliban delegation in Brussels on 23 June, to negotiate the deportations of Afghans&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb16&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See below&#034; id=&#034;nh16&#034;&gt;16&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; , and has renewed its cooperation agreement with Syria &#8211; ending the partial suspension in place since 2011 &#8211; which reflects a desire to speed up the forced returns of Syrian refugees residing throughout Europe&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb17&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See, on this subject, The New Arab, &#8216;Eyeing migrant returns, EU moves to (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh17&#034;&gt;17&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a id=&#034;_Toc10&#034;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_7&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Italy/Albania&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;La Repubblica, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2026/05/11/news palazzo_chigi_centri_albania_migranti_hub_frontiera-425336592/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;Palazzo Chigi tries again: &#8216;Migrants picked up at sea to be held in centres in Albania'&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#8221;, 11 May 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The Italian government is reportedly working on a new decree under the Italy&#8211;Albania Memorandum of Understanding (2023). The aim is said to be to revert to the original plan to outsource the fast-track processing of asylum applications to the camps in Sh&#235;ngjin and Gjad&#235;r &#8211; under Italian jurisdiction. Those affected are migrants intercepted at sea by the Italian authorities, who come from so-called &#8216;safe' countries and are considered &#8216;non-vulnerable'. According to the government, this change would be made possible by the European Pact on Migration and Asylum, which came into force on 12 June 2026.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The initial project had so far been held up by several court rulings. The court in Rome has repeatedly refused to authorise detention in the camps in Albania, ruling that the countries of origin of the people concerned, such as Bangladesh and Egypt, could not be considered &#8216;safe' under European law&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb18&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See also &#8220;Rome court does not uphold the detention of migrants in Albania&#8221;, (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh18&#034;&gt;18&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; . To prevent these camps from becoming unused, Italy converted them in 2025 into Italian detention and deportation centres (CPRs)&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb19&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See SkyTG24, &#8216;How migrant centres in Albania work', 9 June 2025&#034; id=&#034;nh19&#034;&gt;19&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. The entry into force of the Pact could, however, remove these obstacles. The Pact does indeed allow a country to be classified as partially &#8216;safe' and facilitates the use of accelerated procedures for nationals of countries with a low asylum recognition rate (&lt; 20 per cent). Together with the new common European list of &#8216;safe countries of origin', these measures provide Italy with a more solid legal basis for reactivating the Albanian centres&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb20&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See Fanpage, &#8216;Why, under the new EU regulation, Meloni can reopen the (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh20&#034;&gt;20&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;However, doubts remain, particularly regarding Italy's ability to detain asylum seekers undergoing standard procedures on territory outside the EU &#8211; an issue referred to the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), which is expected to rule in the coming months&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb21&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See also Italian Coalition for Freedom and Civil Rights (CILD), &#8220;The (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh21&#034;&gt;21&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a id=&#034;_Toc11&#034;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_8&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sweden&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;InfoMigrants, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/71931/suede--le-parlement-vote-une-loi-obligeant-les-administrations-publiques-a-denoncer-les-sanspapiers&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8216;Sweden: Parliament passes law obliging public authorities to report undocumented migrants'&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; migrants', 16 June 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On Monday 15 June, the Swedish Parliament passed two bills aimed at stepping up the deportation of migrants. The first measure, known as the &#8216;snitch law', obliges six public authorities (employment, pensions, tax, debt, social insurance and the prison service) to report to the police any undocumented migrants with whom their staff come into contact. The second, known as the &#8216;good conduct' law, provides for the deportation of foreign nationals residing in Sweden who do not lead an &#8216;honest life'.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;These measures establish a state apparatus of control and coercion in Sweden, which will lead to racial profiling, discrimination based on appearance and serious infringements of migrants' rights. The &#8216;snitch law' risks preventing migrantd people from accessing social rights; they may forgo essential services &#8211; including going to hospital or school &#8211; for fear of being denounced. By systematically using government departments and public services as tools for surveillance, it foreshadows the &#8216;return' regulation &#8211; adopted on 17 June by the European Parliament &#8211; which authorises raids in public places and private homes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The &#8216;good conduct' law, does not specify the criteria for defining what would constitute &#8216;bad conduct'. Its discretionary nature exposes migrants to the risk of having their residence permits refused or revoked on the basis of behaviour that is neither illegal nor punishable for Swedish citizens. This amounts to the deliberate creation of legal uncertainty and the imposition of conditions on rights, which is dissuasive and contrary to the rule of law. These measures will foster fear and self-censorship amongst migrants.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;]] .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a id=&#034;_Toc13&#034;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_9&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;United Kingdom&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;France24, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.france24.com/fr/europe/20260609-attaque-%C3%A0-belfast-les-autorit%C3%A9s-appellent-au-calme-face-au-risque-de-violences-anti-immigr%C3%A9s&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8216;Violent anti-immigration protests in Belfast following an attack attributed to a&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; refugee'&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;, 9 June 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;France24, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.france24.com/fr/europe/20260613-%C3%A0-belfast-un-vaste-rassemblement-contre-le-racisme-apr%C3%A8s-des-%C3%A9meutes-anti-immigr%C3%A9s&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;Mass rally against racism in Belfast following anti-immigrant&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; riots&#8221;, 13 June 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On 9 June, anti-immigrant demonstrations took place in Belfast (Northern Ireland) in the wake of a knife attack attributed to a Sudanese national, footage of which was shared on social media. Neo-fascist groups set fire to cars and homes, most of which belonged to migrant people. A few days later, a large anti-racist demonstration was organised to condemn this wave of racist violence.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This incident illustrates a well-known pattern in several European countries and beyond: an offence or crime committed by a foreign national is exploited to target entire communities of migrants and to legitimise violent attacks and racially motivated intimidation against them. This dynamic is part of a context of a sharp rise in racism and the far right in the United Kingdom &#8211; visible both on social media and in public spaces (murals inciting racial hatred, anti-migrant rallies, etc.)&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb22&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See, in particular, the International Federation for Human Rights, &#8216;Northern (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh22&#034;&gt;22&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &#8211; which threatens the lives and safety of migrant people and non-white people.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;InfoMigrants, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/72119/au-royaumeuni-le-gouvernement-veut-etendre-laccueil-parraine-des-refugies&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8216;In the UK, the government wants to expand the sponsored refugee scheme'&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; scheme', 30 June 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On 30 June, the UK Home Secretary, Shabana Mahmood, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.gov.uk/government/news/mahmood-myreforms-will-save-the-asylum-system-for-a-generation&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;announced&lt;/a&gt; the introduction of a refugee sponsorship scheme, which will come into force in autumn 2027. In practice, universities, businesses and other organisations will now be able to sponsor a person recognised as a refugee under Article 1 of the&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.ohchr.org/fr/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-relating-status-refugees&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;1951 Geneva Convention&lt;/a&gt;, enabling them to settle legally in the UK. The organisations responsible for this sponsorship will be in charge of providing accommodation, facilitating integration and assisting with the selected individuals' entry into the labour market. The number of potential beneficiaries has not yet been specified, and applications will remain subject to strict government scrutiny.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This announcement comes against a backdrop of a general tightening of UK asylum policy. Sponsorship schemes are, in fact, frequently used by governments to project an image of selective generosity towards &#8216;genuine refugees' (Mahmood uses the term &lt;i&gt;&#8216;genuine &lt;/i&gt;refugees'), whilst diverting attention from deterrence policies that remain unchanged, or that are strengthened. Sponsorship schemes thus become instruments of a policy of selection, enabling states to set quotas for people entering their territory and to select certain categories of refugees based on their level of qualifications or their religion (church-sponsored schemes spring to mind)&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb23&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See on this subject Nikolas Feith Tan, &#8216;Community Sponsorship of Refugees (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh23&#034;&gt;23&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Furthermore, the state shrinks its responsibilities regarding protection and asylum by transferring a legal obligation to the private sector. Beyond the individual benefits that selected people may enjoy, this scheme, which is part of a highly repressive UK policy towards migrants, risks distorting the spirit of the right to asylum, which could then be reduced to &#8216;a neoliberal, privatised immigration scheme, reserved solely for highly skilled and educated migrants, or for certain ethnic or religious groups'&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb24&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Ibid., p. 258.&#034; id=&#034;nh24&#034;&gt;24&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a id=&#034;_Toc14&#034;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_10&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;United Kingdom/France&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Le Monde, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2026/06/23/migration-un-premier-pas-vers-une-europeanisation-de-la-gestion-des-traversees-de-la-manche_6708581_3210.html?search-type=classic&amp;ise_click_rank=2&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;Migration: a first step towards the Europeanisation of the management of Channel crossings&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#8221;, 23 June &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The &#8216;One in, one out' agreement (2025) between France and the United Kingdom will not be renewed after October 2026. It will be replaced by a &lt;a href=&#034;https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/document/download/ee521a9c-effe-494f-ae61-65ffcf778e46_en?filename=EU%20Action%20Plan%20for%20the%20Channel%20route.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;European Commission action plan&lt;/a&gt; for the Channel migration route, drawn up in partnership with the United Kingdom and published on June 16.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The &#8216;One in, one out' agreement currently stipulates that, for every asylum seeker the United Kingdom undertakes to admit through &#8216;legal channels', France agrees in return to readmit to its territory one person who has arrived in the United Kingdom so-called irregularly&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb25&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See on this subject the short documentary by MSF Frontlines, &#8216;One in, one (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh25&#034;&gt;25&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. The new action plan sets out a repressive approach centred on three pillars: strengthening diplomatic cooperation with countries of origin and transit to facilitate deportations; the &#8216;fight against people-smugglers' (which raises fears of increased criminalisation of migrants and solidarity organisations&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb26&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;On this point, see PICUM, &#8216;Migrant smuggling: why we need a paradigm shift', (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh26&#034;&gt;26&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; ); and increasing the resources allocated to law enforcement and border control. Unsurprisingly, the text refers to the need to curb &#8216;illegal' migration in order to deter people from undertaking dangerous journeys. This is a rhetorical ploy that obscures the fact that it is precisely the sealing off of borders that drives many people to continue undertaking these dangerous journeys.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a id=&#034;_Toc15&#034;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_11&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Switzerland&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Euractiv, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.euractiv.com/news/swiss-reject-divisive-anti-immigration-proposal-projections/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8216;Swiss reject divisive anti-immigration proposal&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;', 14 June 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On 14 June, 54 per cent of Swiss voters rejected the anti-immigration initiative &#8216;No to a Switzerland with 10 million!'. This initiative was put forward by the far-right SVP party and identified asylum seekers as the cause of thepopulation growth that, according to SVP, is jeopardising the country's &#8216;sustainability'. The text called for the permanent resident population to be kept below the ten-million mark by 2050, through repressive migration measures that contravened the country's obligations regarding reception and protection. Once the population reached 9.5 million, asylum seekers granted temporary leave would no longer have any prospect of remaining in the country. Should the population exceed 10 million, international agreements accused of encouraging population growth would have to be renegotiated or even withdrawn. The application of texts such as the Global Compact for Migration, the European Convention on Human Rights, the Geneva Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and the European Agreement on the Free Movement of Persons would be threatened&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb27&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See on this subject Amnesty International, &#8216;The &#8220;No Switzerland at 10 (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh27&#034;&gt;27&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The initiative failed thanks to strong opposition from employers' organisations and trade unions, which feared severe repercussions for employment and growth. Although many of the arguments in favour of a &#8216;no' vote were economic in nature, the rejection of the initiative remains a significant victory and a setback for the far right's vision of society. A vision that would have exposed migrants to a real risk of being turned back at the borders and of asylum procedures being suspended, and which would have led &#8211; through the possibility of renouncing international human rights agreements &#8211; to a general weakening of these protections for everyone, not just for migrants.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a id=&#034;_Toc17&#034;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_12&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Chisinau Declaration&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Euractiv, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.euractiv.com/news/european-countries-urge-rethink-of-human-rights-on-migration/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8216;European countries urge rethink of human rights on migration&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;', 15 May 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On 15 May 2026, the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe adopted a &lt;a href=&#034;https://rm.coe.int/pdf/09125948802bc2cc&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;declaration&lt;/a&gt; in Chisinau (Moldova) proposing a restrictive interpretation of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) in order to facilitate the deportation of migrants who have not been granted the right of residence or who have committed serious offences. The declaration proposes a reinterpretation of Article 8 (the right to respect for private and family life) to &#8216;rebalance' the individual rights of migrants against &#8216;the public interest and public security'. It also proposes narrowing the scope of Article 3 (prohibition of torture and inhuman or degrading treatment), so that insufficient access to healthcare or precarious socio-economic conditions in the country of deportation cannot constitute inhuman or degrading treatment that would prevent forced return. It should be noted, however, that Article 3 admits of no exceptions.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The Council of Europe has thus acted on the &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.gov.uk/government/news/joint-statement-to-the-conference-of-ministers-of-justice-of-the-council-of-europe&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;declaration&lt;/a&gt; issued in December 2025 by 27 member states calling for a more restrictive interpretation of the ECHR with regard to forced returns. Whilst the Chisinau Declaration remains non-binding in legal terms, it constitutes a worrying political development which will contribute &#8211; alongside recent European legislation (&#8216;safe' countries of origin, &#8216;safe' third countries, the &#8216;Return' Regulation) -to entrench in the collective imagination the need to systematise dangerous deportations, in the name of so-called security imperatives. It also constitutes political interference in the interpretation of the ECHR, illustrating a European trend towards challenging the legitimacy of the judiciary&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb28&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See on this subject Jo&#235;l Andriantsimbazovina, &#8216;Political pressure on the (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh28&#034;&gt;28&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; , which has been accused by several right-wing and far-right governments of favouring progressive positions on migration.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_13&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Entry into force of the Migration and Asylum Pact&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Mediapart, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/international/120626/pacte-sur-la-migration-et-l-asile-pour-l-union-europeenne-le-jour-de-la-honte&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8216;Migration and Asylum Pact: a day of shame for the European Union&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;', 12 June 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On 12 June, the European Pact on Migration and Asylum came into force. It constitutes a comprehensive reform of European policy in this area, introducing far-reaching changes at the EU's borders. It establishes new screening procedures for anyone arriving at the EU's external borders. Following this screening, some people may be subject to accelerated border asylum procedures, leading to deportation if their application is rejected. Throughout all these stages, people are deprived of their liberty, likely in isolated locations that are difficult for lawyers, doctors, journalists and civil society organisations to access. They are also kept in a legal &#8216;fiction of non-entry': whilst physically present on European soil, they are legally considered not to have entered. This enables states to deport them more easily, paving the way for lower standards of fundamental rights.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Deprivation of liberty is therefore becoming the norm, and access to asylum &#8211; as well as to an effective remedy &#8211; is drastically restricted. Indeed, more people will be subject to accelerated procedures, on the assumption that they do notrequire protection: those from countries where the asylum recognition rate in the EU is below 20 per cent, those from so-called &#8216;safe' countries of origin, and those suspected of posing a &#8216;threat to public order', a vague and undefined concept. Furthermore, if individuals subject to a deportation order appeal against that decision, their appeal will not have suspensive effect, and the Pact authorises deportation even before a final decision has been taken.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In short, this Pact institutionalises, at a European level, the detention, registration, screening and expulsion of migrants at Europe's borders.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a id=&#034;_Toc18&#034;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_14&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Final adoption of the &#8216;return' regulation&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;RFI, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20260617-migration-le-parlement-europ%C3%A9en-adopte-la-r%C3%A9forme-pr%C3%A9voyant-des-hubs-de-retour&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8216;Migration: the European Parliament adopts reform providing for &#8220;return hubs&#8221;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; hubs&#8221;', 17 June 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Le Monde, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/video/2026/06/17/renvoyez-les-scandent-des-elus-d-extreme-droite-au-parlement-europeen_6704287_823448.html?search-type=classic&amp;ise_click_rank=7&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;&#8216;Send them back!' chant far-right MEPs in the European Parliament&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8221;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;, 17 June 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On 17 June, the European Parliament gave final approval to the &#8216;return' regulation, amidst applause and racist chants from right-wing and far-right MEPs in the chamber, who shouted &#8220;Send them back!&#8221;. The text provides for a massive detention system (lasting up to two years, with the possibility of indefinite extension in the event of a threat to public security), the conversion of third countries into &#8216;return hubs', to which migrants may be deported even if they have no connection to those countries&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb29&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;A coalition of five Member States has already begun negotiations with third (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh29&#034;&gt;29&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; , as well as &#8216;investigative' measures authorising raids on homes and in public spaces, the seizure of electronic devices and the obligation to provide biometric data to the authorities.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The proposed measures cross a red line by establishing a regime of widespread surveillance within the EU: migrants without the right to reside will be subjected to a veritable manhunt and deported to countries known to be unsafe (European governments are currently considering deportations to Rwanda, Uganda, Libya, Egypt&#8230;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb30&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See Human Rights Watch, &#8216;Dangerous EU Momentum Towards Offshore Deportation (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh30&#034;&gt;30&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; ). This regulation institutionalises the violation of fundamental rights and international law: it will lead to breaches of the principle of non-refoulement, flout the right to private and family life, and expose migrantd people to inhuman and degrading treatment&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb31&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;For further reading, see in particular Migreurop, &#8216;Adoption of the EU (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh31&#034;&gt;31&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a id=&#034;_Toc20&#034;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_15&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A Taliban delegation in Brussels&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;InfoMigrants, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/72051/rencontre-inedite-entre-lue-et-des-responsables-talibans-pour-discuter-du-renvoi-des-afghans-vers-leur-pays-dorigine&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8216;Unprecedented meeting between the EU and Taliban officials to discuss the return of Afghans to their country of origin&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;', 24 June 2026 &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Euractiv, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://euractiv.com/fr/news/les-talibans-profitent-de-leur-visite-a-bruxelles-pour-demander-un-acces-consulaire-en-europe/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;The Taliban use their visit to Brussels to request consular access in&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; Europe&#8221;, 23 June 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On 23 June, members of the European Commission met with a Taliban delegation to continue negotiations on the forced return of Afghan nationals without the right to reside in the EU. In exchange for their cooperation with these deportations, the Taliban requested the restoration of consular services for Afghans across Europe.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Once again, the EU's anti-immigration obsession is leading to the normalisation of relations with a repressive regime, with the aim of deporting people at any cost&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb32&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Agreements with Libya or Turkey are further examples.&#034; id=&#034;nh32&#034;&gt;32&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; . As the restoration of consular services is a fundamental condition set by the Taliban, the end result of these negotiations risks being a de facto legitimisation of the Afghan regime, which has established gender apartheid&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb33&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;For further information, see Human Rights Watch, &#8216;Gender Apartheid as an (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh33&#034;&gt;33&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; and is responsible for the systematic violation of human rights in Afghanistan&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb34&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See also Amnesty International, &#8216;Afghanistan: the human rights situation in (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh34&#034;&gt;34&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; . By normalising its relations with the Taliban, the European Union is eroding its own standards on fundamental rights, pushing the boundaries of what is considered &#8216;acceptable' ever further. If these negotiations are successful, the Afghan nationals concerned risk being deported to face torture and death.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_6098 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_file spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;28&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt;
&lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/pdf/press_review_may_and_june_2026.pdf' class=&#034; spip_doc_lien&#034; title='PDF - 552.7 KiB' type=&#034;application/pdf&#034;&gt;&lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH500/visuel_rp_3_-2-16116.png?1783662833' width='500' height='500' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Press Review May/June 2026
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;hr /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_notes'&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb1&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 1&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See the EuroMed Rights factsheet on this subject, &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/IMG/pdf/egypt-infosheet-fr.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8216;Safe on paper, dangerous in reality: Egypt and the EU's return&lt;/a&gt; policy', June 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 2&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See OHCHR, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2026/03/egypt-un-experts-raise-alarm-over-violations-against-refugees-and-migrants&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Egypt: UN experts raise alarm over violations against refugees and&lt;/a&gt; migrants&#8221;, 6 March 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 3&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;14 people, including E Hishri, are currently the subject of international arrest warrants in connection with this investigation. Some of them have died, whilst others are on the run.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 4&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See, in particular, Amnesty International, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.amnesty.org/fr/latest/news/2017/12/libya-european-governments-complicit-in-horrific-abuse-of-refugees-and-migrants/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Libya: European governments are complicit in human rights violations against refugees and&lt;/a&gt; migrants&#8221;, 12 December 2017&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;For further information, see the press release from Refugees in Libya, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.refugeesinlibya.org/post/civil-society-statement-detention-crimes-in-libya-finally-before-the-icc-judges-to-decide-whether&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Civil society statement: Detention crimes in Libya finally before the ICC: Judges to decide whether El Hishri case moves to&lt;/a&gt; trial&#8221;, 11 May 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb6&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh6&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 6&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;This refusal to cooperate with the Court has led to two complaints being lodged against Italy with the European Court of Human Rights. See, on this subject, InfoMigrants, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/71639/litalie-visee-par-deux-plaintes-aupres-de-la-cedh-pour-avoir-libere-le-tortionnaire-de-migrants-libyen-osama-almasri-najim&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Italy facing two complaints with the ECHR for releasing the Libyan migrant torturer Osama Almasri&lt;/a&gt; Najim&#8221;, 1 June 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb7&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh7&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 7&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Almasri was recently sentenced by a court in Tripoli to 7 years and 4 months' imprisonment, whilst still being the subject of an arrest warrant issued by the ICC. Libya, which is not a signatory to the Rome Statute (the founding treaty of the ICC), is not obliged to hand him over to the Court. See in this regard Il Post, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.ilpost.it/2026/06/21/almasri-condannato-libia-tortura-migranti/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;General Almasri has been sentenced in Libya to 7 years and 4 months for acts of violence against&lt;/a&gt; migrants&#8221;, 21 June 2026.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb8&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh8&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 8&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See, on this subject, the information on Libya on Migreurop, &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article3565.html?lang_article=fr&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;The Maghreb states and the European Union are guilty of systematic violations of international law and crimes against&lt;/a&gt; humanity&#8221;, 7 April 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb9&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh9&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 9&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See also Refugees in Libya, &lt;a href=&#034;file:///C:/Users/admin/Downloads/Book%20of%20Shame%202025%20Vol.%20I.%20.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034;&gt;&#8220;Book of Shame. How UNHCR Fails to Protect Refugees in Libya, Tunisia, and&lt;/a&gt; Niger&#8221;, 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb10&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh10&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 10&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See on this subject Migreurop, &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/IMG/pdf/fiche_pays_ceuta_0624_ok_def.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;CEUTA&lt;/a&gt; Factsheet&#8221;, Isaline Roverato, 2024&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb11&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh11&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 11&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See also Migreurop, &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/IMG/pdf/cp_migreurop_rwanda_jun_22_-_fr.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;UK&#8211;Rwanda Agreement: Outsourcing Asylum to Africa, a Massive Deterrent in&lt;/a&gt; Europe&#8221;, 20 June 2022&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb12&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh12&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 12&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See on this subject InfoMigrants, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/68792/autriche--le-regroupement-familial-suspendu-pour-six-mois-supplementaires&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Austria: family reunification suspended for a further six&lt;/a&gt; months&#8221;, 12 December 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb13&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh13&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 13&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;13&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See in particular Amnesty International Austria, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.amnesty.at/presse/nationalrat-beschliesst-quotensystem-bei-familienzusammenfuehrung-amnesty-warnt-vor-verstoss-gegen-menschenrechte/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8216;Nationalrat adopts quota system for family reunification: Amnesty warns of human rights&lt;/a&gt; violations', 19 May 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb14&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh14&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 14&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;14&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See in particular Cyprus Mail, &lt;a href=&#034;https://cyprus-mail.com/2026/05/27/migrant-dies-following-balcony-jump-during-immigration-raid&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Migrant dies following balcony jump during immigration&lt;/a&gt; raid&#8221;, 27 May 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb15&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh15&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 15&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;15&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See on this subject Cyprus Mail, &lt;a href=&#034;https://cyprus-mail.com/2025/03/19/unhcr-expresses-concern-over-alleged-pushback-of-syrian-refugees&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8216;UNHCR expresses concern over alleged pushback of Syrian&lt;/a&gt; refugees', 19 March 2025 and InfoMigrants, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/bn/post/60432/chypre-condamnee-par-la-cedh-pour-le-refoulement-en-mer-de-deux-syriens&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8216;Cyprus condemned by the ECHR for pushing back two Syrians at&lt;/a&gt; sea', 9 October 2024&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb16&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh16&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 16&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;16&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See below&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb17&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh17&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 17&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;17&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See, on this subject, The New Arab, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.newarab.com/news/eyeing-migrant-returns-eu-moves-bolster-syria-ties&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8216;Eyeing migrant returns, EU moves to bolster Syria&lt;/a&gt; ties', 12 May 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb18&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh18&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 18&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;18&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See also &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.internazionale.it/notizie/annalisa-camilli/2024/10/18/tribunale-di-roma-migranti-albania&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Rome court does not uphold the detention of migrants in&lt;/a&gt; Albania&#8221;, 18 October 2024&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb19&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh19&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 19&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;19&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See SkyTG24, &lt;a href=&#034;https://tg24.sky.it/cronaca/2025/06/09/centri-migranti-albania-come-funzionano-costi&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8216;How migrant centres in Albania&lt;/a&gt; work', 9 June 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb20&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh20&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 20&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;20&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See Fanpage, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.fanpage.it/politica/perche-con-il-nuovo-regolamento-ue-il-governo-meloni-puo-sbloccare-i-centri-in-albania/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8216;Why, under the new EU regulation, Meloni can reopen the centres in&lt;/a&gt; Albania', 10 December 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb21&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh21&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 21&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;21&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See also Italian Coalition for Freedom and Civil Rights (CILD), &lt;a href=&#034;https://cild.eu/blog/2025/12/10/il-protocollo-italia-albania-alla-corte-di-giustizia-ue/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;The Italy-Albania Protocol before the Court of Justice of the&lt;/a&gt; EU&#8221;, 10 December 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb22&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh22&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 22&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;22&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See, in particular, the International Federation for Human Rights, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.fidh.org/fr/regions/europe-asie-centrale/irlande/irlande-du-nord-les-violences-et-intimidations-racistes-doivent&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8216;Northern Ireland: racist violence and intimidation must&lt;/a&gt; stop', 11 June 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb23&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh23&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 23&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;23&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See on this subject Nikolas Feith Tan, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/0ECC0E27C5A586A214BB3D846CCA9788/9781316517840c10_252-271.pdf/community-sponsorship-of-refugees-and-local-governance.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8216;Community Sponsorship of Refugees and Local&lt;/a&gt; Governance', in &lt;i&gt;Theorising Local Migration Law and Governance&lt;/i&gt;, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2022, pp. 252&#8211;271&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb24&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh24&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 24&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;24&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Ibid., p. 258.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb25&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh25&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 25&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;25&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See on this subject the short documentary by MSF Frontlines, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_KqOv3ssnHc&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8216;One in, one out: thousands of lives at&lt;/a&gt; risk', 21 May 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb26&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh26&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 26&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;26&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;On this point, see PICUM, &lt;a href=&#034;https://picum.org/blog/migrant-smuggling-why-we-need-a-paradigm-shift/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8216;Migrant smuggling: why we need a paradigm&lt;/a&gt; shift', 18 July 2022&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb27&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh27&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 27&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;27&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See on this subject Amnesty International, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.amnesty.ch/fr/pays/suisse/pas-de-suisse-a-10-millions&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8216;The &#8220;No Switzerland at 10 million&#8221; initiative: a frontal attack on the protection of human&lt;/a&gt; rights', 7 May 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb28&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh28&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 28&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;28&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See on this subject Jo&#235;l Andriantsimbazovina, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.leclubdesjuristes.com/international/pressions-politiques-sur-la-cour-europeenne-des-droits-de-lhomme-11031/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8216;Political pressure on the European Court of Human&lt;/a&gt; Rights', Le Club des Juristes, 12 June 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb29&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh29&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 29&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;29&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;A coalition of five Member States has already begun negotiations with third countries with a view to establishing &lt;i&gt;return hubs&lt;/i&gt;. See Euractiv, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.euractiv.com/news/eu-return-hub-backers-eye-partner-countries-reveal-by-autumn-says-dutch-minister/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;EU return hubs to be revealed by autumn, says Dutch&lt;/a&gt; minister&#8221;, 5 June 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb30&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh30&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 30&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;30&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See Human Rights Watch, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.hrw.org/news/2026/06/26/dangerous-eu-momentum-towards-offshore-deportation-centers&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8216;Dangerous EU Momentum Towards Offshore Deportation&lt;/a&gt; Centres', 26 June 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb31&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh31&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 31&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;31&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;For further reading, see in particular Migreurop, &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article3560.html?lang_article=fr&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8216;Adoption of the EU &#8220;Return&#8221; Regulation: the death knell for international&lt;/a&gt; law', 26 March 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb32&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh32&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 32&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;32&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Agreements with Libya or Turkey are further examples.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb33&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh33&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 33&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;33&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;For further information, see Human Rights Watch, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.hrw.org/news/2025/09/02/gender-apartheid-as-an-international-crime&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8216;Gender Apartheid as an International Crime: Taliban Oppression in Afghanistan Triggers&lt;/a&gt; Campaign', 2 September 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb34&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh34&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 34&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;34&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See also Amnesty International, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.amnesty.org/fr/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-asia/afghanistan/report-afghanistan/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8216;Afghanistan: the human rights situation in 2025', 2026&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		</content:encoded>


		

	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Revue de presse mai/juin 2026</title>
		<link>http://migreurop.org/article3599.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">http://migreurop.org/article3599.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2026-07-09T16:27:48Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		


		<dc:subject>Egypte</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Libye</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Maroc</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Rwanda</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Autriche</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Chypre</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Manche</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Gr&#232;ce</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Italie</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Albanie</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Su&#232;de</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Royaume-Uni</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>France</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Afghanistan</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Suisse</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Union Europ&#233;enne</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Asile</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Enfermement</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Externalisation</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Militarisation des fronti&#232;res</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Pacte europ&#233;en sur la migration et l'asile</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Politiques migratoires</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Racisme</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Pays s&#251;rs</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>r&#232;glement retour</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Renvois forc&#233;s</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Surveillance et contr&#244;le</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;&#201;gypte/UE EuroNews, &#171; EU pays Egypt billions to manage migration &#8212; Cairo says it is not enough &#187;, le 21 mai 2026 &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Face &#224; la crise de l'accueil &#224; laquelle l'&#201;gypte est actuellement confront&#233;e, le Caire presse l'UE d'augmenter ses financements en mati&#232;re de &#171; gestion des migrations &#187;.Le r&#233;gime juge &#171; insuffisante &#187; l'enveloppe de 200 millions d'euros d&#233;di&#233;e dont le pays b&#233;n&#233;ficie actuellement, pour la p&#233;riode 2024-2027. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Depuis presque 30 ans partenaire cl&#233; de l'Union en mati&#232;re (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


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&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/rubrique461.html" rel="directory"&gt;Revues de presse&lt;/a&gt;

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&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot195.html" rel="tag"&gt;Surveillance et contr&#244;le&lt;/a&gt;

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 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L150xH150/visuel_rp-3-68eca.png?1783614546' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='150' height='150' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;div class=&#034;cs_sommaire cs_sommaire_avec_fond&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire&#034;&gt; &lt;div class=&#034;cs_sommaire_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;div class=&#034;cs_sommaire_titre_avec_fond&#034;&gt; Sommaire &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#034;cs_sommaire_corps&#034;&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;&#201;gypte/UE&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_0'&gt;&#201;gypte/UE&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Libye&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_1'&gt;Libye&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Maroc&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_2'&gt;Maroc&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Rwanda/Royaume-Uni&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_3'&gt;Rwanda/Royaume-Uni&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Autriche&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_4'&gt;Autriche&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Chypre&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_5'&gt;Chypre&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Gr&#232;ce&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_6'&gt;Gr&#232;ce&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Italie/Albanie&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_7'&gt;Italie/Albanie&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Su&#232;de&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_8'&gt;Su&#232;de&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Royaume-Uni&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_9'&gt;Royaume-Uni&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Royaume-Uni/France&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_10'&gt;Royaume-Uni/France&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Suisse&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_11'&gt;Suisse&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;D&#233;claration de Chisinau&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_12'&gt;D&#233;claration de Chisinau&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Entr&#233;e en application du Pacte migration et asile&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_13'&gt;Entr&#233;e en application du (&#8230;)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Adoption d&#233;finitive du r&#232;glement &#171; retour &#187;&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_14'&gt;Adoption d&#233;finitive du r&#232;gleme&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Une d&#233;l&#233;gation de Talibans &#224; Bruxelles&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_15'&gt;Une d&#233;l&#233;gation de Talibans (&#8230;)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_0&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&#201;gypte/UE&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;EuroNews, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.euronews.com/2026/05/21/eu-pays-egypt-billions-to-manage-migration-cairo-says-it-is-not-enough&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;EU pays Egypt billions to manage migration &#8212; Cairo says it is not enough&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 21 mai 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Face &#224; la crise de l'accueil &#224; laquelle l'&#201;gypte est actuellement confront&#233;e, le Caire presse l'UE d'augmenter ses financements en mati&#232;re de &#171; gestion des migrations &#187;.Le r&#233;gime juge &#171; insuffisante &#187; l'enveloppe de 200 millions d'euros d&#233;di&#233;e dont le pays b&#233;n&#233;ficie actuellement, pour la p&#233;riode 2024-2027.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Depuis presque 30 ans partenaire cl&#233; de l'Union en mati&#232;re d'externalisation des fronti&#232;res &#8211; pilier de la politique migratoire europ&#233;enne &#8211;, l'&#201;gypte dispose d'un levier de n&#233;gociation consid&#233;rable. Il ne serait d&#232;s lors pas surprenant que les financements europ&#233;ens soient effectivement revus &#224; la hausse, dans une p&#233;riode historique o&#249; les entraves &#224; la mobilit&#233; sont devenues une priorit&#233; absolue pour l'UE.Ce, en d&#233;pit des violations syst&#233;matiques des droits des personnes migrantes dans le pays : les exil&#233;&#183;es en &#201;gypte sont d&#233;tenu&#183;es arbitrairement dans des conditions inhumaines et d&#233;gradantes, et les refoulements continuent d'augmenter&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet la fiche d'information d'EuroMed Droits, &#171; S&#251;r sur le (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-1&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. En mars 2026, des expert&#183;es ind&#233;pendant&#183;es mandat&#233;&#183;es par le Conseil des droits de l'Homme de l'ONU ont par ailleurs alert&#233; sur une intensification des expulsions et des violations des droits fondamentaux visant les personnes exil&#233;es sur le territoire &#233;gyptien, en particulier les ressortissant&#183;es soudanais&#183;es et syrien&#183;nes&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir HCDH, &#171; Egypt : UN experts raise alarm over violations against refugees (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-2&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_1&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Libye&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;France24, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.france24.com/fr/europe/20260519-libye-ange-de-la-mort-ancien-directeur-prison-libyen-cpi-khaled-el-hishri&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;L'ange de la mort' : un ancien directeur de prison libyen devant la CPI&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 19 mai 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Du 19 au 21 mai, comparaissait devant la Cour p&#233;nale internationale (CPI), en audience pr&#233;liminaire, Khaled Mohamed Ali El Hishri, membre libyen de la milice des forces sp&#233;ciales de dissuasion et haut responsable de la prison de Mitiga &#224; Tripoli, o&#249; il aurait directement commis, ordonn&#233; et facilit&#233; de multiples crimes entre 2014 et 2020 (crimes de guerre, crimes contre l'humanit&#233;, tortures, viols, meurtres, et autres pers&#233;cutions). Ses victimes auraient &#233;t&#233; cibl&#233;es en fonction de leur genre, de leur origine ethnique, de leur orientation sexuelle et de leur statut migratoire. El Hishri est le premier suspect &#224; compara&#238;tre devant la CPI pour des atrocit&#233;s commises en Libye contre les personnes exil&#233;es,dans le cadre de l'enqu&#234;te men&#233;e depuis 2011 par la Cour, sous mandat de l'ONU&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;14 personnes, dont E Hishri,font actuellement l'objet de mandats (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-3&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Apr&#232;s des d&#233;cennies d'impunit&#233;, l'ouverture de ces audiences constitue une avanc&#233;e importante pour les victimes du syst&#232;me de d&#233;tention libyen, aliment&#233; et soutenu par l'Europe &#224; travers ses politiques d'externalisation des fronti&#232;res. La coop&#233;ration de l'UE et de ses &#201;tats membres (notamment l'Italie) avec la Libye repose sur trois piliers : le soutien technique et l'assistance apport&#233;s au &#171; d&#233;partement libyen de lutte contre l'immigration ill&#233;gale &#187; (DCIM) - qui g&#232;re les camps et les prisons o&#249; les personnes migrantes subissent de graves violations des droits humains - ; la formation et l'&#233;quipement des garde-c&#244;tes libyens afin d'intercepter les personnes en mer et de les refouler vers la Libye ; la conclusion d'accords avec les autorit&#233;s locales libyennes et les groupes arm&#233;s en vue de renforcer les contr&#244;les des fronti&#232;res dans le sud du pays&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir notamment Amnesty International, &#171; Libye. Les gouvernements europ&#233;ens (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-4&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. En poursuivant et en renfor&#231;ant ses relations avec la Libye en mati&#232;re de migrations, l'UE se rend complice des crimes aujourd'hui examin&#233;s par la CPI, ainsi que de l'impunit&#233; dont continuent de b&#233;n&#233;ficier plusieurs de leurs auteurs&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-5&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Pour en savoir plus, voir le communiqu&#233; de Refugees in Libya, &#171; Civil (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-5&#034;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.Le cas de Najim Isama Almasri illustre bien cette complicit&#233; de longue date. Ancien chef de la police judiciaire libyenne et complice d'El Hishri dans la gestion de Mitiga, il fait lui aussi l'objet d'un mandat d'arr&#234;t international de la CPI.Lorsqu'il se trouvait sur le territoire italien d&#233;but 2025, Rome l'a renvoy&#233; en Libye &#224; bord d'un vol d'&#201;tat, sans le remettre &#224; la Cour&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-6&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Ce refus de coop&#233;rer avec la Cour a valu &#224; l'Italie deux plaintes devant la (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-6&#034;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-7&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Almasri a r&#233;cemment &#233;t&#233; condamn&#233; par un tribunal de Tripoli &#224; 7 ans et 4 (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-7&#034;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;InfoMigrants, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/71751/jai-peur-je-ne-sors-plus-de-chez-moi--en-libye-les-noirs-se-terrent-terrifies-par-la-chasse-aux-migrants-qui-sevit-dans-le-pays&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;'J'ai peur, je ne sors plus de chez moi' : en Libye, les Noirs se terrent, terrifi&#233;s par 'la chasse aux migrants' qui s&#233;vit dans le pays&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 5 juin 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Depuis d&#233;but juin, les Africain&#183;es d'origine subsaharienne en Libye sont la cible d'une chasse aux migrant&#183;es men&#233;e &#224; la fois par des citoyen&#183;nes hostiles, par les forces de police et par des milices locales. Beaucoup se cachent et n'osent plus sortir de chez eux de peur d'&#234;tre attaqu&#233;&#183;es. Cette vague de violences fait suite &#224; des manifestations anti-immigration devant les locaux du Haut-Commissariat des Nations Unies pour les r&#233;fugi&#233;s (HCR) &#224; Tripoli, d&#233;clench&#233;es par de fausses informations diffus&#233;es sur les r&#233;seaux sociauxsur l'existence d'un programme imaginaire de r&#233;installation de r&#233;fugi&#233;&#183;es en Libye. Les manifestant&#183;es r&#233;clamaient le d&#233;part du HCR de Libye et la cessation des activit&#233;s des services d'aide aux r&#233;fugi&#233;&#183;es. Le HCR s'est dit inquiet des discours de haine des manifestant&#183;es, et a indiqu&#233; travailler en coop&#233;ration avec les autorit&#233;s libyennespour trouver des solutions aux personnes qui ont fui les conflits.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pourtant, ces m&#234;mes autorit&#233;s ont men&#233;, dans le cadre de cette escalade de violence, des rafles massives dans les quartiers o&#249; vivent les personnes exil&#233;es. Il convient par ailleurs de pr&#233;ciser que les rafles et les arrestations arbitraires de personnes migrantes par les autorit&#233;s libyennes sont delongue daterecens&#233;es en Libye. Les personnes concern&#233;&#183;es sont d&#233;tenu&#183;es dans des conditions inhumaines et soumis&#183;es &#224; la torture. Les faits de violences physiques, psychologiques et sexuelles ainsi que l'abandon &#224; la mort dans le d&#233;sert ont &#233;t&#233; &#233;galement largement document&#233;s&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-8&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet les informations relatives &#224; la Libye sur Migreurop, &#171; Les (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-8&#034;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Le HCR, dont le mandat est de prot&#233;ger les r&#233;fugi&#233;&#183;es en Libye, semble en r&#233;alit&#233; servir de &#171; caution humanitaire &#187; pour permettre aux &#201;tats europ&#233;ens de poursuivreleur coop&#233;ration avec un &#201;tat failli, o&#249; les droits sont syst&#233;matiquement bafou&#233;s&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-9&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet Refugees in Libya, &#171; Book of Shame. How UNHCR Fails to (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-9&#034;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_2&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Maroc&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;InfoMigrants, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/71287/on-te-traite-comme-du-betail--des-migrants-arretes-au-maroc-sur-la-route-de-melilla-racontent-leur-calvaire&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;'On te traite comme du b&#233;tail' : des migrants arr&#234;t&#233;s au Maroc sur la route de Melilla racontent leur calvaire&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 8 mai 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Fin avril, sept personnes de nationalit&#233; mauritanienne ont tent&#233; de franchir la seule fronti&#232;re terrestre entre le Maroc et l'enclave de Melilla, sous contr&#244;le espagnol. Arr&#234;t&#233;es par la police, elles ont &#233;t&#233; soumises &#224; des traitements d&#233;gradants (dont passages &#224; tabac et vol de leurs effets personnels) avant d'&#234;tre refoul&#233;es &#224; la fronti&#232;re maroco-alg&#233;rienne.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ce type de violence est une r&#233;alit&#233; quotidienne pour les personnes qui tentent de rejoindre les territoires de Ceuta et Melilla, situ&#233;es sur le continent africain mais sous contr&#244;le europ&#233;en. La fronti&#232;re entre le territoire marocain et ces enclaves est hautement militaris&#233;e : au fil des ann&#233;es, de hautes barri&#232;res ont &#233;t&#233; &#233;rig&#233;es et un dispositif dense de radars, cam&#233;ras thermiques et infrarouges a &#233;t&#233; d&#233;ploy&#233; tout au long de la ligne frontali&#232;re, dans le but d'emp&#234;cher toute arriv&#233;e sur le sol europ&#233;en. Les refoulements y sont syst&#233;matiques et s'accompagnent souvent de violences physiques et de vols, perp&#233;tr&#233;s tant par les forces marocaines que par les forces espagnoles, dont la collaboration en mati&#232;re de migrations remonte &#224; 1992 (accord sur la circulation des personnes, du transit et de la r&#233;admission des &#233;trangers entr&#233;s ill&#233;galement). Cette coop&#233;ration s'est depuis consolid&#233;e par une s&#233;rie d'accords d'externalisation (entre l'Espagne et le Maroc, mais aussi entre l'UE et le Maroc), qui ont fait de ce pays une v&#233;ritable &#171; zone de blocage &#187; des migrations. Les violations syst&#233;matiques des droits humains &#224; Ceuta et Melilla sont embl&#233;matiques du processus de construction d'une Europe verrouill&#233;e, et se poursuivent en toute impunit&#233;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-10&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet Migreurop, &#171; Fiche CEUTA &#187;, Isaline Roverato, 2024&#034; id=&#034;nh2-10&#034;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_3&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Rwanda/Royaume-Uni&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;BBC, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cy526klrk20o&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;UK wins court case over collapsed Rwanda asylum deal&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;, le 1er juin 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La Cour permanente d'arbitrage (CPA) a rejet&#233; la demande d'indemnisation pr&#233;sent&#233;e par le Rwanda &#224; l'encontre du Royaume-Uni, dans le cadre de l'annulation de l'arrangement migratoire conclu entre les deux &#201;tats en 2022. L'objectif de cet accord informel &#233;tait d'expulser vers le Rwanda les personnes &#233;trang&#232;res arriv&#233;es sur le territoire britannique de mani&#232;re dite &#171; irr&#233;guli&#232;re &#187;, dontla demande de protection avait &#233;t&#233; d&#233;clar&#233;e irrecevable. La Cour supr&#234;me britannique avait d&#233;clar&#233; cet arrangement ill&#233;gal du fait que le Rwanda ne pouvait &#234;tre consid&#233;r&#233; comme un pays s&#251;r pour les exil&#233;&#183;es. En 2024, sous le gouvernement Starmer, l'accord avait finalement &#233;t&#233; annul&#233; et les paiements suspendus. Le Rwanda avait alors engag&#233; une proc&#233;dure d'arbitrage en janvier 2026, r&#233;clamant au Royaume-Uni une indemnisation de 50 millions de livres sterling.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Se cl&#244;t ainsi un contentieux qui illustre bien la logique marchande propre &#224; l'externalisation, qui r&#233;duit les exil&#233;&#183;es &#224; une monnaie d'&#233;change permettant d'un c&#244;t&#233; aux pays europ&#233;ens de se d&#233;barrasser des personnes consid&#233;r&#233;es &#171; ind&#233;sirables &#187;, et de l'autre aux r&#233;gimes autoritaires non europ&#233;ens de s'assurer des rentr&#233;es financi&#232;res et d'obtenir une r&#233;habilitation diplomatique en tant que partenaires l&#233;gitimes aupr&#232;s des pays europ&#233;ens&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-11&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir en ce sens Migreurop, &#171; Arrangement Royaume-Uni/Rwanda : externaliser (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-11&#034;&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_4&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Autriche&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;InfoMigrants, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/71504/austria-limits-refugee-family-reunification-under-new-quota-system&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; hreflang=&#034;fr&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Austria limits refugee family reunification under new quota system&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 21 mai 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le Parlement autrichien a adopt&#233; une nouvelle loi instaurant des plafonds annuels pour le regroupement familial, dont le niveau n'a pas encore &#233;t&#233; fix&#233;. Cette loi fait suite &#224; une mesure de suspension des proc&#233;dures de regroupement familial adopt&#233;e en 2025, motiv&#233;e par une pr&#233;tendue &#171; surcharge &#187; des services sociaux, et adopt&#233;e en invoquant de mani&#232;re injustifi&#233;e la &#171; clause d'urgence &#187; pr&#233;vue &#224; l'article 72 du Trait&#233; sur le fonctionnement de l'Union europ&#233;enne&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-12&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet InfoMigrants, &#171; Autriche : le regroupement familial suspendu (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-12&#034;&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Avec l'introduction de ce syst&#232;me de quotas, l'Autriche bafoue ses obligations en mati&#232;re d'accueil et de protection : la loi entra&#238;nera une s&#233;paration des familles, en violation du droit &#224; la vie familiale prot&#233;g&#233; par l'article 8 de la Convention europ&#233;enne des droits de l'Homme, ainsi que de la jurisprudence de la Cour de justice de l'UE et de la Cour europ&#233;enne des droits de l'Homme, qui ont &#233;tabli l'irr&#233;gularit&#233; de quotasappliqu&#233;s au regroupement familial en l'absence d'examen individuel de chaque situation&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-13&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir notamment Amnesty International Austriche, &#171; Nationalrat beschlie&#223;t (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-13&#034;&gt;13&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a id=&#034;_Toc8&#034;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_5&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Chypre&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;CyprusMail, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://cyprus-mail.com/2026/06/08/eu-earmarks-e800m-for-cyprus-to-tackle-immigration&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;EU earmarks &#8364;800m for Cyprus to tackle immigration&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 8 juin 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Chypre recevra 800 millions d'euros de l'UE pour la p&#233;riode 2028-2034, destin&#233;s &#224; la &#171; gestion de l'immigration &#187;, soit une hausse de 70 % par rapport aux 480 millions allou&#233;s pour la p&#233;riode 2021-2027.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Jusqu'ici, les financements europ&#233;ens ont &#233;t&#233; utilis&#233;s pour construire des camps, &#224; faciliter les renvois forc&#233;s(Chypre a enregistr&#233; ces derni&#232;res ann&#233;es un nombre d'expulsions de personnes migrantes sans pr&#233;c&#233;dent), ou &#224; renforcer les op&#233;rations de d&#233;tection des personnes d&#233;pourvues de droit au s&#233;jour. Fin mai, trois personnes exil&#233;es ont saut&#233; d'un balcon &#224; Larnaca pour &#233;chapper aux rafles qui s'intensifient dans le pays. L'une d'elles est d&#233;c&#233;d&#233;e&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-14&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir notamment Cyprus Mail, &#171; Migrant dies following balcony jump during (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-14&#034;&gt;14&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Chypre a &#233;t&#233; &#224; plusieurs reprises accus&#233;e et reconnue coupable de violations des droits des personnes migrantes, notamment de refoulements&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-15&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet Cyprus Mail, &#171; UNHCR expresses concern over alleged pushback (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-15&#034;&gt;15&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Pourtant, la partie sud de l'&#238;le continuera de b&#233;n&#233;ficier du soutien et de la collaboration de l'UE dans ses politiques migratoires attentatoires aux droits et &#224; la vie des exil&#233;&#183;es.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a id=&#034;_Toc9&#034;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_6&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Gr&#232;ce&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Al Jazeera, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/6/1/greece-reopens-syrian-and-afghan-asylum-cases-hoping-for-returns&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Greece reopens Syrian and Afghan asylum cases, hoping for returns&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 1 juin 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Depuis f&#233;vrier, la Gr&#232;ce a rouvert l'ensemble des dossiers d'asile susceptibles d'&#234;tre rejet&#233;s. Dans ce cadre, les dossiers des ressortissant&#183;es syrien&#183;nes et afghan&#183;es, et particuli&#232;rement des hommes, font l'objet d'un r&#233;examen quasi syst&#233;matique, avec des taux de rejet en forte hausse.Cette r&#233;vision r&#233;v&#233;lerait une volont&#233; politique plus large de se d&#233;barrasser des exil&#233;&#183;es musulman&#183;es ou originaires de pays &#224; majorit&#233; musulmane, en les expulsant vers des r&#233;gimes o&#249; de graves violations des droits humains sont document&#233;es. Le ministre de la migration et de l'asile, Athanasios Plevris, a par ailleurs assum&#233; ce virage raciste sans d&#233;tour lors d'une r&#233;cente audition parlementaire, d&#233;clarant que la Gr&#232;ce pr&#233;f&#233;rait accueillir des travailleur&#183;ses migrant&#183;es non musulman&#183;es.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La strat&#233;gie grecque s'inscrit dans un climat europ&#233;en de racisme et d'islamophobie croissants. Plusieurs pays europ&#233;ens, l'Allemagne au premier rang, envisagent d&#233;sormais des renvois forc&#233;s de ressortissant&#183;es afghan&#183;es et syrien&#183;nes, en d&#233;pit de la situation extr&#234;mement dangereuse dans leurs pays d'origine. L'Union europ&#233;enne elle-m&#234;me a accueilli une d&#233;l&#233;gation talibane &#224; Bruxelles le 23 juin, afin de n&#233;gocier les expulsions des Afghan&#183;es&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-16&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voirci-dessous&#034; id=&#034;nh2-16&#034;&gt;16&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, et a renouvel&#233; son accord de coop&#233;ration avec la Syrie - mettant fin &#224; lasuspension partielle en vigueur depuis 2011 -, ce qui refl&#232;te une volont&#233; d'acc&#233;l&#233;rer les renvois forc&#233;s des r&#233;fugi&#233;&#183;es syrien&#183;nes r&#233;sidant dans toute l'Europe&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-17&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet The New Arab, &#171; Eyeing migrant returns, EU moves to bolster (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-17&#034;&gt;17&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a id=&#034;_Toc10&#034;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_7&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Italie/Albanie&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;La Repubblica, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2026/05/11/news/palazzo_chigi_centri_albania_migranti_hub_frontiera-425336592/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Palazzo Chigi ci riprova : &#8220;Nei centri in Albania i migranti presi in mare&#8221;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 11 mai 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le gouvernement italien travaillerait actuellement sur un nouveau d&#233;cret dans le cadre du protocole d'accord Italie-Albanie (2023). Le but serait de revenir au projet initial d'externaliser dans les camps de Sh&#235;ngjin et Gjad&#235;r&#8211; sous juridiction italienne - le traitement acc&#233;l&#233;r&#233; des demandes d'asile. Les personnes concern&#233;es sont les migrant&#183;esintercept&#233;&#183;es en mer par les autorit&#233;s italiennes, originaires de pays dits &#171; s&#251;rs &#187; et consid&#233;r&#233;es &#171; non vuln&#233;rables &#187;. Selon le gouvernement, ce changement serait rendu possible par le Pacte europ&#233;en sur la migration et l'asile, entr&#233; en application le 12 juin 2026.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le projet initial avait jusqu'ici &#233;t&#233; frein&#233; par plusieurs d&#233;cisions de justice, le tribunal de Rome ayant &#224; plusieurs reprises refus&#233; de valider la r&#233;tention dans les camps en Albanie, estimant que les pays d'origine des personnes concern&#233;es, comme le Bangladesh ou l'&#201;gypte, ne pouvaient &#234;tre consid&#233;r&#233;s comme &#171; s&#251;rs &#187; au regard du droit europ&#233;en&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-18&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet &#171; Il tribunale di Roma non convalida il trattenimento dei (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-18&#034;&gt;18&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Pour &#233;viter que ces camps ne deviennent inutilisables, l'Italie les a donc convertis en 2025 en centres de r&#233;tention et d'expulsion italiens (CPR)&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-19&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet SkyTG24, &#171; Come funzionano i centri per migranti in Albania (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-19&#034;&gt;19&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.L'entr&#233;e en application du Pacte pourrait toutefois lever ces obstacles. Le Pacte permet en effet de qualifier un pays de partiellement &#171; s&#251;r &#187; et facilite le recours aux proc&#233;dures acc&#233;l&#233;r&#233;es pour les ressortissant&#183;es de pays dont le taux de reconnaissance de l'asile est faible (&lt; 20 %). Avec la nouvelle liste europ&#233;enne commune des &#171; pays d'origine s&#251;rs &#187;, ces mesures offrent &#224; l'Italie une base juridique plus solide pour r&#233;activer les centres albanais&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-20&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir Fanpage, &#171; Perch&#233; con il nuovo regolamento UE Meloni puo sbloccare i (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-20&#034;&gt;20&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Mais des doutes persistent encore, notamment quant &#224; la possibilit&#233;, pour l'Italie, ded&#233;tenirdes demandeur&#183;euses d'asile en proc&#233;dure normale sur un territoire situ&#233; en dehors de l'UE, une question soumise &#224; la Cour de justice de l'Union europ&#233;enne (CJUE), qui devrait se prononcer dans les prochains mois&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-21&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet Coalizione italiana libert&#224; e diritti civili (CILD), &#171; Il (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-21&#034;&gt;21&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a id=&#034;_Toc11&#034;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_8&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Su&#232;de&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;InfoMigrants, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/71931/suede--le-parlement-vote-une-loi-obligeant-les-administrations-publiques-a-denoncer-les-sanspapiers&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Su&#232;de : le Parlement vote une loi obligeant les administrations publiques &#224; d&#233;noncer les sans-papiers&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 16 juin 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Lundi 15 juin, le Parlement su&#233;dois a adopt&#233; deux projets de loi visant &#224; intensifier les expulsions des personnes exil&#233;es. La premi&#232;re mesure, dite &#171; snitch law &#187; (loi sur la d&#233;lation), oblige six administrations publiques (emploi, retraites, imp&#244;ts, dettes, assurance sociale et administration p&#233;nitentiaire) &#224; signaler &#224; la police les personnes sans titre de s&#233;jour avec lesquelles leurs fonctionnaires entrent en contact. La deuxi&#232;me, dite loi de &#171; bonne conduite &#187;, pr&#233;voit l'expulsion des personnes &#233;trang&#232;res r&#233;sidant en Su&#232;de qui ne m&#232;neraient pas une &#171; vie honn&#234;te &#187;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ces mesures instaurent en Su&#232;de un appareil &#233;tatique de contr&#244;le et de coercition, qui entra&#238;nera du profilage racial, des discriminations au faci&#232;s et de graves atteintes &#224; l'acc&#232;s aux droits des personnes migrantes. La &#171; snitch law &#187; risque d'emp&#234;cher l'acc&#232;s aux droits sociaux des personnes exil&#233;es, qui pourraient renoncer &#224; des services essentiels, y compris &#224; se rendre &#224; l'h&#244;pital ou &#224; l'&#233;cole, de peur d'&#234;tre&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;d&#233;nonc&#233;&#183;es. En mettant en &#339;uvre l'utilisation syst&#233;matique des administrations et des services publics comme outils de surveillance, elle pr&#233;figure le r&#232;glement &#171; retour &#187; - adopt&#233; le 17 juin par le Parlement europ&#233;en -, qui autorise les rafles dans les lieux publics et les domiciles priv&#233;s. La loi de &#171; bonne conduite &#187;, quant &#224; elle, ne pr&#233;cise pas les crit&#232;res permettant de d&#233;finir ce qui constituerait une &#171; mauvaise conduite &#187;. Son caract&#232;re discr&#233;tionnaire expose les personnes exil&#233;es au risque de se voir refuser ou r&#233;voquer leur titre de s&#233;jour sur la base de comportements qui ne sont ni ill&#233;gaux ni sanctionn&#233;s pour les citoyen&#183;nes su&#233;dois&#183;es. Il s'agit de la mise en place d&#233;lib&#233;r&#233;e d'une incertitude juridique et d'une mise sous condition des droits, dissuasive et contraire &#224; l'&#201;tat de droit. Elles pousseront &#224; la peur et &#224; l'autocensure parmi les personnes migrantes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a id=&#034;_Toc13&#034;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_9&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Royaume-Uni&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;France24, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.france24.com/fr/europe/20260609-attaque-%C3%A0-belfast-les-autorit%C3%A9s-appellent-au-calme-face-au-risque-de-violences-anti-immigr%C3%A9s&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; hreflang=&#034;fr&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Violentes manifestations anti-immigration &#224; Belfast apr&#232;s une attaque imput&#233;e &#224; un r&#233;fugi&#233;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;, le 9 juin 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;France24, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.france24.com/fr/europe/20260613-%C3%A0-belfast-un-vaste-rassemblement-contre-le-racisme-apr%C3%A8s-des-%C3%A9meutes-anti-immigr%C3%A9s&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; hreflang=&#034;fr&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#192; Belfast, un vaste rassemblement contre le racisme apr&#232;s des &#233;meutes anti-immigr&#233;s&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;le 13 juin 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le 9 juin, des manifestations anti-immigr&#233;&#183;es se sont tenues &#224; Belfast (Irlande du Nord) au lendemain d'une attaque au couteau imput&#233;e &#224; un ressortissant soudanais, dont la vid&#233;o a &#233;t&#233; diffus&#233;e sur les r&#233;seaux sociaux. Des groupes n&#233;ofascistes organis&#233;s ont incendi&#233; des voitures et des logements appartenant pour la plupart &#224; des personnes exil&#233;es. Quelques jours plus tard, une grande manifestation antiraciste a &#233;t&#233; organis&#233;e pour d&#233;noncer cette vague de violence raciste.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cet &#233;pisode illustre un m&#233;canisme bien connu dans plusieurs pays europ&#233;ens et au-del&#224; : un d&#233;lit ou crime commis par une personne &#233;trang&#232;re est instrumentalis&#233; pour cibler des communaut&#233;s enti&#232;res de personnes exil&#233;es et l&#233;gitimer &#224; leur encontre des attaques violentes et des intimidations &#224; caract&#232;re racial. Cette dynamique s'inscrit dans un contexte de forte mont&#233;e du racisme et de l'extr&#234;me droite au Royaume-Uni - visible tant sur les r&#233;seaux sociaux que dans l'espace public (fresques murales incitant &#224; la haine raciale, rassemblements anti-migrant&#183;es...)&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-22&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir notamment F&#233;d&#233;ration Internationale pour les Droits Humains, &#171; Irlande (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-22&#034;&gt;22&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; - qui menace la vie et la s&#233;curit&#233; des personnes exil&#233;es et des personnes non blanches.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;InfoMigrants, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/72119/au-royaumeuni-le-gouvernement-veut-etendre-laccueil-parraine-des-refugies&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Au Royaume-Uni, le gouvernement veut &#233;tendre l'accueil parrain&#233; des r&#233;fugi&#233;s&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 30 juin 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le 30 juin, la ministre britannique de l'int&#233;rieur, Shabana Mahmood,&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.gov.uk/government/news/mahmood-myreforms-will-save-the-asylum-system-for-a-generation&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;a annonc&#233;&lt;/a&gt; la mise en place d'un syst&#232;me d'accueil des r&#233;fugi&#233;&#183;es par parrainage, qui entrera en vigueur &#224; l'automne 2027. Concr&#232;tement, des universit&#233;s, entreprises et autres organisations pourront d&#233;sormais parrainer une personne reconnue r&#233;fugi&#233;e au sens de l'article 1 de la&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.ohchr.org/fr/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-relating-status-refugees&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Convention de Gen&#232;ve de 1951&lt;/a&gt;, lui permettant de s'installer l&#233;galement au Royaume-Uni. Ce sont les organisations en charge de ce parrainagequi seront responsables du logement, de l'int&#233;gration et de l'assistance &#224; l'insertion professionnelle des personnes s&#233;lectionn&#233;es. Le nombre de b&#233;n&#233;ficiaires potentiels n'a pas encore &#233;t&#233; pr&#233;cis&#233;, et les candidatures resteront soumises &#224; un contr&#244;le gouvernemental strict.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cet annonce intervient dans un contexte de durcissement g&#233;n&#233;ralis&#233; de la politique d'asile britannique. Les dispositifs de parrainage sont en effet fr&#233;quemment utilis&#233;s par les gouvernements pour afficher une image de g&#233;n&#233;rosit&#233; s&#233;lective envers les &#171; vrais r&#233;fugi&#233;s &#187; (Mahmood utilise l'expression &#171; &lt;i&gt;genuine refugees&lt;/i&gt; &#187;), tout en d&#233;tournant l'attention des politiques de dissuasion qui demeurent inchang&#233;es, voire renforc&#233;es. Les parrainages deviennent ainsi les instruments d'une politique de tri, qui permettent aux &#201;tats d'avoir des quotas de personnes entrant sur leur territoire, et qui permettent de s&#233;lectionner certaines cat&#233;gories de r&#233;fugi&#233;&#183;es, selon leur niveau de qualification ou leur religion (on pense notamment aux parrainages par des &#233;glises)&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-23&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet Nikolas Feith Tan, &#171; Community Sponsorship of Refugees and (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-23&#034;&gt;23&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. L'&#201;tat se d&#233;sengage par ailleurs de ses responsabilit&#233;s en mati&#232;re de protection et d'asile, en transf&#233;rant au secteur priv&#233; une obligation qui lui incombe l&#233;galement. Au-del&#224; des b&#233;n&#233;fices individuels dont peuvent jouir les personnes s&#233;lectionn&#233;es, ce dispositif, qui s'inscrit dans un contexte britannique hautement r&#233;pressif &#224; l'&#233;gard des exil&#233;&#183;es, risque de d&#233;naturer l'esprit du droit d'asile, qui pourrait alors &#234;tre r&#233;duit &#224; &#171; une entreprise d'immigration n&#233;olib&#233;rale et privatis&#233;e, r&#233;serv&#233;e aux seuls migrants hautement qualifi&#233;s et &#233;duqu&#233;s, ou &#224; certains groupes ethniques ou religieux &#187;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-24&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Ibidem, p. 258.&#034; id=&#034;nh2-24&#034;&gt;24&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a id=&#034;_Toc14&#034;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_10&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Royaume-Uni/France&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Le Monde&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2026/06/23/migration-un-premier-pas-vers-une-europeanisation-de-la-gestion-des-traversees-de-la-manche_6708581_3210.html?search-type=classic&amp;ise_click_rank=2&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt; Migration : un premier pas vers une europ&#233;anisation de la gestion des travers&#233;es de la Manche&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 23 juin &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;L'accord &#171; One in, one out &#187; (2025) entre la France et le Royaume-Uni ne sera pas renouvel&#233; apr&#232;s octobre 2026. Il sera remplac&#233; par un &lt;a href=&#034;https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/document/download/ee521a9c-effe-494f-ae61-65ffcf778e46_en?filename=EU Action Plan for the Channel route.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;plan d'action de la Commission europ&#233;enne&lt;/a&gt;pour la route migratoire de la Manche, &#233;labor&#233; en partenariat avec le Royaume-Uni et publi&#233; le 16 juin.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;L'accord &#171; One in, one out &#187; pr&#233;voit actuellement que pour chaque demandeur&#183;euse d'asile que le Royaume-Uni s'engage &#224; accueillir par &#171; voie l&#233;gale &#187;, la France accepte en retour de r&#233;admettre sur son territoire une personne arriv&#233;e au Royaume-Uni de fa&#231;ondite irr&#233;guli&#232;re&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-25&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet le court documentaire de MSF Frontlines, &#171; One in, one out (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-25&#034;&gt;25&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Le nouveau plan d'action pr&#233;voit une approche r&#233;pressive articul&#233;e autour de trois axes : le renforcement de la coop&#233;ration diplomatique avec les pays d'origine et de transit pour faciliter les expulsions ; la &#171; lutte contre les passeurs &#187; (qui laisse craindre une criminalisation accrue des personnes migrantes et des organisations solidaires&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-26&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Sur ce point, voir PICUM, &#171; Migrant smuggling : why we need a paradigm shift (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-26&#034;&gt;26&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;) ; et l'augmentation des moyens allou&#233;s aux forces de l'ordre et au contr&#244;le des fronti&#232;res. Sans surprise, le texte fait r&#233;f&#233;rence &#224; la n&#233;cessit&#233; d'entraver la migration &#171; ill&#233;gale &#187; afin de dissuader les personnes d'entreprendre des travers&#233;es dangereuses.Un artifice rh&#233;torique qui occulte que c'est pr&#233;cis&#233;ment le verrouillage des fronti&#232;res qui pousse de nombreuses personnes &#224; continuer d'entreprendre ces travers&#233;esdangereuses.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a id=&#034;_Toc15&#034;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_11&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Suisse&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Euractiv, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.euractiv.com/news/swiss-reject-divisive-anti-immigration-proposal-projections/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; hreflang=&#034;fr&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Swiss reject divisive anti-immigration proposal &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 14 juin 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le 14 juin, 54 % des &#233;lecteur&#183;ices suisses ont rejet&#233; l'initiative anti-immigration &#171; Pas de Suisse &#224; 10 millions ! &#187;. Port&#233;e par le parti d'extr&#234;me droite UDC, l'initiative d&#233;signait les demandeur&#183;euses d'asile comme la cause d'une croissance d&#233;mographique mettant en p&#233;ril la &#171; durabilit&#233; &#187; du pays. Le texte exigeait de maintenir la population r&#233;sidente permanente sous le seuil de dix millions d'habitants d'ici 2050, &#224; travers des mesures migratoires r&#233;pressives et contraires aux obligations du pays en mati&#232;re d'accueil et de protection. D&#232;s que la population aura atteint 9,5 millions de personnes, les demandeur&#183;euses d'asile admis &#224; titre provisoire n'auraient plus aucune perspective de rester dans le pays. En cas de d&#233;passement des 10 millions, les accords internationaux accus&#233;s d'encourager la croissance d&#233;mographique devraient&#234;tre ren&#233;goci&#233;s, voire d&#233;nonc&#233;s. L'application de textes tels que le Pacte mondial sur la migration, la Convention europ&#233;enne des droits de l'Homme, la Convention de Gen&#232;ve relative au statut des r&#233;fugi&#233;&#183;es et l'Accord europ&#233;en sur la libre circulation des personnes seraitmenac&#233;e&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-27&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet Amnesty International, &#171; Initiative &#171; Pas de Suisse &#224; 10 (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-27&#034;&gt;27&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;L'initiative a &#233;chou&#233; gr&#226;ce &#224; la forte opposition des associations patronales et syndicales, qui craignaient de lourdes r&#233;percussions sur l'emploi et la croissance.M&#234;me si nombre d'arguments pour le &#171; non &#187; &#233;taient de nature &#233;conomique, le rejet de l'initiative reste une victoire importante et un revers contre le projet de soci&#233;t&#233; de l'extr&#234;me droite. Un projet qui aurait expos&#233; les personnes exil&#233;es &#224; un risque r&#233;el de refoulement aux fronti&#232;res et de suspension des proc&#233;dures d'asile, et qui aurait conduit, par la possibilit&#233; de d&#233;noncer des accords internationaux de protection des droits humains, &#224; un affaiblissement g&#233;n&#233;ral de ces protections pour tous&#183;tes, et pas seulement pour les personnes exil&#233;es.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a id=&#034;_Toc17&#034;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_12&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;D&#233;claration de Chisinau&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Euractiv, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.euractiv.com/news/european-countries-urge-rethink-of-human-rights-on-migration/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;European countries urge rethink of human rights on migration&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 15 mai 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le 15 mai 2026, le Comit&#233; des Ministres du Conseil de l'Europe a adopt&#233; &#224; Chisinau (Moldavie) une d&lt;a href=&#034;https://rm.coe.int/pdf/09125948802bc2cc&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#233;claration&lt;/a&gt;qui propose une interpr&#233;tation restrictive de la Convention europ&#233;enne des droits de l'Homme (CEDH) afin de faciliter les expulsions des exil&#233;&#183;es d&#233;pourvu&#183;es de droit au s&#233;jour ou ayant commis des infractions graves. La d&#233;claration propose une r&#233;interpr&#233;tation de l'article 8 (droit au respect de la vie priv&#233;e et familiale) permettant de &#171; r&#233;&#233;quilibrer &#187; les droits individuels des personnes exil&#233;es avec &#171; l'int&#233;r&#234;t et la s&#233;curit&#233; publics &#187;. Elle propose &#233;galement une r&#233;duction du champ d'application de l'article 3 (interdiction de la torture et des traitements inhumains et d&#233;gradants), afin qu'un acc&#232;s insuffisant aux soins de sant&#233; ou des conditions socio-&#233;conomiques pr&#233;caires dans le pays d'expulsion ne puissent constituer un traitement inhumain ou d&#233;gradant faisant obstacle au renvoi forc&#233;. Il convient cependant de rappeler que l'article 3 ne souffre aucune exception.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le Conseil de l'Europe a ainsi donn&#233; suite &#224; la &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.gov.uk/government/news/joint-statement-to-the-conference-of-ministers-of-justice-of-the-council-of-europe&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;d&#233;claration&lt;/a&gt;formul&#233;e en d&#233;cembre 2025 par 27 &#201;tats membres demandant une interpr&#233;tation plus restrictive de la CEDH en mati&#232;re de renvois forc&#233;s. Si la d&#233;claration de Chisinau demeure non contraignante juridiquement, elle constitue une &#233;tape politique pr&#233;occupante qui contribuera - avec les r&#233;centes l&#233;gislations europ&#233;ennes (pays d'origine &#171; s&#251;rs &#187;, pays tiers &#171; s&#251;rs &#187;, r&#232;glement &#171; retour &#187;) -&#224; ancrer dans l'imaginaire collectif la n&#233;cessit&#233; de syst&#233;matiser les expulsions dangereuses, au nom de pr&#233;tendus imp&#233;ratifs s&#233;curitaires. Elle constitue par ailleurs une ing&#233;rence politique dans l'interpr&#233;tation de la Convention-EDH, illustrant une tendance europ&#233;enne de remise en cause de la l&#233;gitimit&#233; du pouvoir judiciaire&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-28&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet Jo&#235;l Andriantsimbazovina, &#171; Pressions politiques sur la Cour (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-28&#034;&gt;28&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, accus&#233; par plusieurs gouvernements de droite et d'extr&#234;me droite de favoriser des positions progressistes en mati&#232;re de migration.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a id=&#034;_Toc19&#034;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_13&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Entr&#233;e en application du Pacte migration et asile&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Mediapart, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/international/120626/pacte-sur-la-migration-et-l-asile-pour-l-union-europeenne-le-jour-de-la-honte&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Pacte sur la migration et l'asile : pour l'Union europ&#233;enne, le jour de la honte&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 12 juin 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le 12 juin, le Pacte europ&#233;en sur la migration et l'asile est entr&#233; en application. Il constitue une r&#233;forme globale de la politique europ&#233;enne en la mati&#232;re, en introduisant des changements profonds aux fronti&#232;res de l'UE.Il instaure de nouvelles proc&#233;dures de filtrage pour toute personne se pr&#233;sentant aux fronti&#232;res ext&#233;rieures de l'UE.&#192; l'issue de ce filtrage, certaines personnes peuvent &#234;tre soumises &#224; des proc&#233;dures d'asile frontali&#232;res acc&#233;l&#233;r&#233;es, d&#233;bouchant en cas de rejet sur une expulsion. Durant toutes ces phases, les personnes sont priv&#233;es de libert&#233;, probablement dans des lieux isol&#233;s, difficilement accessibles aux avocat&#183;es, m&#233;decins, journalistes et organisations de la soci&#233;t&#233; civile. Elles sont aussi maintenues dans une &#171; fiction de non-entr&#233;e &#187; juridique : physiquement pr&#233;sentes sur le sol europ&#233;en, elles sont l&#233;galement consid&#233;r&#233;es comme n'y &#233;tant pas entr&#233;es. Cela permet aux &#201;tats de les expulser plus facilement, ouvrant la voie &#224; des standards d&#233;grad&#233;s en mati&#232;re de droits fondamentaux.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La privation de libert&#233; s'impose donc comme la norme, et l'acc&#232;s &#224; l'asile - comme&#224; un recours effectif - est drastiquement restreint. En effet, davantage de personnes seront plac&#233;es en proc&#233;dure acc&#233;l&#233;r&#233;e, en partant du principe qu'elles n'ont a priori pas besoin de protection : celles provenant de pays o&#249; le taux de reconnaissance des demandes d'asile dans l'UE est inf&#233;rieur &#224; 20 %, celles provenant de pays d'origine dits &#171; s&#251;rs &#187;, et celles suspect&#233;es de constituer une &#171; menace &#224; l'ordre public &#187;, une notion floue et non d&#233;finie. Par ailleurs, si les personnes vis&#233;es par une d&#233;cision d'expulsion font un recours contre cette d&#233;cision, celui-ci ne sera pas suspensif, et le Pacte autorise l'expulsion avant m&#234;me qu'une d&#233;cision d&#233;finitive ne soit prise.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En sommes, ce Pacte syst&#233;matise &#224; l'&#233;chelle europ&#233;enne l'enfermement, le fichage, le tri et l'expulsion des personnes migrantes aux fronti&#232;res europ&#233;ennes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a id=&#034;_Toc18&#034;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_14&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Adoption d&#233;finitive du r&#232;glement &#171; retour &#187;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;RFI, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20260617-migration-le-parlement-europ%C3%A9en-adopte-la-r%C3%A9forme-pr%C3%A9voyant-des-hubs-de-retour&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Migration : le Parlement europ&#233;en adopte la r&#233;forme pr&#233;voyant des &#171; hubs de re&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;to&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;ur &#187;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 17 juin 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Le Monde, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/video/2026/06/17/renvoyez-les-scandent-des-elus-d-extreme-droite-au-parlement-europeen_6704287_823448.html?search-type=classic&amp;ise_click_rank=7&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#171; Renvoyez-les ! &#187;, scandent des &#233;lus d'extr&#234;me droite au Parlement europ&#233;en&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;, le 17 juin 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le 17 juin, le Parlement europ&#233;en a adopt&#233; d&#233;finitivement le r&#232;glement &#171; retour &#187;, sous les applaudissements et les cris racistesdes d&#233;put&#233;&#183;es de droite et d'extr&#234;me droite scand&#233;s dans l'h&#233;micycle &#171; &lt;i&gt; Send them back ! &lt;/i&gt; &#187; (&#171; Renvoyez-les ! &#187;). Le texte pr&#233;voit une architecture massive de d&#233;tention (allant jusqu'&#224; deux ans, avec possibilit&#233; de prolongement ind&#233;fini en cas de menace pour la s&#233;curit&#233; publique), la conversion de pays tiers en &#171; &lt;i&gt; return hubs&lt;/i&gt; &#187; (plateformes d'expulsion), vers lesquels les migrant&#183;es pourront &#234;tre expuls&#233;&#183;es m&#234;me s'ils ou elles n'ont aucun lien avec ces pays&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-29&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Une coalition de cinq &#201;tats membres a d&#233;j&#224; entam&#233; des n&#233;gociations avec des (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-29&#034;&gt;29&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, ainsi que des mesures &#171; d'enqu&#234;te &#187; autorisant des rafles &#224; domicile et dans les espaces publics, la saisie d'appareils &#233;lectroniques et l'obligation de fournir des donn&#233;es biom&#233;triques aux autorit&#233;s.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les mesures pr&#233;vues franchissent une ligne rouge en instaurant un r&#233;gime de surveillance &#233;tendue au sein de l'UE : les personnes migrantes d&#233;pourvues de droit au s&#233;jour feront l'objet d'une v&#233;ritable chasse &#224; l'homme et seront expuls&#233;es vers des pays notoirement non s&#251;rs (les gouvernements europ&#233;ens envisagent actuellement des expulsions vers le Rwanda, l'Ouganda, la Libye, l'&#201;gypte...&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-30&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet Human Rights Watch, &#171; Dangerous EU Momentum Towards Offshore (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-30&#034;&gt;30&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;). Ce r&#232;glement institutionnalise ainsi la violation des droits fondamentaux et du droit international : il entra&#238;nera des atteintes au principe de non-refoulement, bafouera le droit &#224; la vie priv&#233;e et familiale, et exposera les personnes exil&#233;es &#224; des traitements inhumains et d&#233;gradants&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-31&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Pour aller plus loin, voir notamment Migreurop, &#171; Adoption du r&#232;glement (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-31&#034;&gt;31&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a id=&#034;_Toc20&#034;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_15&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Une d&#233;l&#233;gation de Talibans &#224; Bruxelles&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;InfoMigrants, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/72051/rencontre-inedite-entre-lue-et-des-responsables-talibans-pour-discuter-du-renvoi-des-afghans-vers-leur-pays-dorigine&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Rencontre in&#233;dite entre l'UE et des responsables talibans pour discuter du renvoi des Afghans vers leur pays d'origine&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 24 juin 2026 &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Euractiv, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://euractiv.com/fr/news/les-talibans-profitent-de-leur-visite-a-bruxelles-pour-demander-un-acces-consulaire-en-europe/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Les talibans profitent de leur visite &#224; Bruxelles pour demander un acc&#232;s consulaire en Europe&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187; , le 23 juin 2026 &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le 23 juin, des membres de la Commission europ&#233;enne ont rencontr&#233; une d&#233;l&#233;gation de Talibans afin de poursuivre les n&#233;gociations sur le renvoi forc&#233; des ressortissant&#183;es afghan&#183;es d&#233;pourvu&#183;es du droit au s&#233;jour en UE. En &#233;change de leur coop&#233;ration pour ces expulsions, les Talibans ont demand&#233; le r&#233;tablissement des services consulaires destin&#233;s aux Afghan&#183;es dans toute l'Europe.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Une fois encore, l'obsession anti-immigration de l'UE conduit &#224; la normalisation des relations avec un r&#233;gime liberticide, dans le but d'expulser &#224; tout prix&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-32&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Les accords avec la Libye oula Turquie en sont d'autres exemples.&#034; id=&#034;nh2-32&#034;&gt;32&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Le r&#233;tablissement des services consulaires &#233;tant une condition fondamentale pos&#233;e par les Talibans, le r&#233;sultat final de ces n&#233;gociations risque d'&#234;tre une l&#233;gitimation de facto du r&#233;gime afghan, qui a mis en place un apartheid de genre&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-33&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Pour en savoir plus, voir Human Rights Watch, &#171; Gender Apartheid as an (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-33&#034;&gt;33&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; et qui est responsable de la violation syst&#233;matique des droits humains en Afghanistan&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-34&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet Amnesty International &#171; Afghanistan : la situation des (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-34&#034;&gt;34&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. En normalisant ses relations avec les Talibans, l'Union europ&#233;enne &#233;rode ses propres standards en mati&#232;re de droits fondamentaux, en repoussant toujours plus loin les limites de ce qui est consid&#233;r&#233; comme &#171; acceptable &#187;. Si ces n&#233;gociations aboutissent, les ressortissant&#183;es afghan&#183;es concern&#233;&#183;es risquent d'&#234;tre expuls&#233;&#183;es vers la torture et la mort.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_6094 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_file spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;31&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt;
&lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/pdf/draft_revue_de_presse_mai-juin_2026_.pdf' class=&#034; spip_doc_lien&#034; title='PDF - 293.1 kio' type=&#034;application/pdf&#034;&gt;&lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH500/visuel_rp-3-d234e.png?1783662833' width='500' height='500' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Revue de presse mai/juin 2026
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;hr /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_notes'&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-1&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-1&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet la fiche d'information d'EuroMed Droits, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/IMG/pdf/egypt-infosheet-fr.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt; S&#251;r sur le papier, dangereux dans la r&#233;alit&#233; : l'&#201;gypte et la politique de retour de l'UE &lt;/a&gt; &#187;, juin 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-2&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-2&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir HCDH, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2026/03/egypt-un-experts-raise-alarm-over-violations-against-refugees-and-migrants&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Egypt : UN experts raise alarm over violations against refugees and migrants &lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 6 mars 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-3&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-3&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;14 personnes, dont E Hishri,font actuellement l'objet de mandats d'arrestation internationaux dans le cadre de cette enqu&#234;te. Certaines d'entre elles sont d&#233;c&#233;d&#233;es, d'autres sont en fuite.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-4&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-4&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir notamment Amnesty International, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.amnesty.org/fr/latest/news/2017/12/libya-european-governments-complicit-in-horrific-abuse-of-refugees-and-migrants/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt; Libye. Les gouvernements europ&#233;ens se rendent complices des violations des droits humains des r&#233;fugi&#233;s et des migrants&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 12 d&#233;cembre 2017&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-5&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-5&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-5&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Pour en savoir plus, voir le communiqu&#233; de Refugees in Libya, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.refugeesinlibya.org/post/civil-society-statement-detention-crimes-in-libya-finally-before-the-icc-judges-to-decide-whether&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Civil society statement : Detentioncrimes in Libya finally before the ICC : Judges to decide whether El Hishri case moves to trial&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 11 mai 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-6&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-6&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-6&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Ce refus de coop&#233;rer avec la Cour a valu &#224; l'Italie deux plaintes devant la Cour europ&#233;enne des droits de l'Homme. Voir &#224; ce sujet InfoMigrants, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/71639/litalie-visee-par-deux-plaintes-aupres-de-la-cedh-pour-avoir-libere-le-tortionnaire-de-migrants-libyen-osama-almasri-najim&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;L'Italie vis&#233;e par deux plaintes aupr&#232;s de la CEDH pour avoir lib&#233;r&#233; le tortionnaire de migrants libyen Osama Almasri Najim&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, le 1 juin 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-7&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-7&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-7&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Almasri a r&#233;cemment &#233;t&#233; condamn&#233; par un tribunal de Tripoli &#224; 7 ans et 4 mois d'emprisonnement, tout en faisant toujours l'objet d'un mandat d'arr&#234;t de la CPI. La Libye, non signataire du Statut de Rome (trait&#233; fondateur de la CPI), n'est pas tenue de le remettre &#224; la Cour. Voir &#224; ce sujet Il Post, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.ilpost.it/2026/06/21/almasri-condannato-libia-tortura-migranti/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Il generale Almasri &#232; stato condannato in Libia a 7 anni e 4 mesi per le violenze ai danni di alcune persone migranti &lt;/a&gt; &#187;, le 21 juin 2026.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-8&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-8&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-8&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet les informations relatives &#224; la Libye sur Migreurop, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article3565.html?lang_article=fr&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt; Les &#201;tats du Maghreb et de l'Union europ&#233;enne coupables de violations syst&#233;matiques du droit international et de crimes contre l'humanit&#233;&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 7 avril 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-9&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-9&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-9&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet Refugees in Libya, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;file:///C:/Users/admin/Downloads/Book of Shame 2025 Vol. I. .pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034;&gt;Book of Shame. How UNHCR Fails to Protect Refugees in Libya, Tunisia, and Niger&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-10&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-10&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-10&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet Migreurop, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/IMG/pdf/fiche_pays_ceuta_0624_ok_def.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt; Fiche CEUTA&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, Isaline Roverato, 2024&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-11&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-11&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-11&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir en ce sens Migreurop, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/IMG/pdf/cp_migreurop_rwanda_jun_22_-_fr.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Arrangement Royaume-Uni/Rwanda : externaliser l'asile en Afrique, arme de dissuasion massive en Europe &lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 20 juin 2022&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-12&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-12&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-12&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet InfoMigrants, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/68792/autriche--le-regroupement-familial-suspendu-pour-six-mois-supplementaires&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Autriche : le regroupement familial suspendu pour six mois suppl&#233;mentaires&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 12 d&#233;cembre 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-13&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-13&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-13&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;13&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir notamment Amnesty International Austriche, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.amnesty.at/presse/nationalrat-beschliesst-quotensystem-bei-familienzusammenfuehrung-amnesty-warnt-vor-verstoss-gegen-menschenrechte/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Nationalrat beschlie&#223;t Quotensystem bei Familienzusammenf&#252;hrung : Amnesty warnt vor Versto&#223; gegen Menschenrechte&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 19 mai 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-14&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-14&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-14&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;14&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir notamment Cyprus Mail, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://cyprus-mail.com/2026/05/27/migrant-dies-following-balcony-jump-during-immigration-raid&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Migrant dies following balcony jump during immigration raid &lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 27 mai 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-15&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-15&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-15&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;15&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet Cyprus Mail, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://cyprus-mail.com/2025/03/19/unhcr-expresses-concern-over-alleged-pushback-of-syrian-refugees&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;UNHCR expresses concern over alleged pushback of Syrian refugees&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 19 mars 2025 et InfoMigrants, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/bn/post/60432/chypre-condamnee-par-la-cedh-pour-le-refoulement-en-mer-de-deux-syriens&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Chypre condamn&#233;e par la CEDH pour le refoulement en mer de deux Syriens&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 9 octobre 2024&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-16&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-16&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-16&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;16&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voirci-dessous&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-17&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-17&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-17&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;17&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet The New Arab, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.newarab.com/news/eyeing-migrant-returns-eu-moves-bolster-syria-ties&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Eyeing migrant returns, EU moves to bolster Syria ties &lt;/a&gt; &#187;, le 12 mai 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-18&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-18&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-18&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;18&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.internazionale.it/notizie/annalisa-camilli/2024/10/18/tribunale-di-roma-migranti-albania&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt; Il tribunale di Roma non convalida il trattenimento dei migranti in Albania &lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 18 octobre 2024&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-19&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-19&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-19&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;19&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet SkyTG24, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://tg24.sky.it/cronaca/2025/06/09/centri-migranti-albania-come-funzionano-costi&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Come funzionano i centri per migranti in Albania&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 9 juin 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-20&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-20&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-20&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;20&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir Fanpage, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.fanpage.it/politica/perche-con-il-nuovo-regolamento-ue-il-governo-meloni-puo-sbloccare-i-centri-in-albania/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Perch&#233; con il nuovo regolamento UE Meloni puo sbloccare i centri in Albania&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 10 d&#233;cembre 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-21&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-21&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-21&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;21&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet Coalizione italiana libert&#224; e diritti civili (CILD), &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://cild.eu/blog/2025/12/10/il-protocollo-italia-albania-alla-corte-di-giustizia-ue/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt; Il Protocollo Italia-Albania alla Corte di Giustizia UE &lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 10 d&#233;cembre 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-22&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-22&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-22&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;22&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir notamment F&#233;d&#233;ration Internationale pour les Droits Humains, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.fidh.org/fr/regions/europe-asie-centrale/irlande/irlande-du-nord-les-violences-et-intimidations-racistes-doivent&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt; Irlande du Nord : les violences et intimidations racistes doivent cesser&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 11 juin 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-23&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-23&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-23&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;23&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet Nikolas Feith Tan, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/0ECC0E27C5A586A214BB3D846CCA9788/9781316517840c10_252-271.pdf/community-sponsorship-of-refugees-and-local-governance.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Community Sponsorship of Refugees and Local Governance &lt;/a&gt; &#187;, dans{}&lt;i&gt;Theorizing Local Migration Law and Governance&lt;/i&gt;, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2022, p. 252-271&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-24&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-24&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-24&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;24&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Ibidem, p. 258.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-25&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-25&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-25&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;25&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet le court documentaire de MSF Frontlines, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_KqOv3ssnHc&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;One in, one out : des milliers de vies en p&#233;ril&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 21 mai 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-26&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-26&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-26&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;26&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Sur ce point, voir PICUM, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://picum.org/blog/migrant-smuggling-why-we-need-a-paradigm-shift/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Migrant smuggling : why we need a paradigm shift &lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 18 juillet 2022&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-27&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-27&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-27&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;27&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet Amnesty International, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.amnesty.ch/fr/pays/suisse/pas-de-suisse-a-10-millions&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt; Initiative &#171; Pas de Suisse &#224; 10&#8239;millions &#187;. Une attaque frontale contre la protection des droits humains&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 7 mai 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-28&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-28&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-28&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;28&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet Jo&#235;l Andriantsimbazovina, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.leclubdesjuristes.com/international/pressions-politiques-sur-la-cour-europeenne-des-droits-de-lhomme-11031/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Pressions politiques sur la Cour europ&#233;enne des droits de l'Homme&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, le club des juristes, 12 juin 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-29&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-29&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-29&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;29&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Une coalition de cinq &#201;tats membres a d&#233;j&#224; entam&#233; des n&#233;gociations avec des pays tiers en vue d'&#233;tablir des &lt;i&gt;return hu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;b&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;s&lt;/i&gt;. Voir Euractiv, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.euractiv.com/news/eu-return-hub-backers-eye-partner-countries-reveal-by-autumn-says-dutch-minister/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt; EU return-hubs revealed by autumn, says Dutch minister&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 5 juin 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-30&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-30&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-30&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;30&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet Human Rights Watch, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.hrw.org/news/2026/06/26/dangerous-eu-momentum-towards-offshore-deportation-centers&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Dangerous EU Momentum Towards Offshore Deportation Centers&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 26 juin 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-31&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-31&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-31&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;31&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Pour aller plus loin, voir notamment Migreurop, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article3560.html?lang_article=fr&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Adoption du r&#232;glement europ&#233;en &#171; retour &#187; : la mise &#224; mort du droit international&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 26 mars 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-32&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-32&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-32&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;32&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Les accords avec la Libye oula Turquie en sont d'autres exemples.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-33&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-33&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-33&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;33&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Pour en savoir plus, voir Human Rights Watch, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.hrw.org/news/2025/09/02/gender-apartheid-as-an-international-crime&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt; Gender Apartheid as an International Crime. Taliban Oppression in Afghanistan Triggers Campaign &lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 2 septembre 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-34&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-34&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-34&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;34&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet Amnesty International &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.amnesty.org/fr/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-asia/afghanistan/report-afghanistan/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Afghanistan : la situation des droits humains 2025 &#187;, 2026&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		</content:encoded>


		

	</item>
<item xml:lang="en">
		<title>Press review April 2026</title>
		<link>http://migreurop.org/article3589.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">http://migreurop.org/article3589.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2026-05-11T09:26:18Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>en</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Camille</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>Afghanistan</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Tunisia</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Belgium</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Algeria</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Greece</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Italy</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Albania</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Pays-Bas</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Pologne</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Royaume-Uni</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>France</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Union Europ&#233;enne</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Asile</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Detention</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Externalisation</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Frontex</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Militarisation of borders</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Pays s&#251;rs</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Migration policies </dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Racisme</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>r&#232;glement retour</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Forced returns</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Revolts and mobilisations</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Monitoring and control </dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Tunisia Business News, Taking the streets to break the silence: citizen mobilisation against racism in Tunis, 11 April 2026 &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Following a citizens' petition launched on 7 April and shared on social media, a solidarity march against racism took place in Tunis on Saturday 11 April. Slogans were chanted to denounce racist online discourse, discriminatory remarks by certain Tunisian MPs, and the crackdown on migrants and human rights defenders in Tunisia. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Racism against migrants from (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/rubrique461.html" rel="directory"&gt;Press review&lt;/a&gt;

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&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot189.html" rel="tag"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot187.html" rel="tag"&gt;Tunisia&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot22.html" rel="tag"&gt;Belgium&lt;/a&gt;, 
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&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot202.html" rel="tag"&gt;Royaume-Uni&lt;/a&gt;, 
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&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot208.html" rel="tag"&gt;Union Europ&#233;enne&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot203.html" rel="tag"&gt;Asile&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot169.html" rel="tag"&gt;Detention&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot168.html" rel="tag"&gt;Externalisation&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot173.html" rel="tag"&gt;Frontex&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot174.html" rel="tag"&gt;Militarisation of borders&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot214.html" rel="tag"&gt;Pays s&#251;rs&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot194.html" rel="tag"&gt;Migration policies &lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot206.html" rel="tag"&gt;Racisme&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot227.html" rel="tag"&gt;r&#232;glement retour&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot176.html" rel="tag"&gt;Forced returns&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot175.html" rel="tag"&gt;Revolts and mobilisations&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot195.html" rel="tag"&gt;Monitoring and control &lt;/a&gt;

		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L150xH150/16-2-c6781.png?1778491587' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='150' height='150' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;div class=&#034;cs_sommaire cs_sommaire_avec_fond&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire&#034;&gt; &lt;div class=&#034;cs_sommaire_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;div class=&#034;cs_sommaire_titre_avec_fond&#034;&gt; Sommaire &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#034;cs_sommaire_corps&#034;&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Tunisia&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_0'&gt;Tunisia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Judgement of the Permanent Peoples' Tribunal&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_1'&gt;Judgement of the Permanent (&#8230;)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Belgium&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_2'&gt;Belgium&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Belgium/Algeria&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_3'&gt;Belgium/Algeria&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Greece&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_4'&gt;Greece&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Italy&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_5'&gt;Italy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Italy/Albania&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_6'&gt;Italy/Albania&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Netherlands&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_7'&gt;Netherlands&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Poland&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_8'&gt;Poland&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;United Kingdom/France&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_9'&gt;United Kingdom/France&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Negotiations between the EU and the Taliban&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_10'&gt;Negotiations between the (&#8230;)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_0&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Tunisia&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Business News, &lt;a href=&#034;https://businessnews.com.tn/2026/04/11/la-rue-pour-briser-le-silence-mobilisation-citoyenne-contre-le-racisme-a-tunis/1396088/#https://businessnews.com.tn/2026/04/11/la-rue-pour-briser-le-silence-mobilisation-citoyenne-contre-le-racisme-a-tunis/1396088/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Taking the streets to break the silence: citizen &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;mobilisation&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; against racism in Tunis&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;, 11 April 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Following a &lt;a href=&#034;https://tunisiansolidarity.org/en/racisme/#https://tunisiansolidarity.org/en/racisme/#&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;citizens' petition&lt;/a&gt; launched on 7 April and shared on social media, a solidarity march against racism took place in Tunis on Saturday 11 April. Slogans were chanted to denounce racist online discourse, discriminatory remarks by certain Tunisian MPs, and the crackdown on migrants and human rights defenders in Tunisia.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Racism against migrants from sub-Saharan Africa and Black Tunisians is intensifying in the country. Disinformation and hate campaigns orchestrated by Ka&#239;s Sa&#239;ed's government, arbitrary arrests and prosecutions based on false accusations against anti-racist activists&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See Migreurop, &#8220;Press Review: March 2026&#8221;, 8 April 2026&#034; id=&#034;nh3-1&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, as well as growing pressure on civil society organisations showing solidarity, are shaping the reality in Tunisia today. This situation is partly a result of the role of &#8216;border guard' that Tunisia has assumed on behalf of Italy and the European Union, particularly since 2023, under the &lt;a href=&#034;https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/pt/ip_23_3887#https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/pt/ip_23_3887&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;EU-Tunisia Memorandum of Understanding&lt;/a&gt;, which is strongly supported by the Italian government and aims to deter and hinder departures to Europe.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Despite this widespread repression, citizen mobilisation demonstrates that civil society is not wavering andcontinues to resist and mobilise in defence of human rights, the violations of which place responsibility on the EU and its externalisation policies.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_1&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Judgement of the Permanent Peoples' Tribunal&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Lebrief.ma, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.lebrief.ma/tribunal-permanent-des-peuples-les-etats-du-maghreb-et-lunion-europeenne-responsables-de-violations-systematiques-des-droits-des-migrants-100147142/#https://www.lebrief.ma/tribunal-permanent-des-peuples-les-etats-du-maghreb-et-lunion-europeenne-responsables-de-violations-systematiques-des-droits-des-migrants-100147142/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;Permanent Peoples' Tribunal: Maghreb states and the European Union responsible for systematic violations of migrants'&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;rights&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8221;, 6 April 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On 31 March in Rabat, the jury of the56thsession of the Permanent Peoples' Tribunal (PPT) delivered its &lt;a href=&#034;https://permanentpeoplestribunal.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/TPP_Migrazione_Maghreb_Sentenza_FR_30-marzo-2026.pdf#https://permanentpeoplestribunal.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/TPP_Migrazione_Maghreb_Sentenza_FR_30-marzo-2026.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;final judgement&lt;/a&gt;. Following an indictment drafted by a coalition of civil society organisations, the PPT found the Maghreb states, the EU and several of its member states guilty of systematic and systemic violations of international law (failure to provide assistance to persons in danger, arbitrary detention, torture, refoulement, racial discrimination and human rights violations). During the hearings held in October 2025 in Palermo (Italy), evidence was presented regarding the existence in Libya of a system of refoulement, detention, trafficking and exploitation; refoulement, abandonment in the desert and racist violence in Tunisia; a continuum of violence ranging from arbitrary detention in Libya to the criminalisationof migrants and their supporters in Europe; relentless attacks on civilian sea rescue operations... The EU and its Member States have been deemed complicit in these human rights violations for having financed and encouraged these crimes, notably through their border externalisation policies.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Beyond the states' violations of international law, the TPP also mentions the possible classification of these acts as crimes against humanity, insofar as the documented facts result from deliberate choices made by individuals and acts carried out in full awareness.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This judgement, which has no legally binding force, nevertheless represents a symbolic step forward in securing recognition, by a citizens' court, of the crimes committed against migrants. It is a first step towards mobilising public opinion and breaking down the barriers of silence, hatred and marginalisation surrounding migration issues&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See Migreurop, &#8220;Maghreb and European Union states guilty of systematic (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-2&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_2&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Belgium&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;RTL info, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.rtl.be/actu/belgique/politique/il-ne-peut-plus-sagir-dun-sujet-tabou-le-gouvernement-donne-son-feu-vert-une/2026-04-03/article/784710#https://www.rtl.be/actu/belgique/politique/il-ne-peut-plus-sagir-dun-sujet-tabou-le-gouvernement-donne-son-feu-vert-une/2026-04-03/article/784710&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;&#8216;This can no longer be a taboo subject': government gives green light to controversial measure&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8221;, 3 April 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The Belgian government has approved, at second reading, the draft bill authorising &#8220;home visits&#8221; (2025), which would allow the police, with a judge's authorisation, to carry out searches at the home of a person without a residence permit who is deemed to pose &#8220;a threat to public order or national security&#8221;, with the aim of arresting and deporting them.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The proposal raises serious concerns regarding fundamental rights, such as the right to respect for private and family life (Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights), as well as the principle of the inviolability of the home (Article 15 of the Belgian Constitution). These rights are threatened by the undefined concept of &#8216;danger to public order', which opens the door to arbitrariness. Furthermore, no legal remedy is provided for challengingthe legality of the &#8216;visit', which violates the right to an effective remedy&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See on this subject Myria, &#8220;Law on home visits: vague conditions and few (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-3&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; . Several civil society organisations and public institutions denounced the draft law as soon as it was tabled last year, considering it to be inconsistent with the criteria of necessity and proportionality&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Ibid.&#034; id=&#034;nh3-4&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; . If approved by Parliament, it would constitute a further step in the construction of a surveillance regime for migrants that European governments are attempting to establish in Europe&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-5&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See on this subject Migreurop, &#8220;Press review February 2026&#8221;, 10 March 2026, (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-5&#034;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_3&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Belgium/Algeria&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;InfoMigrants, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/70707/la-belgique-conclut-un-accord-avec-lalgerie-pour-accelerer-les-expulsions-dalgeriens-en-situation-irreguliere#https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/70707/la-belgique-conclut-un-accord-avec-lalgerie-pour-accelerer-les-expulsions-dalgeriens-en-situation-irreguliere&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;Belgium concludes an agreement with Algeria to speed up the deportation of irregular Algerian&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; migrants&#8221;, 2 April 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Belgium and Algeria have concluded an agreement on the deportation of Algerian nationals. The agreement, which still requires approval by the Belgian Parliament, stipulates that Algeria undertakes to identify its nationals subject to a deportation order within 15 days, as well as to accept the possibility of organising their group deportation on dedicated flights, with the participation of Algerian escorts. However, the legality of group deportations of people of the same nationality is questionable in light of human rights legislation (the European Convention on Human Rights, the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union) which prohibits collective deportations. In return, Belgium grants visa-free access to its territory to holders of Algerian diplomatic passports.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This is yet another example of agreements - whether formal or informal - concluded with the aim of speeding up the deportation of foreign nationals from Europe in exchange for financial, commercial or political benefits. It amounts to a diplomacy of deportation, in defiance of fundamental rights.Many voices are therefore speaking out to denounce a systematic violation of rights in Algeria: the shrinking of civil society space , severe repression of freedom of expression, infringements on the right to peaceful assembly and association, andallegations of torture and other ill-treatment are some examples of this&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-6&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See in particular Amnesty International, &#8220;The State of Human Rights in the (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-6&#034;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; . Furthermore, severe penalties are provided for in cases of &#8216;illegal' departure from or assistance with departure from Algerian territory, carrying a sentence of up to five years' imprisonment&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-7&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Ibid&#034; id=&#034;nh3-7&#034;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; , which is contrary to international law (Art. 12(2) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: &#8216;Everyone shall be free to leave any country, including his own').&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_4&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Greece&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;BBC, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c86vpq42dl0o#https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c86vpq42dl0o&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; hreflang=&#034;en&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;Greek police using masked migrants to forcibly push other migrants back across&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; border&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8221;, 14 April 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;New evidence has been gathered regarding the recruitment, by the Greek authorities, of migrants to push other migrants back at the border with Turkey (Evros River region). In return, they are reportedly given money, as well as administrative documents allowing them to remain in Greece for 25 days.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This practice is not new and has been documented by several organisations and investigations since at least 2020&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-8&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See on this subject Lighthouse Reports, &#8220;We were slaves&#8221;, 28 June 2022; or (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-8&#034;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; . The recruitment of migrants as &#8220;mercenaries&#8221; is reportedly carried out under duress, after they have crossed the border between Turkey and Greece. Wearing masks, these individuals are reportedly tasked with carrying out pushbacks and committing other acts of violence, such as forced stripping, beatings and theft of personal belongings. In exchange for documents allowing them to remain in European territory for a time. A form of exploitation of migrantsfor the &#8216;control' of borders, onto whom the Greek and European authorities are attempting to shift responsibility for violent practices that violate human rights. In a familiar exercise in denial, both Greece and Frontex claim to have no knowledge of these events.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_5&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Italy&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Il Post, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.ilpost.it/2026/04/23/cosa-sono-rimpatri-volontari-assistiti-patrocinio-gratuito-migranti-decreto-sicurezza/?utm_campaign=leggi_anche&amp;utm_medium=leggi_anche&amp;utm_source=ilpost#https://www.ilpost.it/2026/04/23/cosa-sono-rimpatri-volontari-assistiti-patrocinio-gratuito-migranti-decreto-sicurezza/?utm_campaign=leggi_anche&amp;utm_medium=leggi_anche&amp;utm_source=ilpost&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;A better understanding of the two migrant issues that have been in the news for&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; days&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8221;, 23 April 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Il Post&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.ilpost.it/2026/04/24/governo-decreto-sicurezza-modifica-incentivi-rimpatri/#https://www.ilpost.it/2026/04/24/governo-decreto-sicurezza-modifica-incentivi-rimpatri/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;The government has patched up the rule on voluntary&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; repatriation&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8221;, 24 April 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On 24 April, the Italian government approved a bill aimed at amending a migration-related measure contained in the &#8220;security decree&#8221;, which was adopted by Parliament on the same day. The measure provided for the payment of a &#8364;615 bonus to lawyers handling so-called &#8220;voluntary&#8221; return procedures in the event that the return was successful, but it had been blocked by the President of the Republic on grounds of unconstitutionality. Under this hastily introduced amendment, the bonus will now be paid to lawyers and other parties involved in the implementation of &#8220;voluntary returns&#8221;, regardless of the outcome. The bill still needs to be approved by the Italian Parliament.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A second measure, which came into force as part of the adopted &#8220;security decree&#8221;, removes the automatic provision of legal aid for migrants challenging deportation proceedings. They will now have to prove that they meet the means-testing criteria by providing documents (notably a consular certificate) that are often very difficult to obtain within the time limits set by law.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In the name of an &#8216;urgency' to deport people more quickly and efficiently, Italy is undermining its obligations to guarantee rights by attempting to undermine the independence and autonomy of lawyers, and by introducing administrative constraints that make access to legal aid virtually impossible for certain migrant individuals. Although the initial version of the first measure was not adopted, recent developments point to a growing and serious threat to migrants' right to a defence, which should nevertheless be &#8220;full, free and effectively accessible&#8221;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-9&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See in particular the press release from the National Association of Italian (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-9&#034;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_6&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Italy/Albania&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Politico, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.politico.eu/article/italy-migrant-detention-hubs-albania-not-against-eu-law-says-top-eu-court-adviser/#https://www.politico.eu/article/italy-migrant-detention-hubs-albania-not-against-eu-law-says-top-eu-court-adviser/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;Italy's migrant detention hubs in Albania not against EU law, says top EU court adviser&#8221;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;, 23 April 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An Advocate General at the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) has ruled that the Italy-Albania Memorandum of Understanding (2023)&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-10&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;For further information, see the Migreurop press release, &#8220;Italy-Albania (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-10&#034;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; is, in principle, in line with European law. The agreement would not prevent Member States from setting up detention camps outside their territory for the purposes of expulsion procedures and/or the processing of asylum applications, provided that the third country concerned complies with EU law and respects the rights of migrants.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This is a non-binding opinion, yet it contributes to the political legitimisation of the latest iteration of the European externalisation policy, initiated by Italy, and which has inspired new European regulations (see the 2026 &#8216;Return' Regulation).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In this regard, the Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights noted in 2023 that &#8220;the possibility of lodging an asylum application and having it examined on the territory of Member States remains an indispensable component of a reliable system that respects human rights&#8221;, adding that &#8220;the Memorandum of Understanding creates an ad hoc extraterritorial asylum regime, characterised by numerous legal ambiguities&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-11&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See the statement by the Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights, (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-11&#034;&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; . We must now await the final decision of the CJEU.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_7&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Netherlands&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;DutchNews&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.dutchnews.nl/2026/04/senate-rejects-law-to-criminalise-living-in-nl-without-papers/#https://www.dutchnews.nl/2026/04/senate-rejects-law-to-criminalise-living-in-nl-without-papers/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;Senate rejects bill to &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;criminalise&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; living in the Netherlands without&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; papers&#8221;, 21 April 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;InfoMigrants, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/61881/les-paysbas-adoptent-le-double-statut-pour-les-demandeurs-dasile#https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/61881/les-paysbas-adoptent-le-double-statut-pour-les-demandeurs-dasile&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;The Netherlands adopts dual status for asylum&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; seekers&#8221;, 23 April 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On 21 April, the Senate rejected a bill aimed at criminalising so-called &#8216;irregular' residence, which would have led to an increased risk of social exclusion for migrants, as well as exposing those providing humanitarian aid &#8211; particularly by supplying food, shelter or any other form of support &#8211; to legal risks.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This rejection follows a widespread mobilisation of Dutch civil society. Around 120 organisations joined the &lt;i&gt;&#8220;Stop de &lt;/i&gt;asielwetten&#8221; (Stop the asylum laws) campaign, highlighting the potential negative effects of the law on effective access to fundamental rights such as education, healthcare and legal aid, which must be guaranteed regardless of a person's administrative status. Municipalities, including Amsterdam, also voiced their opposition, demonstrating that the local level can act as a counterweight to the state.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;However, this victory was described as &#8220;bittersweet&#8221; by the campaign coalition&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-12&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See in particular Stop de Asielwetten, &#8220;A bittersweet victory: (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-12&#034;&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; , as the Senate approved a &#8220;dual status&#8221; system for migrant asylum seekers, which will grant different rights to those fleeing individual persecution &#8211; who would benefit from so-called &#8220;full&#8221; protection as refugees &#8211; and those fleeing wars or natural disasters, who would have limited rights, particularly regarding family reunification. This distinction already exists in many European countries (refugee status and subsidiary protection). Its introduction in the Netherlands, where until now the rights of both categories of asylum seekers were the same, is raising concerns within civil society regarding respect for human dignity. The coalition therefore says it is ready to continue its fight against the Dutch government's repressive migration policies. A struggle that appears increasingly urgent in the current European context, dominated by racist ideologies and legislation that infringes upon the rights of migrants.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_8&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Poland&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;InfoMigrants, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/70764/baisse-des-passages-a-la-frontiere-entre-pologne-et-bielorussie--les-itineraires-dangereux-seront-plus-frequentes#https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/70764/baisse-des-passages-a-la-frontiere-entre-pologne-et-bielorussie--les-itineraires-dangereux-seront-plus-frequentes&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;Drop in crossings at the Poland-Belarus border: &#8216;Dangerous routes will be used more frequently'&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8221;, 10 April 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The Polish government recently reported a sharp decline in attempts to cross the border between Poland and Belarus over the past four years, which it attributes to the increased militarisation of the border and the temporary suspension of the registration of asylum applications. Organisations assisting refugees warn that, in reality, these policies have merely forced refugees to cross the border via underground tunnels under extremely dangerous conditions.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Poland &#8211; like other European countries, citing a rise in asylum applications and arrivals on their territory &#8211; has decided to suspend the registration of asylum applications at its borders in 2024. This breach of its international obligations was carried out with the EU's approval, which allows for the restriction of asylum applications under so-called &#8216;exceptional' circumstances, particularly for Member States facing a &#8216;crisis situation', a &#8216;mass influx' or the &#8216;exploitation of migration flows'. Since 2021, Warsaw has accused Minsk of coordinating with Moscow to facilitate the arrival of migrants in order to &#8220;destabilise&#8221; the EU's territory&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-13&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;The suspension of the right to asylum was subsequently extended four times (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-13&#034;&gt;13&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Among the consequences of this suspension are the 14,754 illegal pushbacks to Belarus carried out by the Polish authorities between January and December 2025, which violated the rights of those affected and exposed them to inhuman and degrading conditions&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-14&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See in particular the joint report &#8220;Beaten back at Europe's borders &#8211; 2025 (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-14&#034;&gt;14&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; . However, the increase in border crossings via tunnels and other alternative routes demonstrates once again that repressive and security-focused migration policies do not put an end to migration flows: they make the journeys more dangerous and longer, and force migrants to turn to facilitators who have become necessary in the context of closed borders&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-15&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;According to the report by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-15&#034;&gt;15&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_9&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;United Kingdom/France&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Le Monde, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2026/04/23/nouvel-accord-franco-britannique-pour-endiguer-les-traversees-de-migrants-en-manche_6682464_3210.html?search-type=classic&amp;ise_click_rank=2#https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2026/04/23/nouvel-accord-franco-britannique-pour-endiguer-les-traversees-de-migrants-en-manche_6682464_3210.html?search-type=classic&amp;ise_click_rank=2&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;New Franco-British agreement to stem migrant crossings of the English Channel&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8221;, 23 April 2025&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;France and the United Kingdom have reached an agreement to extend the cooperation agreement aimed at preventing so-called &#8220;irregular&#8221; crossings of the English Channel (&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.gisti.org/IMG/pdf/accord_france-royaumeuni_2018.pdf#https://www.gisti.org/IMG/pdf/accord_france-royaumeuni_2018.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Sandhurst Treaty&lt;/a&gt;, 2018)&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-16&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;The Sandhurst Treaty provides that the United Kingdom shall fund part of the (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-16&#034;&gt;16&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; . The United Kingdom will provide funding of up to &#8364;766 million over three years, including a &#8220;flexible component&#8221; (&#8364;186 million), conditional on the effectiveness of measures taken to &#8220;prevent attempted crossings&#8221;. This decision comes after months of tension, during which the UK had insisted that France increase at-sea interceptions of &lt;i&gt;&#8220;small &lt;/i&gt;boats&#8221; (small vessels used for Channel crossings), failing which it would not have renewed its funding&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-17&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See on this subject InfoMigrants, &#8220;Crossings of the English Channel: London (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-17&#034;&gt;17&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;France had initially opposed this, with the Secretary of State for the Sea, Xavier Ducept, emphasising that the interception practices demanded by the UK risked violating international law and &#8220;endangering the lives of migrants and French officers&#8221;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-18&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Ibid.&#034; id=&#034;nh3-18&#034;&gt;18&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; . Indeed, interceptions by French law enforcement agencies to return migrantsto the French coast (&lt;i&gt;pullback&lt;/i&gt;) &#8211; on behalf of the United Kingdom &#8211; constitute a form of refoulement, a practice contrary to international law and an infringement of the right to asylum.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;However, numerous violent &lt;i&gt;pushbacks &lt;/i&gt;have already been documented in connection with the UK-funded French &#8216;surveillance' operations in the English Channel&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-19&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See The Guardian, &#8220;Revealed: UK-funded French forces putting migrants' lives (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-19&#034;&gt;19&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; . Furthermore, police operations carried out against migrants on the French coast, with the aim of preventing departures to the UK (violent dismantling of camps, use of tear gas, seizure of personal belongings, physical assaults), constantly endanger the safety, rights and lives of migrants&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-20&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See the report by the Human Rights Network, &#8220;You can't stay but you can't go (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-20&#034;&gt;20&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; . France is therefore setting aside its &#8216;concerns' regarding the lives of migrants and respect for the law in favour of a deadly cooperation&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-21&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See InfoMigrants, &#8220;Tighter police controls make crossing the Channel more (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-21&#034;&gt;21&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; that has gone from strength to strength over the last twenty years (the Le Touquet agreements, the &#8216;One In, One Out' agreement).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_10&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Negotiations between the EU and the Taliban&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Euractiv&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://euractiv.fr/news/exclusif-bruxelles-devrait-accueillir-les-talibans-pour-des-discussions-sur-les-expulsions-dafghans/#https://euractiv.fr/news/exclusif-bruxelles-devrait-accueillir-les-talibans-pour-des-discussions-sur-les-expulsions-dafghans/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;Brussels set to host the Taliban for talks on the deportation of Afghans&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, 21 April 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The European Union is preparing to host a Taliban delegation to continue discussions on the deportation of Afghan nationals from European territory (January 2026)&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-22&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See on this subject Euractiv, &#8220;Migration: European Commission announces that (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-22&#034;&gt;22&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; , particularly regarding the cooperation of the Afghan authorities in the process of identification and the issuance of travel documents.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;These talks take place against a backdrop of growing pressure from Member State governments to establish a European mechanism to coordinate the deportation of Afghans without the right to reside or who have been convicted by the courts. In October 2025, 20 Member States, at Belgium's initiative, had asked the European Commission to establish this mechanism, and in February 2026 Germany became the first European country, since the Taliban took power (2021), to carry out a direct deportation to Afghanistan&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-23&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See also InfoMigrants, &#8220;Germany deports 20 Afghan criminals to Kabul&#8221;, 27 (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-23&#034;&gt;23&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Whilst the EU had hitherto hidden behind the fiction of &#8216;safe countries of origin or third countries' to carry out deportations of migrants, it is now taking a further step with the proposed &#8216;return' regulation, which provides for deportations to any third country that has concluded a formal or informal agreement with a Member State or with the Union. However, the compromise text adopted by the European Parliament on 26 March 2026 further stipulates that&#8220;any communication [&lt;i&gt;with third countries for the purposes of readmission&lt;/i&gt;] shall in no way prejudice the Union's position on the status of the territories or entities concerned and shall not be considered as recognition, support or validation of their authority or legitimacy &#8221; (Art. 37). Presented under a supposedly &#8220;technical&#8221; guise, these discussions with the Taliban, whose regime the EU itself acknowledges has led to a &#8220;significant deterioration (&#8230;) in human rights for the Afghan population&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-24&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See in particular the European Council's factsheet on Afghanistan&#034; id=&#034;nh3-24&#034;&gt;24&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; , could lead to the institutionalisation of the violation of the principle of non-refoulement and expose the individuals concerned to torture, inhuman and degrading treatment, arbitrary executions, and other serious human rights violations in Afghanistan.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_6042 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_file spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;25&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt;
&lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/pdf/press_review_april_2026.pdf' class=&#034; spip_doc_lien&#034; title='PDF - 574.4 KiB' type=&#034;application/pdf&#034;&gt;&lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH500/16-2-01222.png?1778491587' width='500' height='500' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Press review April 2026
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;hr /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_notes'&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-1&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 3-1&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See Migreurop, &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article3571.html?lang_article=fr#https://migreurop.org/article3571.html?lang_article=fr&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Press Review: March 2026&#8221;&lt;/a&gt;, 8 April 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-2&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 3-2&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See Migreurop, &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article3565.html?lang_article=fr#https://migreurop.org/article3565.html?lang_article=fr&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Maghreb and European Union states guilty of systematic violations of international law and crimes against&lt;/a&gt; humanity&#8221;, 7 April 2026.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-3&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 3-3&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See on this subject Myria, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.myria.be/fr/publications/loi-sur-les-visites-domiciliaires-des-conditions-vagues-et-peu-de-garanties#https://www.myria.be/fr/publications/loi-sur-les-visites-domiciliaires-des-conditions-vagues-et-peu-de-garanties&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Law on home visits: vague conditions and few&lt;/a&gt; safeguards&#8221;, 30 July 2025 and Cir&#233;, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.cire.be/ceci-nest-pas-une-fiction/#https://www.cire.be/ceci-nest-pas-une-fiction/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;This is not fiction, it is a draft law!&lt;/a&gt;&#8221;, 27 November 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-4&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 3-4&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Ibid.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-5&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-5&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 3-5&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See on this subject Migreurop, &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article3551.html?lang_article=fr#outil_sommaire_9&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Press review February&lt;/a&gt; 2026&#8221;, 10 March 2026, on the &#8220;return&#8221; regulation&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-6&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-6&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 3-6&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See in particular Amnesty International, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.amnesty.fr/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/aA83DvIqRLdaBqIx_RapportAnnuelAI2024-2025.pdf#https://www.amnesty.fr/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/aA83DvIqRLdaBqIx_RapportAnnuelAI2024-2025.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;The State of Human Rights in the&lt;/a&gt; World&#8221;, April 2025, pages 91&#8211;94&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-7&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-7&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 3-7&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Ibid&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-8&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-8&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 3-8&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See on this subject Lighthouse Reports, &#8220;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.lighthousereports.com/investigation/we-were-slaves/#https://www.lighthousereports.com/investigation/we-were-slaves/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;We were&lt;/a&gt; slaves&#8221;, 28 June 2022; or Human Rights Watch, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.hrw.org/report/2022/04/07/their-faces-were-covered/greeces-use-migrants-police-auxiliaries-pushbacks#https://www.hrw.org/report/2022/04/07/their-faces-were-covered/greeces-use-migrants-police-auxiliaries-pushbacks&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Their Faces Were Covered&#8221;. Greece's Use of Migrants as Police Auxiliaries in Pushbacks&lt;/a&gt;, 7 April 2022&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-9&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-9&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 3-9&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See in particular the press release from the National Association of Italian Magistrates (ANM), &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.associazionemagistrati.it/doc/5077/sicurezza-sconcerto-per-attacco-a-diritto-di-difesa.htm#https://www.associazionemagistrati.it/doc/5077/sicurezza-sconcerto-per-attacco-a-diritto-di-difesa.htm&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Security Decree: dismay at attack on the right to&lt;/a&gt; defence&#8221;, 18 April 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-10&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-10&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 3-10&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;For further information, see the Migreurop press release, &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article3230.html#https://migreurop.org/article3230.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Italy-Albania Memorandum of Understanding on Migration: Cross-Border Cooperation Contrary to International&lt;/a&gt; Law&#8221;, 13 February 2024&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-11&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-11&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 3-11&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See the statement by the Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.coe.int/fr/web/commissioner/-/italy-albania-agreement-adds-to-worrying-european-trend-towards-externalising-asylum-procedures#https://www.coe.int/fr/web/commissioner/-/italy-albania-agreement-adds-to-worrying-european-trend-towards-externalising-asylum-procedures&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;The agreement between Italy and Albania confirms the worrying European trend towards externalising asylum&lt;/a&gt; procedures&#8221;, 13 November 2023&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-12&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-12&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 3-12&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See in particular Stop de Asielwetten, &#8220;&lt;a href=&#034;https://stopdeasielwetten.nl/actueel/nieuws/strafbaarstelling-van-tafel#https://stopdeasielwetten.nl/actueel/nieuws/strafbaarstelling-van-tafel&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;A bittersweet victory: Criminalisation off the table&lt;/a&gt;&#8221;, 21 April 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-13&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-13&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 3-13&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;13&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;The suspension of the right to asylum was subsequently extended four times in 2025 and once in 2026.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-14&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-14&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 3-14&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;14&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See in particular the joint report &lt;a href=&#034;file:///C:/Users/admin/Downloads/Pushbacks Report 2025.pdf#file:///C:/Users/admin/Downloads/Pushbacks Report 2025.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034;&gt;&#8220;Beaten back at Europe's borders &#8211; 2025 annual report on&lt;/a&gt; pushbacks&#8221;,February 2026, pages 11&#8211;13.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-15&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-15&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 3-15&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;15&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;According to the report by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/glosom/GLOSOM_2018_web_small.pdf#https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/glosom/GLOSOM_2018_web_small.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Global study on smuggling of&lt;/a&gt; migrants&#8221;, June 2018, the demand for facilitation services is determined primarily by the limitation of so-called &#8220;legal&#8221; routes of access to certain territories.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-16&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-16&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 3-16&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;16&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;The Sandhurst Treaty provides that the United Kingdom shall fund part of the measures taken by France to &#8220;secure&#8221; French beaches, as the Franco-British border is situated on French soil. Since its signing in 2018 and to date, the United Kingdom has paid approximately &#8364;540 million to France.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-17&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-17&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 3-17&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;17&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See on this subject InfoMigrants, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/70665/traversees-de-la-manche--londres-et-paris-prolongent-de-deux-mois-seulement-leur-accord-pour-securiser-la-frontiere#https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/70665/traversees-de-la-manche--londres-et-paris-prolongent-de-deux-mois-seulement-leur-accord-pour-securiser-la-frontiere&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Crossings of the English Channel: London and Paris extend their agreement to secure the border by just two&lt;/a&gt; months&#8221;, 1 April 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-18&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-18&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 3-18&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;18&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Ibid.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-19&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-19&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 3-19&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;19&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See The Guardian, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2024/mar/23/uk-funding-french-migrants-small-boat-border-forces#https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2024/mar/23/uk-funding-french-migrants-small-boat-border-forces&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Revealed: UK-funded French forces putting migrants' lives at risk with small-boat&lt;/a&gt; tactics&#8221;, 23 March 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-20&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-20&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 3-20&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;20&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See the report by the Human Rights Network, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.humansforrights.org/state-violence#https://www.humansforrights.org/state-violence&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;You can't stay but you can't go &#8211; State violence at the UK-France&lt;/a&gt; border&#8221;, December 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-21&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-21&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 3-21&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;21&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See InfoMigrants, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/70616/le-renforcement-des-controles-policiers-rend-la-traversee-de-la-manche-plus-mortelle-selon-des-chercheurs#https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/70616/le-renforcement-des-controles-policiers-rend-la-traversee-de-la-manche-plus-mortelle-selon-des-chercheurs&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Tighter police controls make crossing the Channel more deadly, say&lt;/a&gt; researchers&#8221;, 31 March 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-22&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-22&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 3-22&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;22&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See on this subject Euractiv, &lt;a href=&#034;https://euractiv.fr/news/migrations-la-commission-europeenne-annonce-que-des-discussions-avec-les-talibans-sur-les-retours-sont-en-cours/#https://euractiv.fr/news/migrations-la-commission-europeenne-annonce-que-des-discussions-avec-les-talibans-sur-les-retours-sont-en-cours/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Migration: European Commission announces that discussions with the Taliban on returns are&lt;/a&gt; underway&#8221;, 20 October 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-23&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-23&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 3-23&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;23&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See also InfoMigrants, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/70091/lallemagne-expulse-20-criminels-afghans-vers-kaboul#https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/70091/lallemagne-expulse-20-criminels-afghans-vers-kaboul&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Germany deports 20 Afghan criminals to Kabul&lt;/a&gt;&#8221;, 27 February 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-24&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-24&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 3-24&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;24&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See in particular the European Council's &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.consilium.europa.eu/fr/policies/afghanistan-eu-response/#https://www.consilium.europa.eu/fr/policies/afghanistan-eu-response/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;factsheet on Afghanistan&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		</content:encoded>


		

	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Revue de presse avril 2026</title>
		<link>http://migreurop.org/article3588.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">http://migreurop.org/article3588.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2026-05-11T08:33:35Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Camille</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>Belgique</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Tunisie</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Alg&#233;rie</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Gr&#232;ce</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Italie</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Albanie</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Pays-Bas</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Pologne</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Royaume-Uni</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>France</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Afghanistan</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Externalisation</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Surveillance et contr&#244;le</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>R&#233;voltes et mobilisations</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Renvois forc&#233;s</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Racisme</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>r&#232;glement retour</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Politiques migratoires</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Pays s&#251;rs</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Militarisation des fronti&#232;res</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Enfermement</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Asile</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Frontex</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Union Europ&#233;enne</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Tunisie Business News, &#171; La rue pour briser le silence : mobilisation citoyenne contre le racisme &#224; Tunis &#187;, le 11 avril 2026 &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
&#192; la suite d'une p&#233;tition citoyenne lanc&#233;e le 7 avril et diffus&#233;e sur les r&#233;seaux sociaux, une marche de solidarit&#233; contre le racisme s'est tenue &#224; Tunis le samedi 11 avril. Des slogans ont &#233;t&#233; scand&#233;s pour d&#233;noncer les discours racistes en ligne, les propos discriminatoires de certain&#183;e&#183;s d&#233;put&#233;&#183;e&#183;s tunisien&#183;ne&#183;s, ainsi que la r&#233;pression visant les migrant&#183;e&#183;s et (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


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 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L150xH150/4-3-a7907.png?1778488618' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='150' height='150' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;div class=&#034;cs_sommaire cs_sommaire_avec_fond&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire&#034;&gt; &lt;div class=&#034;cs_sommaire_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;div class=&#034;cs_sommaire_titre_avec_fond&#034;&gt; Sommaire &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#034;cs_sommaire_corps&#034;&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Tunisie&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_0'&gt;Tunisie&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Jugement du Tribunal Permanent des Peuples&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_1'&gt;Jugement du Tribunal Permanent&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Belgique&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_2'&gt;Belgique&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Belgique/Alg&#233;rie&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_3'&gt;Belgique/Alg&#233;rie&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Gr&#232;ce&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_4'&gt;Gr&#232;ce&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Italie&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_5'&gt;Italie&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Italie/Albanie&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_6'&gt;Italie/Albanie&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Pays-Bas&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_7'&gt;Pays-Bas&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Pologne&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_8'&gt;Pologne&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Royaume-Uni/France&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_9'&gt;Royaume-Uni/France&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;N&#233;gociations entre l'UE et les talibans&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_10'&gt;N&#233;gociations entre l'UE et (&#8230;)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_0&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Tunisie&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Business News, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://businessnews.com.tn/2026/04/11/la-rue-pour-briser-le-silence-mobilisation-citoyenne-contre-le-racisme-a-tunis/1396088/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;La rue pour briser le silence : mobilisation citoyenne contre le racisme &#224; Tunis&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 11 avril 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#192; la suite d'une &lt;a href=&#034;https://tunisiansolidarity.org/en/racisme/#&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;p&#233;tition citoyenne&lt;/a&gt; lanc&#233;e le 7 avril et diffus&#233;e sur les r&#233;seaux sociaux, une marche de solidarit&#233; contre le racisme s'est tenue &#224; Tunis le samedi 11 avril. Des slogans ont &#233;t&#233; scand&#233;s pour d&#233;noncer les discours racistes en ligne, les propos discriminatoires de certain&#183;e&#183;s d&#233;put&#233;&#183;e&#183;s tunisien&#183;ne&#183;s, ainsi que la r&#233;pression visant les migrant&#183;e&#183;s et les d&#233;fenseur&#183;e&#183;s des droits en Tunisie.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le racisme envers les migrant&#183;e&#183;s d'Afrique subsaharienne et les Tunisien&#183;ne&#183;s noir&#183;e&#183;s s'intensifie dans le pays. Des campagnes de d&#233;sinformation et de haine orchestr&#233;es par le gouvernement de Ka&#239;s Sa&#239;ed, des arrestations arbitraires et des poursuites fond&#233;es sur de fausses accusations contre les militant&#183;e&#183;s antiracistes&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet Migreurop, &#171; Revue de presse mars 2026 &#187;, 8 avril 2026&#034; id=&#034;nh4-1&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, ainsi que des pressions croissantes sur la soci&#233;t&#233; civile solidaire fa&#231;onnent aujourd'hui la r&#233;alit&#233; tunisienne. Cette situation s'inscrit en partie dans le r&#244;le de &#171; garde-fronti&#232;re &#187; que la Tunisie a endoss&#233; pour le compte de l'Italie et de l'Union europ&#233;enne, surtout depuis 2023, dans le cadre du &lt;a href=&#034;https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/pt/ip_23_3887&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;m&#233;morandum d'entente UE-Tunisie&lt;/a&gt;, fortement soutenu par le gouvernement italien et visant &#224; dissuader et entraver les d&#233;parts vers l'Europe.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Malgr&#233; cette r&#233;pression g&#233;n&#233;ralis&#233;e, la mobilisation citoyenne d&#233;montre que la soci&#233;t&#233; civile ne faiblit pas, et continue de r&#233;sister et de se mobiliser pour la d&#233;fense des droits humains, dont les violations engagent la responsabilit&#233; de l'UE et de ses politiques d'externalisation.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_1&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Jugement du Tribunal Permanent des Peuples&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Lebrief&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;.ma, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.lebrief.ma/tribunal-permanent-des-peuples-les-etats-du-maghreb-et-lunion-europeenne-responsables-de-violations-systematiques-des-droits-des-migrants-100147142/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Tribunal permanent des peuples : les &#201;tats du Maghreb et l'Union europ&#233;enne responsables de violations syst&#233;matiques des droits des migrants&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 6 avril 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le 31 mars &#224; Rabat, le jury de la 56e session du Tribunal permanent des peuples (TPP) a rendu son&lt;a href=&#034;https://permanentpeoplestribunal.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/TPP_Migrazione_Maghreb_Sentenza_FR_30-marzo-2026.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;jugement d&#233;finitif&lt;/a&gt;. &#192; la suite d'un acte d'accusation r&#233;dig&#233; par une coalition d'organisations de la soci&#233;t&#233; civile, le TPP a reconnu les &#201;tats du Maghreb, l'UE et plusieurs de ses &#201;tats membres coupables de violations syst&#233;matiques et syst&#233;miques du droit international (non-assistance &#224; personnes en danger, d&#233;tentions arbitraires, torture, refoulements, discriminations raciales, violations des droits). Lors des audiences qui se sont tenues en octobre 2025 &#224; Palerme (Italie), des &#233;l&#233;ments de preuve ont &#233;t&#233; pr&#233;sent&#233;s tels que l'existence en Libye d'un syst&#232;me de refoulement, de d&#233;tention, de traite et d'exploitation ; des refoulements, abandons dans le d&#233;sert et des violences racistes en Tunisie ; un continuum de violences allant de la d&#233;tention arbitraire en Libye jusqu'&#224; la criminalisation des exil&#233;&#183;e&#183;s et de leurs soutiens en Europe ; des attaques incessantes contre les op&#233;rations civiles de sauvetage en mer...L'UE et ses &#201;tats membres ont &#233;t&#233; consid&#233;r&#233;s complices de ces violations des droits pour avoir financ&#233; et encourag&#233; ces crimes, notamment &#224; travers leurs politiques d'externalisation des fronti&#232;res.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Au-del&#224; des violations du droit international par les &#201;tats, le TPP mentionne &#233;galement la possible qualification de crimes contre l'Humanit&#233;, dans la mesure o&#249; les faits document&#233;s r&#233;sultent de choix d&#233;lib&#233;r&#233;s d'individus et d'actes effectu&#233;s en pleine conscience.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ce jugement, qui n'a pas de valeur juridique contraignante, repr&#233;sente toutefois une avanc&#233;e symbolique permettant la reconnaissance, par une juridiction citoyenne, des crimes perp&#233;tr&#233;s contre les personnes migrantes. C'est une premi&#232;re &#233;tape visant &#224; mobiliser l'opinion publique et &#224; d&#233;passer les barri&#232;res du silence, de la haine et de la marginalisation qui entourent les questions migratoires&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet Migreurop, &#171; Les &#201;tats du Maghreb et de l'Union europ&#233;enne (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-2&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_2&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Belgique&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;RTL info, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.rtl.be/actu/belgique/politique/il-ne-peut-plus-sagir-dun-sujet-tabou-le-gouvernement-donne-son-feu-vert-une/2026-04-03/article/784710&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Il ne peut plus s'agir d'un sujet tabou &#187; : le gouvernement donne son feu vert &#224; une mesure controvers&#233;e&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 3 avril 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le gouvernement belge a approuv&#233; en deuxi&#232;me lecture le projet de loi autorisant les &#171; visites domiciliaires &#187; (2025), qui permettrait &#224; la police, avec l'autorisation d'un juge, d'effectuer des perquisitions au domicile d'une personne sans titre de s&#233;jour, qui repr&#233;senterait &#171; un danger pour l'ordre public ou la s&#233;curit&#233; nationale &#187;, dans le but de proc&#233;der &#224; son arrestation et &#224; son expulsion.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le projet suscite de graves inqui&#233;tudes au regard des droits fondamentaux, tels que le droit au respect de la vie priv&#233;e et familiale (art. 8 de la Convention europ&#233;enne des droits de l'Homme), ainsi que du principe de l'inviolabilit&#233; du domicile (art. 15 de la Constitution belge). Ces droits sont menac&#233;s par la notion non d&#233;finie de &#171; danger pour l'ordre public &#187;, qui ouvre la porte &#224; l'arbitraire. En outre, aucun recours n'est pr&#233;vu pour contester la l&#233;galit&#233; de la &#171; visite &#187;, ce qui viole le droit &#224; un recours effectif&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet Myria, &#171; Loi sur les visites domiciliaires : des (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-3&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Plusieurs organisations de la soci&#233;t&#233; civile, et des institutions publiques, ont d&#233;nonc&#233; le projet de loi d&#232;s son d&#233;p&#244;t l'ann&#233;e derni&#232;re, en l'estimant non conforme aux crit&#232;res de n&#233;cessit&#233; et de proportionnalit&#233;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Ibidem&#034; id=&#034;nh4-4&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;S'il est approuv&#233; par le Parlement, il constituerait une nouvelle pierre dans la construction d'un r&#233;gime de surveillance des personnes exil&#233;es que les gouvernements europ&#233;ens tentent de mettre en place en Europe&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-5&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet Migreurop, &#171; Revue de presse f&#233;vrier 2026 &#187;, 10 mars 2026, (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-5&#034;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_3&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Belgique/Alg&#233;rie&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;InfoMigrants&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/70707/la-belgique-conclut-un-accord-avec-lalgerie-pour-accelerer-les-expulsions-dalgeriens-en-situation-irreguliere&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;La Belgique conclut un accord avec l'Alg&#233;rie pour acc&#233;l&#233;rer les expulsions d'Alg&#233;riens en situation irr&#233;guli&#232;re&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 2 avril 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La Belgique et l'Alg&#233;rie ont conclu un accord sur l'expulsion des ressortissant&#183;e&#183;s alg&#233;rien&#183;ne&#183;s. L'accord, qui doit encore &#234;tre approuv&#233; par le Parlement belge, pr&#233;voit que l'Alg&#233;rie s'engage &#224; identifier ses ressortissant&#183;e&#183;s faisant l'objet d'une mesure d'expulsion dans un d&#233;lai de 15 jours , ainsi qu'&#224; accepter la possibilit&#233; de pr&#233;voir leur expulsion group&#233;e dans des vols d&#233;di&#233;s,avec la participation d'escortes alg&#233;riennes. Pourtant, la l&#233;galit&#233; des renvois group&#233;s de personnes d'une m&#234;me nationalit&#233; est contestable au regard des textes prot&#233;geant les droits humains (Convention europ&#233;enne des droits de l'Homme, Charte europ&#233;enne des droits fondamentaux) qui prohibent les expulsions collectives. En contrepartie, la Belgique accorde un acc&#232;s sans visa &#224; son territoire aux titulaires de passeports diplomatiques alg&#233;riens.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Il s'agit de l'&#233;ni&#232;me exemple d'accords, formels ou informels, conclu afin d'acc&#233;l&#233;rer les expulsions de personnes &#233;trang&#232;res depuis l'Europe, en contrepartie d'avantages financiers, commerciaux ou politiques. Une diplomatie du renvoi, au m&#233;pris des droits fondamentaux. Nombreuses sont ainsi les voix qui s'&#233;l&#232;vent pour d&#233;noncer une violation syst&#233;matique des droits en Alg&#233;rie : r&#233;tr&#233;cissement de l'espace de la soci&#233;t&#233; civile, r&#233;pression s&#233;v&#232;re de la libert&#233; d'expression, atteintes au droit de r&#233;union pacifique et d'association, et all&#233;gations de torture et autres mauvais traitements en sont certaines des illustrations&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-6&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir notamment Amnesty International, &#171; La situation des droits humains (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-6&#034;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Par ailleurs, des sanctions s&#233;v&#232;res sont pr&#233;vues en cas de sortie et d'aide &#224; la sortie &#171; ill&#233;gale &#187; du territoire alg&#233;rien, pouvant aller jusqu'&#224; cinq ans d'emprisonnement&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-7&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Ibidem&#034; id=&#034;nh4-7&#034;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, ce qui est contraire au droit international (art.12-2 Pacte international relatif aux droits civils et politiques &#171; Toute personne est libre de quitter n'importe quel pays, y compris le sien &#187;).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_4&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Gr&#232;ce&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;BBC&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c86vpq42dl0o&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Greek police using masked migrants to forcibly push other migrants back across border&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 14 avril 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;De nouvelles preuves ont &#233;t&#233; recueillies concernant le recrutement, par les autorit&#233;s grecques, de personnes migrantes pour refouler d'autres exil&#233;&#183;e&#183;s &#224; la fronti&#232;re avec la Turquie (r&#233;gion du fleuve Evros). En contrepartie, celles-ci recevraient de l'argent, ainsi que des documents administratifs leur permettant de demeurer en Gr&#232;ce pendant 25 jours.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cette pratique n'est pas in&#233;dite et est document&#233;e par plusieurs organisations et enqu&#234;tes depuis au moins 2020&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-8&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet Lighthouse Reports, &#171; &#8220;We were slaves&#8221; &#187;, 28 juin 2022 ; ou (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-8&#034;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Le recrutement d'exil&#233;&#183;e&#183;s en tant que &#171; mercenaires &#187; se ferait sous la contrainte, apr&#232;s leur franchissement de la fronti&#232;re entre la Turquie et la Gr&#232;ce. Masqu&#233;es, ces personnes seraient charg&#233;es de proc&#233;der &#224; des refoulements et d'exercer d'autres formes de violences, telles que des d&#233;shabillages forc&#233;s, des passages &#224; tabac et des vols d'effets personnels. En &#233;change de documents leur permettant de se maintenir un temps sur le territoire europ&#233;en.Une forme d'exploitation des migrant&#183;e&#183;s pour le &#171; contr&#244;le &#187; des fronti&#232;res, &#224; qui les autorit&#233;s grecques et europ&#233;ennes tenteraient de transf&#233;rer la responsabilit&#233; de pratiques violentes et attentatoires aux droits humains. Dans un exercice bien connu de d&#233;ni, la Gr&#232;ce comme Frontex d&#233;clarent ne pas avoir connaissance de ces faits.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_5&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Italie&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Il Post, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.ilpost.it/2026/04/23/cosa-sono-rimpatri-volontari-assistiti-patrocinio-gratuito-migranti-decreto-sicurezza/?utm_campaign=leggi_anche&amp;utm_medium=leggi_anche&amp;utm_source=ilpost&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Capire meglio le due questioni sui migranti di cui si parla da giorni&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 23 avril 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Il &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;Post&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.ilpost.it/2026/04/24/governo-decreto-sicurezza-modifica-incentivi-rimpatri/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; hreflang=&#034;fr&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Il governo ha messo una pezza alla norma sui rimpatri volontari&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 24 avril 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le 24 avril, le gouvernement italien a approuv&#233; un projet de loi visant &#224; modifier une mesure relative aux migrations contenue dans le &#171; d&#233;cret s&#251;ret&#233; &#187;, adopt&#233; le m&#234;me jour par le Parlement . La mesure pr&#233;voyait l'octroi d'une prime de 615 euros aux avocat&#183;e&#183;s charg&#233;&#183;e&#183;s des proc&#233;dures de retour dit &#171; volontaire &#187; dans le cas o&#249; ce retour aboutirait, mais elle avait &#233;t&#233; bloqu&#233;e par le Pr&#233;sident de la R&#233;publique pour motif d'inconstitutionnalit&#233;. Dans cette modification pr&#233;cipit&#233;e, la prime sera d&#233;sormais vers&#233;e aux avocat&#183;e&#183;s et &#224; d'autres acteur&#183;rice&#183;s impliqu&#233;&#183;e&#183;s dans la mise en &#339;uvre des &#171; retours volontaires &#187;, ind&#233;pendamment de l'issue. Le projet de loi doit encore &#234;tre approuv&#233; par le Parlement italien.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Une deuxi&#232;me mesure, entr&#233;e en vigueur dans le cadre du &#171; d&#233;cret s&#251;ret&#233; &#187; adopt&#233;, supprime l'octroi automatique de l'aide juridictionnelle pour les personnes migrantes contestant une proc&#233;dure d'expulsion. Celles-ci devront d&#233;sormais prouver qu'elles remplissent les conditions de ressources en fournissant des documents (notamment une attestation consulaire) souvent tr&#232;s difficiles &#224; obtenir dans les d&#233;lais pr&#233;vus par la loi.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Au nom d'une pr&#233;tendue urgence &#224; expulser plus rapidement et plus efficacement, l'Italie porte atteinte &#224; ses obligations en mati&#232;re de garantie des droits, en tentant de fragiliser l'ind&#233;pendance et l'autonomie des avocat&#183;e&#183;s, et en introduisant des contraintes administratives qui rendent l'acc&#232;s &#224; l'aide juridictionnelle pour certaines personnes exil&#233;es quasiment impossible. M&#234;me si la version initiale de la premi&#232;re mesure n'a pas &#233;t&#233; adopt&#233;e, les &#233;volutions r&#233;centes t&#233;moignent d'une menace croissante et grave sur le droit &#224; la d&#233;fense des personnes migrantes, qui devrait pourtant &#234;tre &#171; plein, libre et concr&#232;tement accessible &#187;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-9&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir notamment le communiqu&#233; de presse de l'association nationale des (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-9&#034;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_6&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Italie/Albanie&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Politico&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.politico.eu/article/italy-migrant-detention-hubs-albania-not-against-eu-law-says-top-eu-court-adviser/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Italy's migrant detention hubs in Albania not against EU law, says top EU court adviser &#187; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;, le 23 avril 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Un avocat g&#233;n&#233;ral &#224; la Cour de justice de l'Union europ&#233;enne (CJUE) a estim&#233; que le protocole d'accord Italie-Albanie (2023)&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-10&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Pour en savoir plus, lire le communiqu&#233; de Migreurop, &#171; Protocole d'accord (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-10&#034;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; est, en principe, conforme au droit europ&#233;en. Ce dernier n'emp&#234;cherait pas les &#201;tats membres de mettre en place, en dehors de leur territoire, des camps de d&#233;tention d&#233;di&#233;s aux proc&#233;dures d'expulsion et/ou au traitement des demandes d'asile, &#224; condition que l'&#201;tat tiers concern&#233; respecte le droit de l'Union, et les droits des migrant&#183;e&#183;s.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Il s'agit d'un avis non contraignant, qui contribue pourtant &#224; la l&#233;gitimation politique du nouvel avatar de la politique d'externalisation europ&#233;enne , initi&#233; par l'Italie, et qui a inspir&#233; les nouvelles r&#233;glementations europ&#233;ennes (cf. r&#232;glement &#171; retour &#187;2026).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La Commissaire aux droits de l'Homme du Conseil de l'Europe a dans ce sens rappel&#233; en 2023 que &#171; la possibilit&#233; de d&#233;poser une demande d'asile et de la faire examiner sur le territoire des &#201;tats membres reste une composante indispensable d'un syst&#232;me fiable et respectueux des droits humains &#187;, ajoutant que &#171; le protocole d'accord cr&#233;e un r&#233;gime d'asile extraterritorial ad hoc, caract&#233;ris&#233; par de nombreuses ambigu&#239;t&#233;s juridiques&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-11&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir la d&#233;claration du Commissaire aux droits de l'Homme du Conseil de (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-11&#034;&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Il reste d&#233;sormais &#224; attendre la d&#233;cision d&#233;finitive de la CJUE.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_7&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pays-Bas&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;DutchNews, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.dutchnews.nl/2026/04/senate-rejects-law-to-criminalise-living-in-nl-without-papers/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; hreflang=&#034;fr&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt; Senate &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;rejects bill to criminalise living in NL without papers&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 21 avril 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;InfoMigrants, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/61881/les-paysbas-adoptent-le-double-statut-pour-les-demandeurs-dasile&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; hreflang=&#034;fr&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Les Pays-Bas adoptent le double statut pour les demandeurs d'asile&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 23 avril 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le 21 avril, le S&#233;nat a rejet&#233; une proposition de loi visant &#224; criminaliser le s&#233;jour dit &#171; irr&#233;gulier &#187;, qui aurait entra&#238;n&#233; un risque accru d'exclusion sociale des personnes exil&#233;es, ainsi que l'exposition &#224; des risques juridiques pour les personnes apportant une aide humanitaire, notamment en fournissant de la nourriture, un abri ou toute autre forme de soutien.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ce rejet arrive suite &#224; une large mobilisation de la soci&#233;t&#233; civile n&#233;erlandaise. Environ 120 organisations ont rejoint la campagne &#171; &lt;i&gt;Stop de asielwetten&lt;/i&gt; &#187; (Halte aux lois sur l'asile), en soulignant les effets n&#233;gatifs potentiels de la loi sur l'acc&#232;s effectif aux droits fondamentaux tels que l'&#233;ducation, les soins de sant&#233; et l'assistance juridique, qui doivent &#234;tre garantis ind&#233;pendamment du statut administratif des personnes. Des municipalit&#233;s, dont Amsterdam, ont &#233;galement manifest&#233; leur opposition, montrant que l'&#233;chelon local peut constituer un contre-pouvoir face &#224; l'&#201;tat.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cependant, cette victoire a &#233;t&#233; qualifi&#233;e de &#171; douce-am&#232;re &#187; par la coalition de la campagne&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-12&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir notamment Stop de Asielwetten, &#171; Een bitterzoete overwinning : (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-12&#034;&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, car le S&#233;nat a approuv&#233; un syst&#232;me de &#171; double statut &#187; pour les migrant&#183;e&#183;s demandeur&#183;euses d'asile, qui accordera des droits diff&#233;rents &#224; celles et ceux qui fuient des pers&#233;cutions individuelles &#8211; qui b&#233;n&#233;ficieraient d'une protection dite &#171; compl&#232;te &#187; en tant que r&#233;fugi&#233;&#183;es &#8211; et celles et ceux qui fuient des guerres ou des catastrophes naturelles, qui auraient des droits limit&#233;s, notamment en mati&#232;re de regroupement familial. Cette distinction existe d&#233;j&#224; dans de nombreux pays europ&#233;ens (statut de r&#233;fugi&#233;&#183;e et protection subsidiaire). Son introduction aux Pays-Bas, o&#249; jusqu'ici les droits des deux cat&#233;gories de demandeur&#183;euse&#183;s d'asile &#233;taient les m&#234;mes&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-13&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet Refugee Help, &#171; House of Representatives agrees to stricter (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-13&#034;&gt;13&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, suscite des pr&#233;occupations au sein de la soci&#233;t&#233; civile quant au respect de la dignit&#233; humaine. La coalition se dit donc pr&#234;te &#224; poursuivre sa bataille contre les politiques migratoires r&#233;pressives du gouvernement n&#233;erlandais. Une lutte qui appara&#238;t de plus en plus urgente dans le contexte europ&#233;en actuel, domin&#233; par les id&#233;ologies racistes et les l&#233;gislations attentatoires aux droits des personnes migrantes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_8&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pologne&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;InfoMigrants&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/70764/baisse-des-passages-a-la-frontiere-entre-pologne-et-bielorussie--les-itineraires-dangereux-seront-plus-frequentes&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Baisse des passages &#224; la fronti&#232;re entre Pologne et Bi&#233;lorussie : 'Les itin&#233;raires dangereux seront plus fr&#233;quent&#233;s&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 10 avril 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le gouvernement polonais a r&#233;cemment communiqu&#233; une forte baisse des tentatives de franchissement de la fronti&#232;re entre la Pologne et la Bi&#233;lorussie en quatre ans, qu'il attribue au renforcement de la militarisation de la fronti&#232;re et &#224; la suspension temporaire de l'enregistrement des demandes d'asile. Les organisations d'aide aux personnes exil&#233;es alertent sur le fait qu'en r&#233;alit&#233;, ces politiques n'ont fait que contraindre les personnes exil&#233;es &#224; traverser la fronti&#232;re via des tunnels souterrains dans des conditions tr&#232;s risqu&#233;es.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La Pologne &#8211; comme d'autres pays europ&#233;ens, arguant d'une hausse des demandes d'asile et des arriv&#233;es sur leurs territoire &#8211; a d&#233;cid&#233; de suspendre l'enregistrement des demandes d'asile &#224; ses fronti&#232;res en 2024. Cette violation de ses obligations internationales a &#233;t&#233; faite avec l'aval de l'UE, qui permet de limiter l'enregistrement des demandes d'asile dans des circonstances dites &#171; exceptionnelles &#187;, notamment pour les &#201;tats membres confront&#233;s &#224; une &#171; situation de crise &#187;, d'&#171; afflux massif &#187; ou &#224; une &#171; instrumentalisation des mouvements migratoires &#187;. Depuis 2021, Varsovie accuse en effet Minsk de coorganiser avec Moscou l'arriv&#233;e de personnes migrantes afin de &#171; d&#233;stabiliser &#187; le territoire de l'UE&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-14&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;La suspension du droit d'asile a ensuite &#233;t&#233; prolong&#233;e quatre fois en 2025 e (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-14&#034;&gt;14&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Parmi les effets de cette suspension, figurent les 14 754 refoulements vers la Bi&#233;lorussie op&#233;r&#233;s de fa&#231;on ill&#233;galepar les autorit&#233;s polonaises entre janvier et d&#233;cembre 2025, violant leurs droits et exposant les personnes exil&#233;es &#224; des conditions inhumaines et d&#233;gradantes&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-15&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir notamment le rapport conjoint &#171; Beaten back at Europe's borders - 2025 (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-15&#034;&gt;15&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La multiplication des franchissements de la fronti&#232;re par des tunnels et autres voies alternatives d&#233;montre une fois de plus que les politiques migratoires r&#233;pressives et s&#233;curitaires ne mettent pas fin aux mouvements migratoires : elles rendent les itin&#233;raires plus dangereux et plus longs, et poussent les personnes exil&#233;es &#224; recourir &#224; des facilitateurs devenus n&#233;cessaires dans le contexte de fermeture des fronti&#232;res&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-16&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Selon le rapport de l'Office des Nations Unies contre la drogue et le (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-16&#034;&gt;16&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_9&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Royaume-Uni/France&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Le Monde, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2026/04/23/nouvel-accord-franco-britannique-pour-endiguer-les-traversees-de-migrants-en-manche_6682464_3210.html?search-type=classic&amp;ise_click_rank=2&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Nouvel accord franco-britannique pour endiguer les travers&#233;es de migrants en Manche&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 23 avril 2025&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La France et le Royaume-Uni ont trouv&#233; un terrain d'entente pour prolonger l'accord de coop&#233;ration visant &#224; emp&#234;cher les travers&#233;es dites &#171; irr&#233;guli&#232;res &#187; de la Manche (&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.gisti.org/IMG/pdf/accord_france-royaumeuni_2018.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;trait&#233; de Sandhurst&lt;/a&gt;, 2018)&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-17&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Le trait&#233; de Sandhurst pr&#233;voit que le Royaume-Uni finance une partie des (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-17&#034;&gt;17&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Le Royaume-Uni fournira un financement qui pourra aller jusqu'&#224; 766 millions d'euros sur trois ans et qui comprend &#171; une partie flexible &#187;(186 millions d'euros), conditionn&#233;e &#224; l'efficacit&#233; des dispositions prises pour &#171; pr&#233;venir les tentatives de travers&#233;es &#187;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cette d&#233;cision intervient apr&#232;s des mois de tensions, durant lesquels le Royaume-Uni avait insist&#233; pour que la France augmente les interceptions en mer des &#171; &lt;i&gt;small boats&lt;/i&gt; &#187; (petites embarcations utilis&#233;es pour les travers&#233;es de la Manche), faute de quoi il n'aurait pas renouvel&#233; ses financements&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-18&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet InfoMigrants, &#171; Travers&#233;es de la Manche : Londres et Paris (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-18&#034;&gt;18&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La France s'y &#233;tait oppos&#233;e au d&#233;part,le Secr&#233;taire d'&#201;tat charg&#233; de la Mer, Xavier Ducept ayant soulign&#233; que les pratiques d'interception exig&#233;es par le Royaume-Uni risqueraient de violer le droit international et de mettre &#171; en danger la vie des personnes exil&#233;es et des agents fran&#231;ais &#187;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-19&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Ibidem&#034; id=&#034;nh4-19&#034;&gt;19&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En effet, les interceptions par les forces de l'ordre fran&#231;aises pour ramener les exil&#233;.e.s vers le littoral fran&#231;ais (&lt;i&gt;pullback&lt;/i&gt;) - pour le compte du Royaume-Uni - constituent une forme de refoulement, une pratique contraire au droit international et attentatoire au droit d'asile. Mais de nombreux et violents &lt;i&gt;pullba&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;ck&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;s&lt;/i&gt; ont d&#233;j&#224; &#233;t&#233; document&#233;sdans le cadre des op&#233;rations fran&#231;aises de &#171; surveillance &#187; dans la Manche financ&#233;es par le Royaume-Uni&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-20&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet The Guardian, &#171; Revealed : UK-funded French forces putting (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-20&#034;&gt;20&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. De plus, les op&#233;rations polici&#232;res men&#233;es &#224; l'encontre des exil&#233;&#183;e&#183;s sur les c&#244;tes fran&#231;aises, dans le but d'entraver les d&#233;parts vers le R.U. (d&#233;mant&#232;lement violent de campements, utilisation de gaz lacrymog&#232;ne, saisie de biens personnels, agressions physiques), mettent en danger constant la s&#233;curit&#233;, les droits et la vie des exil&#233;&#183;e&#183;s&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-21&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir le report de Humans for Rights Network, &#171; You can't stay but you can't (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-21&#034;&gt;21&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La France met donc de cot&#233; ses &#171; pr&#233;occupations &#187; concernant la vie des migrant&#183;e&#183;s et le respect du droit, au profit d'une coop&#233;ration meurtri&#232;re&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-22&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet InfoMigrants, &#171; Le renforcement des contr&#244;les policiers rend (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-22&#034;&gt;22&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; qui n'a cess&#233; de se renforcer au cours des vingt derni&#232;res ann&#233;es (accords du Touquet, accord &#171; One In, One Out &#187;).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_10&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=182&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;N&#233;gociations entre l'UE et les talibans&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Euractiv, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://euractiv.fr/news/exclusif-bruxelles-devrait-accueillir-les-talibans-pour-des-discussions-sur-les-expulsions-dafghans/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Bruxelles devrait accueillir les talibans pour des discussions sur les expulsions d'Afghans&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187; , le 21 avril 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;L'Union europ&#233;enne s'appr&#234;te &#224; accueillir une d&#233;l&#233;gation de talibans afin de poursuivre les discussions sur l'expulsion de ressortissant&#183;e&#183;s afghan&#183;e&#183;s depuis le territoire europ&#233;en (janvier 2026)&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-23&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet Euractiv, &#171; Migrations : la Commission europ&#233;enne annonce (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-23&#034;&gt;23&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, notamment en ce qui concerne la coop&#233;ration des autorit&#233;s afghanes dans le processus d'identification et la d&#233;livrance de documents de voyage.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ces &#233;changes s'inscrivent dans un contexte de pressions croissantes de la part des gouvernements des &#201;tats membres en faveur de la mise en place d'un m&#233;canisme europ&#233;en visant &#224; coordonner les expulsions des Afghan&#183;e&#183;s d&#233;pourvu&#183;e&#183;s de droit au s&#233;jour ou condamn&#233;&#183;e&#183;s par la justice. En octobre 2025, 20 &#201;tats membres, &#224; l'initiative de la Belgique, avaient demand&#233; &#224; la Commission europ&#233;enne d'instaurer ce m&#233;canisme, et en f&#233;vrier 2026 l'Allemagne a &#233;t&#233; le premier pays europ&#233;en, depuis la prise de pouvoir des talibans (2021), &#224; proc&#233;der &#224; une expulsion directe vers l'Afghanistan&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-24&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet InfoMigrants, &#171; L'Allemagne expulse 20 criminels afghans (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-24&#034;&gt;24&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Si l'UE s'&#233;tait jusqu'ici abrit&#233;e derri&#232;re la fiction des &#171; pays d'origine ou tiers s&#251;rs &#187; pour proc&#233;der &#224; des expulsions de personnes exil&#233;es, elle franchit aujourd'hui une &#233;tape suppl&#233;mentaire avec la proposition de r&#232;glement &#171; retour &#187;, pr&#233;voyant des expulsions vers tout pays tiers ayant conclu un accord formel ou informel avec un &#201;tat membre ou avec l'Union. Mais le texte de compromis adopt&#233; par le Parlement europ&#233;en le 26 mars 2026 pr&#233;voit en outre que&#171; toute communication [&lt;i&gt;a&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;vec les &#201;tats tiers &#224; des fins de r&#233;admission&lt;/i&gt;] ne pr&#233;juge en rien de la position de l'Union sur le statut des territoires ou des entit&#233;s concern&#233;s et ne saurait &#234;tre consid&#233;r&#233;e comme une reconnaissance, un soutien ou une validation de leur autorit&#233; ou de leur l&#233;gitimit&#233; &#187; (art. 37).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pr&#233;sent&#233;es sous un angle pr&#233;tendument &#171; technique &#187;, ces discussions avec les talibans, dont l'UE reconna&#238;t elle-m&#234;me que le r&#233;gime a entra&#238;n&#233; une &#171; d&#233;gradation sensible (&#8230;) des droits de l'Homme pour la population afghane &#187;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-25&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir notamment la fiche de l'Afghanistan du Conseil de l'Union europ&#233;enne&#034; id=&#034;nh4-25&#034;&gt;25&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, pourraient conduire &#224; une institutionnalisation de la violation du principe de non-refoulement et exposer les personnes concern&#233;es &#224; la torture, &#224; des traitements inhumains et d&#233;gradants, &#224; des ex&#233;cutions arbitraires, et &#224; d'autres graves violations de droits en Afghanistan.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_6037 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_file spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;28&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt;
&lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/pdf/draft_revue_de_presse_avril_2026.pdf' class=&#034; spip_doc_lien&#034; title='PDF - 260.1 kio' type=&#034;application/pdf&#034;&gt;&lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH500/4-6-66386.png?1778488618' width='500' height='500' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Revue de presse avril 2026
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;hr /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_notes'&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-1&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-1&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet Migreurop, &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article3571.html?lang_article=fr&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#171; Revue de presse mars 2026 &#187;&lt;/a&gt;, 8 avril 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-2&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-2&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet Migreurop, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article3565.html?lang_article=fr&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt; Les &#201;tats du Maghreb et de l'Union europ&#233;enne coupables de violations syst&#233;matiques du droit international et de crimes contre l'humanit&#233;&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 7 avril 2026.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-3&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-3&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet Myria, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.myria.be/fr/publications/loi-sur-les-visites-domiciliaires-des-conditions-vagues-et-peu-de-garanties&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt; Loi sur les visites domiciliaires : des conditions vagues et peu de garantie&lt;/a&gt; &#187; , 30 juillet 2025 et Cir&#233;, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.cire.be/ceci-nest-pas-une-fiction/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt; Ceci n'est pas une fiction, c'est un projet de loi !&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 27 novembre 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-4&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-4&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Ibidem&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-5&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-5&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-5&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet Migreurop, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article3551.html?lang_article=fr#outil_sommaire_9&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Revue de presse f&#233;vrier 2026&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 10 mars 2026, sur le r&#232;glement &#171; retour &#187;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-6&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-6&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-6&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir notamment Amnesty International, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.amnesty.fr/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/aA83DvIqRLdaBqIx_RapportAnnuelAI2024-2025.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt; La situation des droits humains dans le monde &lt;/a&gt; &#187;, avril 2025, pages 91-94&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-7&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-7&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-7&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Ibidem&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-8&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-8&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-8&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet Lighthouse Reports, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.lighthousereports.com/investigation/we-were-slaves/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;We were slaves&#8221;&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 28 juin 2022 ; ou encore Human Rights Watch, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.hrw.org/report/2022/04/07/their-faces-were-covered/greeces-use-migrants-police-auxiliaries-pushbacks&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt; &#8220;Their Faces Were Covered&#8221;. Greece's Use of Migrants as Police Auxiliaries in Pushbacks&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 7 avril 2022&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-9&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-9&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-9&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir notamment le communiqu&#233; de presse de l'association nationale des magistrat&#183;e&#183;s italien&#183;ne&#183;s (ANM) , &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.associazionemagistrati.it/doc/5077/sicurezza-sconcerto-per-attacco-a-diritto-di-difesa.htm&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Decreto Sicurezza : sconcerto per attacco a diritto di difesa&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 18 avril 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-10&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-10&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-10&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Pour en savoir plus, lire le communiqu&#233; de Migreurop, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article3230.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Protocole d'accord Italie/Albanie sur les migrations : une coop&#233;ration transfronti&#232;re contraire au droit international&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 13 f&#233;vrier 2024&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-11&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-11&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-11&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir la d&#233;claration du Commissaire aux droits de l'Homme du Conseil de l'Europe, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.coe.int/fr/web/commissioner/-/italy-albania-agreement-adds-to-worrying-european-trend-towards-externalising-asylum-procedures&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;L'accord entre l'Italie et l'Albanie confirme l'inqui&#233;tante tendance europ&#233;enne &#224; externaliser les proc&#233;dures d'asile&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 13 novembre 2023&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-12&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-12&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-12&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir notamment Stop de Asielwetten, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://stopdeasielwetten.nl/actueel/nieuws/strafbaarstelling-van-tafel&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt; Een bitterzoete overwinning : Strafbaarstelling van tafel &lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 21 avril 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-13&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-13&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-13&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;13&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet Refugee Help, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.refugeehelp.nl/en/asylum-seeker/news/100517-house-of-representatives-agrees-to-stricter-laws-on-asylum-now-the-senate-must-decide&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;House of Representatives agrees to stricter laws on asylum : now the Senate must decide&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 23 d&#233;cembre 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-14&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-14&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-14&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;14&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;La suspension du droit d'asile a ensuite &#233;t&#233; prolong&#233;e quatre fois en 2025 e une fois en 2026.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-15&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-15&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-15&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;15&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir notamment le rapport conjoint &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;file:///C:/Users/admin/Downloads/Pushbacks Report 2025.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034;&gt;Beaten back at Europe's borders - 2025 annual report on pushbacks &lt;/a&gt; &#187;,f&#233;vrier 2026, pages 11-13.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-16&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-16&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-16&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;16&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Selon le rapport de l'Office des Nations Unies contre la drogue et le crime, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/glosom/GLOSOM_2018_web_small.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Global study on smuggling of migrants&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, juin 2018, la demande de services de facilitation est d&#233;termin&#233;e surtout par la limitation des voies dites &#171; l&#233;gales &#187; d'acc&#232;s &#224; certaines territoires.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-17&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-17&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-17&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;17&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Le trait&#233; de Sandhurst pr&#233;voit que le Royaume-Uni finance une partie des actions men&#233;es par la France pour &#171; s&#233;curiser &#187; les plages fran&#231;aises, la fronti&#232;re franco-britannique &#233;tant situ&#233;e sur le sol fran&#231;ais. Depuis sa signature en 2018 et jusqu'ici, le Royaume-Uni a vers&#233; environ 540 millions d'euros &#224; la France.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-18&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-18&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-18&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;18&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet InfoMigrants, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/70665/traversees-de-la-manche--londres-et-paris-prolongent-de-deux-mois-seulement-leur-accord-pour-securiser-la-frontiere&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Travers&#233;es de la Manche : Londres et Paris prolongent de deux mois seulement leur accord pour s&#233;curiser la fronti&#232;re&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 1 avril 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-19&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-19&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-19&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;19&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Ibidem&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-20&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-20&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-20&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;20&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet The Guardian, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2024/mar/23/uk-funding-french-migrants-small-boat-border-forces&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt; Revealed : UK-funded French forces putting migrants' lives at risk with small-boat tactics&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 23 mars 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-21&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-21&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-21&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;21&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir le report de Humans for Rights Network, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.humansforrights.org/state-violence&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;You can't stay but you can't go - State violence at the UK-France border&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, d&#233;cembre 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-22&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-22&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-22&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;22&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet InfoMigrants, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/70616/le-renforcement-des-controles-policiers-rend-la-traversee-de-la-manche-plus-mortelle-selon-des-chercheurs&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Le renforcement des contr&#244;les policiers rend la travers&#233;e de la Manche plus mortelle, selon des chercheurs&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 31 mars 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-23&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-23&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-23&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;23&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet Euractiv, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://euractiv.fr/news/migrations-la-commission-europeenne-annonce-que-des-discussions-avec-les-talibans-sur-les-retours-sont-en-cours/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Migrations : la Commission europ&#233;enne annonce que des discussions avec les talibans sur les retours sont en cours&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 20 octobre 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-24&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-24&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-24&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;24&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet InfoMigrants, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/70091/lallemagne-expulse-20-criminels-afghans-vers-kaboul&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;L'Allemagne expulse 20 criminels afghans vers Kaboul &lt;/a&gt; &#187;,27 f&#233;vrier 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-25&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-25&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-25&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;25&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir notamment la &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.consilium.europa.eu/fr/policies/afghanistan-eu-response/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;fiche de l'Afghanistan&lt;/a&gt; du Conseil de l'Union europ&#233;enne&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		</content:encoded>


		

	</item>
<item xml:lang="hr">
		<title>Ako si na krivoj obali, rijeke su smrtonosne</title>
		<link>http://migreurop.org/article3524.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">http://migreurop.org/article3524.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2026-01-15T13:34:26Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>hr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Camille</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>&lt;span lang='fr'&gt;Croatie&lt;/span&gt;</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>&lt;span lang='fr'&gt;Bosnie-Herz&#233;govine&lt;/span&gt;</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>&lt;span lang='fr'&gt;Albanie&lt;/span&gt;</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>&lt;span lang='fr'&gt;Mort&#183;e&#183;s aux fronti&#232;res&lt;/span&gt;</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>&lt;span lang='fr'&gt;Enfermement&lt;/span&gt;</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>&lt;span lang='fr'&gt;Externalisation&lt;/span&gt;</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>&lt;span lang='fr'&gt;Politiques migratoires&lt;/span&gt;</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>&lt;span lang='fr'&gt;Surveillance et contr&#244;le&lt;/span&gt;</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Europski sporazum o migracijama i azilu koji je prihva&#263;en ovog prolje&#263;a mogao bi dovesti do poja&#269;anog nadzora ljudi u pokretu na Balkanu. Od prije dvadesetak godina, pa sve do danas, Europska unija i Frontex razvijaju sisteme nadzora sa smrtonosnim posljedicama. Prate&#263;i tokove rijeka koje dijele nekoliko dr&#382;ava u regiji, ovaj niz istra&#382;iva&#269;kih &#269;lanaka vodi nas izvorima kruga nasilja. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Da biste vidjeli razli&#269;ite epizode, kliknite na odgovaraju&#263;u karticu. &#10549;&#65039; Epizoda br. 1 &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Na prolje&#263;e 2024. (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


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 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L150xH84/2__una_vue_de_bihac-3-417bb.jpg?1768484207' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='150' height='84' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Europski sporazum o migracijama i azilu koji je prihva&#263;en ovog prolje&#263;a mogao bi dovesti do poja&#269;anog nadzora ljudi u pokretu na Balkanu. Od prije dvadesetak godina, pa sve do danas, Europska unija i Frontex razvijaju sisteme nadzora sa smrtonosnim posljedicama. Prate&#263;i tokove rijeka koje dijele nekoliko dr&#382;ava u regiji, ovaj niz istra&#382;iva&#269;kih &#269;lanaka vodi nas izvorima kruga nasilja.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&#034;background-color:#EAEAEC; padding:0px 2px;&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Da biste vidjeli razli&#269;ite epizode, kliknite na odgovaraju&#263;u karticu. &#10549;&#65039;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class=&#034;onglets_bloc_initial&#034;&gt;&lt;div class=&#034;onglets_contenu&#034;&gt;&lt;h2 class=&#034;cs_onglet&#034;&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;#&#034;&gt;Epizoda br. 1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Na prolje&#263;e 2024. Morgane Dujmovi&#263;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Morgane Dujmovi&#263; je geografkinja i politologinja pri CNRS-u. Trenutno radi u (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-1&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; provodila je istra&#382;ivanje na Balkanu s jednim pitanjem: za&#353;to prelazak granica na Balkanu danas prati toliko nasilja? Ve&#263;ina izbjeglica dolazi iz Azije, Afrike i Bliskog istoka. Kao i na ostalim europskim granicama, do&#382;ivljavaju policijsko nasilje i sve vi&#353;e se suo&#269;avaju sa smrtnom opasno&#353;&#263;u.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Prva stanica u sklopu istra&#382;ivanja bio je Unsko-sanski kanton na sjeverozapadu Bosne i Hercegovine koji je za one koji poku&#353;avaju prije&#263;i granicu s Hrvatskom posljednja postaja prije Schengenskog prostora. Ovdje je opresivna atmosfera gradova na granici u kontrastu s rastu&#263;om turisti&#269;kom industrijom. &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&#268;ut &#263;emo mi&#353;ljenja lokalnih stanovnika, prodava&#269;a, taksista i policajaca.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ovaj portfelj-&#269;lanak prvi je u nizu &#269;lanaka koji prati posljedice eksternalizacije europskih migracijskih politika na Balkanu na ljude u pokretu. &#268;lanak je pod nazivom &#8222;Ako si na krivoj obali, rijeke su smrtonosne&#8220; prvi put objavljen na portalima &lt;a href=&#034;https://blogs.mediapart.fr/morgane-dujmovic/blog/220824/les-cours-d-eau-sont-mortels-pour-qui-n-est-pas-du-bon-cote-episode-2&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Mediapart&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.courrierdesbalkans.fr/Blog-o-Les-rescape-e-s-de-la-frontiere&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Le Courrier des Balkans&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt; i &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.visionscarto.net/route-des-balkans-les-rescape-es&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;visioncarto.net&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Zahvaljujemo timu portala &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.visionscarto.net/route-des-balkans-les-rescape-es&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;visionscarto.net&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt; na lekturi i ure&#273;enju teksta, pogotovo Isabelli Saint-Saint-Sa&#235;ns na verziji na engleskom jeziku.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr&gt;&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;Epizoda br. 1: Dvije boje bosanskog prolje&#263;a&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;hr&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Od Korane do Une, turisti, lokalci i migranti&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Izme&#273;u masiva Velebita i planine Dinare koja slu&#382;i kao prirodna granica izme&#273;u Hrvatske i Bosne i Hercegovine, nalazi se Lika, &#269;ija se visoka kr&#353;ka zaravan razabire kroz prigu&#353;eno proljetno svjetlo. Prizori &#353;tandova s medom i sirom izmjenjuju se s prizorima &#382;ivahnih stada krava i krda konja. Tu se nalazi i uto&#269;i&#353;te za ranjene medvjede u kojem rade francuski i austrijski volonteri &#8211; zaljubljenici u prirodu, a tu su i turisti koji iz cijelog svijeta hrle posjetiti slapove i jezera Nacionalnog parka Plitvice&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Diljem svijeta poznati nacionalni park, na UNESCO-ovom popisu svjetske (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-2&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Jedinu sumornu nijansu ovog krajolika sa&#269;injavaju brojne razru&#353;ene farme koje nas podsje&#263;aju na to da se ba&#353; du&#382; ovog dijela granice od 1991. do 1995. odvijala jedna od naj&#382;e&#353;&#263;ih epizoda u sukobu izme&#273;u Hrvata i Srba&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Godine 1991. nakon progla&#353;enja hrvatske nezavisnosti progla&#353;ena je Republika (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-3&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Tko bi pomislio da su sada kada vlada mir, ove visoke planine i dalje okru&#382;enje u kojem dolazi do brutalnih te ponekad smrtonosnih okr&#353;aja prsa o prsa.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dok se kre&#263;em obalom rijeke Korane, moj pogled prati obrise Dinare. Pribli&#382;avaju&#263;i se granici s Bosnom i Hercegovinom, broj vozila hrvatske grani&#269;ne policije raste kao i grani&#269;ni pregledi iz smjera Bosne i Hercegovine prema Hrvatskoj. U blizini Plitvica, policija ovla&#353; provjerava identitet putnika i pita ih kamo idu. Ponekad na komadu papira zapi&#353;u imena radi nadzora ljudi i vozila koja su ve&#263; pregled pro&#353;la: grani&#269;ni pregledi ne smiju biti prepreka ranoj turisti&#269;koj sezoni.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_5831 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;66&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;xx&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/jpg/panneau_jaune.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH666/panneau_jaune-e4b4b.jpg?1768488430' width='500' height='666' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Li&#269;ka visoravan prema Plitvicama i Biha&#263;u, 2024
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_credits '&gt;Morgane Dujmovi&#263;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Penjem se na planinu i pribli&#382;avam se grani&#269;nom prijelazu izme&#273;u Li&#269;kog Petrovog Sela (Hrvatska) / Iza&#269;i&#263; (Bosna i Hercegovina). Ovdje ima mnogo vi&#353;e kombija grani&#269;ne policije; neki stoje na mjestu dok su drugi u ophodnji. Policajac patrolira u jednoj od nebrojenih zapu&#353;tenih zgrada u vlasni&#353;tvu srpskog stanovni&#353;tva koje je ovdje &#382;ivjelo prije vojne operacije Oluja, a kojom je Hrvatskoj vra&#263;eno podru&#269;je Krajine. Prema onom &#353;to vidim kroz rupe u razru&#353;enim zidovima, jasno mi je da bi to moglo biti skloni&#353;te dana&#353;njih migranata. Gledaju&#263;i razru&#353;ene zidove moglo bi se pretpostaviti da netko od ljudi u pokretu danas na tom mjestu tra&#382;i skrovi&#353;te. Me&#273;utim, posljedice ove sramotne no&#263;ne igre ma&#269;ke i mi&#353;a osje&#263;aju se tek kad se prije&#273;e bosanskohercegova&#269;ka granica.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Gejm (eng. &lt;i&gt;game&lt;/i&gt;)&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;je cini&#269;an naziv za neprestano smi&#353;ljanje na&#269;ina kako prije&#263;i granicu i na&#263;i se u Europskoj uniji, a bosanski Unsko-sanski kanton je, nakon zatvaranja slu&#382;benog balkanskog koridora aktivnog izme&#273;u 2015. i 2016&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;O zatvaranju koridora 2016. godine, vidi primjerice Emina Bu&#382;inki&#263; i (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-4&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, postao pozornica gejma. Budu&#263;i da je smje&#353;tena u krajnjem sjeverozapadnom dijelu Bosne, ova regija predstavlja jednu od od naizravnijih veza izme&#273;u ju&#382;nog Balkana i Schengenskog podru&#269;ja. Od 2017. godine pa nadalje, s ja&#269;anjem kontrola na granicama izme&#273;u Srbije i Ma&#273;arske te Srbije i Hrvatske, ljudi na balkanskoj ruti se sve vi&#353;e kre&#263;u u smjeru Unsko-sanskog kantona u nadi da &#263;e tim putem sti&#263;i u Sloveniju koja se nalazi na nekih sto kilometara udaljenosti. Budu&#263;i da je Hrvatska po&#269;etkom 2023. godine u&#353;la u Schengen&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-5&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Hrvatska se pridru&#382;ila Schengenskom podru&#269;ju u 1. sije&#269;nja 2023. kada su (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-5&#034;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, teoretski se podru&#269;je slobodnog kretanja nalazi s druge strane planine koja se nazire iza upravnog centra kantona&lt;strong&gt; &#8211; &lt;/strong&gt;grada Biha&#263;a.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_5833 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;82&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;xx&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH281/cadenas-2468c.jpg?1768488430' width='500' height='281' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Planine prema Hrvatskoj, s mosta na rijeci Uni kod Biha&#263;a, 2024
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_credits '&gt;Morgane Dujmovi&#263;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Tijekom zadnjih dvadeset godina, zahtjev za &#269;lanstvom u Europskoj uniji, a potom i ulazak u Schengen zna&#269;ili su drasti&#269;no pove&#263;anje resursa usmjerenih na ja&#269;anje bosanskohercegova&#269;ke i hrvatske granice u smislu ljudskih, tehnolo&#353;kih i nov&#269;anih resursa&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-6&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Vidi doktorski rad autorice u kojem se prate spomenuti procesi od 2000. do (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-6&#034;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Na strani Bosne i Hercegovine, podru&#269;ja uz granicu time su postala prioritetna podru&#269;ja kontrole migracija prema schengenskim granicama: Europska unija implementirala je mjere kojima se uspostavlja selektivna tampon zona &#269;iji je cilj odvojiti &#382;ito od kukolja, odnosno odvojiti one migracije koje se smatraju prihvatljivima od onih koje se smatraju ne&#382;eljenima.&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-7&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Ova funkcija &#8220;filtracije&#8221; odnosi se na cijeli Balkanski poluotok od 2000. (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-7&#034;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ovaj proces eksternalizacije odvija se pod neprestanim financijskim i politi&#269;kim pritiskom vezanom uz priklju&#269;ivanje BiH Europskoj uniji. Vije&#263;e Europe potvrdilo je Bosni i Hercegovini Status dr&#382;ave kandidata 2022. godine, gotovo sedam godina nakon &#353;to je BiH podnijela zahtjev za &#269;lanstvom&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-8&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Zahtjev za &#269;lanstvom Bosne i Hercegovine predan je 15. velja&#269;e 2016. godine, (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-8&#034;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_5834 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;88&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;xx&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/jpg/carte_2.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH375/carte_2-67751.jpg?1768488535' width='500' height='375' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Balkanska tampon zona, nova tranzitna ruta prema Europi, 2015
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_credits '&gt;Morgane Dujmovi&#263; i Simon
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dostupno na Migreurop, closethecamps.org na &lt;a href=&#034;https://closethecamps.org/2015/12/09/le-sas-des-balkans/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;francuskom&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&#034;https://ar.closethecamps.org/2015/12/09/&#1605;&#1605;&#1585;&#1617;-&#1575;&#1604;&#1576;&#1604;&#1602;&#1575;&#1606;-&#1605;&#1603;&#1575;&#1606;-&#1593;&#1576;&#1608;&#1585;-&#1580;&#1583;&#1610;&#1583;-&#1573;&#1604;&#1609;-&#1583;&#1608;&#1604;-&#1575;&#1604;&#1575;/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;arapskom&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&#034;https://en.closethecamps.org/2015/12/09/the-balkan-buffer-zone/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;engleskom&lt;/a&gt; i &lt;a href=&#034;https://es.closethecamps.org/2015/12/09/la-esclusa-de-los-balkanes/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#353;panjolskom&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Uloga tampon zone koju ima Bosna i Hercegovina posebno se o&#269;ituje u Unsko-sanskom kantonu zbog njegovih specifi&#269;nih geografskih obilje&#382;ja. Radi se o poluenklavi u obliku d&#382;epa koja je, za ljude &#269;ije je putovanje ovdje stalo, poput slijepe ulice&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-9&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Ovakvo strate&#353;ki isplanirano kori&#353;tenje prostora je sli&#269;no onom koje je (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-9&#034;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Kao i na drugim granicama i ovdje se mogu vidjeti grupe ljudi kako pje&#353;ice prelaze petnaest kilometara dug put izme&#273;u grada i grani&#269;nog prijelaza Iza&#269;i&#263;, a koje je hrvatska policija upravo vratila s grani&#269;nog prijelaza ili grupe koje se kre&#263;u prema granici da jo&#353; jednom oku&#353;aju sre&#263;u u&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;gejmu&lt;i&gt;.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_5811 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;95&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;xx&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH281/1000000100000309000001b5c019c019-d23bb.png?1768484208' width='500' height='281' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Iza&#269;i&#263;, prema hrvatskom grani&#269;nom prijelazu koji je vidljiv u pozadini, 2024
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_credits '&gt;Morgane Dujmovi&#263;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Stanovnici Biha&#263;a ve&#263; sedam godina svjedo&#269;e nasilnim strategijama kojima Hrvatska odbija migrante i vra&#263;a u kanton. Vrhunac nasilja vezanog uz prelazak granica dogodio se 2018. godine.&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-10&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Prema statistici koju je prikupio IOM u Bosni i Hercegovini broj ulazaka u (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-10&#034;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; Prema rije&#269;ima vlasnika jednog du&#263;ana iz Biha&#263;a:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8222;Do COVID-a je bilo jako te&#353;ko, ljudi su spavali posvuda: u gradu, u &#353;umi, na mjestima koja uop&#263;e nisu bila prikladna. Vidjeli smo mnogo ljudi iz Afganistana, Pakistana, bilo je Kurda, crnaca iz afri&#269;kih zemalja a &#269;esto i obitelji s jako malom djecom. Mi itekako dobro razumijemo ljude koji bje&#382;e iz zemalja koje su u ratu i &#382;ivot u kampu: mi smo pre&#382;ivjeli rat i &#269;etiri godine opsade Biha&#263;a.&#8221;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-11&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Kazivanje zabilje&#382;eno u travnju 2024. Prevela autorica.&#034; id=&#034;nh5-11&#034;&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Retorika otvorenosti i suosje&#263;anja mije&#353;a se i s nezadovoljstvom lokalnog stanovni&#353;tva: istim onim nezadovoljstvom zbog kojeg je u listopadu 2020. godine zatvoren kamp Bira koji je bio smje&#353;ten u samom centru Biha&#263;a&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-12&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Vidi tada objavljen &#269;lanak: &#8221;Stotine migranata izmje&#353;tene iz IOM kampa u (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-12&#034;&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Na vrhuncu COVID-19 pandemije, dio ljudi koji su bili smje&#353;teni u tom kampu premje&#353;teni su u drugi kamp, koji se nalazi 27 kilometara od grada u udaljenoj seoskoj sredini, daleko od hrvatske granice&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-13&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;O kronololo&#353;kom tijeku uspostavljanja ovog mjesta, vidi kratak pregled (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-13&#034;&gt;13&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. U prolje&#263;e 2024. godine taj kamp bio je jedini slu&#382;beni smje&#353;taj za mu&#353;karce bez obitelji. Samo su djeca i maloljetnici mogli biti u gradu, u kampu Bori&#263;i koji je poznat kao &#8221;obiteljski kamp&#8221;. Za preobrazbu tog nekada&#353;njeg studentskog doma u kamp od 2018. godine je povu&#269;eno milijun eura iz prora&#269;una EU, za rekonstrukciju i redovnu djelatnost.&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-14&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Vidi statistiku koju je delegacija Europske unije u Bosni i Hercegovini (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-14&#034;&gt;14&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_5844 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;50&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;x&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH281/poubelle-fdfc6.jpg?1768490611' width='500' height='281' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Kamp za obitelji &#8222;Bori&#263;i&#8221;, 2024
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_credits '&gt;Morgane Dujmovi&#263;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Kamp Bori&#263;i (&#8220;borova &#353;uma&#8221; na bosanskom jeziku), kojem je fasada obnovljena u ljeto 2022. godine, nalazi se u borovoj &#353;umi po kojoj je i dobio ime. Zbog mirne atmosfere gotovo da i zaboravimo na tjeskobu koju ljudi koji su ovdje smje&#353;teni svakodnevno osje&#263;aju. Iako su ih humanitarne organizacije klasificirale kao &#8220;ranjive&#8221;, ove izolirane grupe &#382;ena, obitelji i djece suo&#269;avaju se s nasilnim protjerivanjem svaki put kada ne uspiju preko planine prije&#263;i u Hrvatsku. Za one koji su ve&#263; poku&#353;ali prije&#263;i granicu, kamp je vje&#269;na prostorna petlja, mjesto privremenog ali krhkog predaha. Sva su osjetila u potpunosti usmjerena na mogu&#263;nost da sljede&#263;i poku&#353;aj uspije. &#268;lan jedne od obitelji koju sam upoznala oporavljao se od ozljede koju je zadobio na balkanskoj ruti. Oni nisu mogli u prelazak granice: &#8220;Ne no&#263;as&#8221;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_5813 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;68&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;xx&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH282/10000001000002990000017849bea561-236c4.png?1768484208' width='500' height='282' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&#8222;Ne no&#263;as&#8220;, pogled prema planinama Hrvatske, 2024
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_credits '&gt;Morgane Dujmovi&#263;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Nastavljam put i kre&#263;em prema kampu Lipa. Uz obalu rijeke Une, turisti&#269;ka obilje&#382;ja podsjetnik su na to da smo u kraju koji je nekima sinonim za tupu tjeskobu, a nekima mjesto zabave i istra&#382;ivanja. U Nacionalnom parku Una, kao i na hrvatskoj strani, pune se privatni apartmani za novu sezonu dok prve grupe turista u&#382;ivaju u proljetnoj atmosferi, vodenim sportovima i slapovima.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ministarstvo sigurnosti Bosne i Hercegovine izrazilo je jasnu namjeru da ovakvu slobodu kretanja uskladi s &#8220;europskim standardima&#8221; kontrole migracija&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-15&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Vidi primjerice stranicu Ministarstva sigurnosti i Slu&#382;bu za poslove sa (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-15&#034;&gt;15&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. U zadnjih nekoliko godina, Biha&#263; i Unsko-sanski kanton postali su jedno od mnogih grani&#269;nih podru&#269;ja u kojima se stvara &#8222;bipolarna diferencijacija&#8220;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-16&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Vidi Saskia Sassen: Villes entre vieilles fronti&#232;res et nouvelles cl&#244;tures (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-16&#034;&gt;16&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; izme&#273;u svijeta dobrodo&#353;le i profitabilne migracije turista i one druge, nepo&#382;eljnih migracija, satkanih od ljudi koji uglavnom dolaze s Bliskog istoka, Azije i Afrike i koji bje&#382;e od nasilja, rata, progona ili nepodno&#353;ljivih dru&#353;tveno-ekonomskih okolnosti.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Nekoliko suptilnih pokazatelja ove duboke nejednakosti u mogu&#263;nostima kretanja privla&#269;i pozornost u ina&#269;e idili&#269;nom krajoliku. Na zadnjem kri&#382;anju koje vodi prema kampu Lipa, na turisti&#269;kim znakovima uz cestu, naljepnice ukazuju na sveprisutnost taksija i postojanje &#8220;pu&#353;bek&#8221; karte.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_5814 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;80&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;xx&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH281/100000010000033b000001d1df9cddaf-078fb.png?1768484208' width='500' height='281' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Turisti&#269;ke oznake uz prilaznu cestu za prema kampu Lipa, 2024
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_credits '&gt;Morgane Dujmovi&#263;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class='spip_document_5815 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;51&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;x&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH259/10000000000003e100000204aa927b6b-34c07.png?1768484208' width='500' height='259' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Turisti&#269;ke oznake, detalji, 2024
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_credits '&gt;Morgane Dujmovi&#263;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;U EU-kampu Lipa: tko profitira od &#8222;&lt;i&gt;gejma&lt;/i&gt;&#8220;?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pribli&#382;avaju&#263;i se kampu Lipa padaju mi na pamet dvije rije&#269;i: mjese&#269;eva povr&#353;ina. Osim &#353;to je udaljen od grada, pristup ote&#382;ava i vijugava staza duga gotovo 3 kilometara, kao i izrupana cesta koja vodi kroz planine do nenaseljene visoravni. Ispred kampa, osje&#263;aj da smo u pustinji u kontrastu je s arhitekturom prostora opasanog ogradom koji se nadgleda sustavom video-nadzora. Uz sveprisutne znakove zabrane ulaska i fotografiranja tu su i upozorenja koje izgovaraju svi policajci: &#8220;Cijeli kamp je pod video-nadzorom&#8221;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_5816 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;39&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;x&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH235/10000001000005660000028ab8c2d2fe-f7ff8.png?1768484208' width='500' height='235' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Dolazak u Lipu, 2024
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_credits '&gt;Morgane Dujmovi&#263;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ovdje je opipljiva &#382;elja da se izolira ljude u pokretu. Ona je u skladu s interesima hrvatske policije i policije BiH da mu&#353;karce koji se nalaze u kampu dr&#382;i podalje od granice i obeshrabruje ih od gejma. Za op&#263;inske vlasti, njihovo udaljavanje iz naselja i gradova je, &#269;ini se, ciljana strategija, jer kamp Lipa se povremeno koristi za njihovo izmje&#353;tanje iz napu&#353;tenih objekata u gradu, kako je u prolje&#263;e 2021. godine i najavio gradona&#269;elnik Biha&#263;a:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8222;&lt;i&gt;Postoji jo&#353; nekoliko lokacija u gradu na kojima borave migranti. To je, prije svega zgrada biv&#353;e tvornice 'Krajinametal' koju &#263;emo tako&#273;er u narednim danima isprazniti, o&#269;istiti i zape&#269;atiti&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;.&#8220;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-17&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Izvadak je s bosanskohercegova&#269;kog prevela autorica. Vidi cijeli &#269;lanak: (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-17&#034;&gt;17&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Nadalje, lokacija kampa je u skladu je s o&#269;ekivanjima Europske unije, koja je financirala njegovu infrastrukturu i rad kroz program &#8222;EU podr&#353;ka upravljanju migracijama i granicama u BiH&#8220;. Lipa je dio niza kampova uspostavljenih u Bosni i Hercegovini izme&#273;u 2018. i 2021. godine, zajedno s kampovima u Biri, Sedri i Miralu (koji su u me&#273;uvremenu zatvoreni), te onima u Bori&#263;ima, U&#353;ivku i Bla&#382;uju, koji su na prolje&#263;e 2024. godine i dalje u funkciji. Europska sredstva kojima su se tijekom godina financirali ovi &#8222;privremeni prihvatni centri&#8220; , kako se slu&#382;beno zovu (TRC od engleskog &lt;i&gt;Temporary Reception Center&lt;/i&gt;), ukupno su iznosila 100 milijuna eura&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-18&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Vidi priop&#263;enje za javnost IOM-a u kojem se spominje ova svota.&#034; id=&#034;nh5-18&#034;&gt;18&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Taj se iznos redovito koristi kao sna&#382;an argument za vr&#353;enje pritiska na bosanskohercegova&#269;ke vlasti. Primjerice, u sije&#269;nju 2021. godine, visoki predstavnik EU za vanjske poslove i sigurnosnu politiku Josep Borrell, iskoristio je taj financijski argument kako bi potaknuo vlasti Biha&#263;a i Unsko-sanskog kantona da ponovno stave u funkciju kamp Bira&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-19&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Vidi izvje&#353;taj koji je objavljenj iste godine. Bisiaux &amp; al., 2021, (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-19&#034;&gt;19&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_5835 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;57&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;x&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH505/centre-98555.jpg?1768488711' width='500' height='505' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Privremeni prihvatni centar Lipa, 2024
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_credits '&gt;Morgane Dujmovi&#263;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Me&#273;utim, u praksi su ta sredstva dodijeljena Me&#273;unarodnoj organizaciji za migracije (International Organization for Migration, IOM), agenciji UN-a i partneru EU, kojoj je povjeren zadatak koordiniranja i upravljanja kampovima u sklopu Strategije u oblasti migracija i azila (&lt;i&gt;Inter-Agency Migration Response&lt;/i&gt;). IOM se tako domogao ve&#263;eg dijela novca koji je do&#353;ao iz Instrumenta za pretpristupnu pomo&#263; za upravljanje migracijama i kontrolu granica, i nametnuo se kao klju&#269;ni partner u tim podru&#269;jima&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-20&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;O dvosmislenoj ulozi IOM-a, vidi sveobuhvatan izvje&#353;taj kojeg je objavila (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-20&#034;&gt;20&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. No ta se situacija po&#269;ela mijenjati od 2021. godine. U skladu s ciljevima Europske komisije, na koje se Bosnu i Hercegovinu redovito podsje&#263;a u izvje&#353;tajima o pra&#263;enju njezinog pristupa EU&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-21&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Vidi Izvje&#353;taj EU o napretku za godinu 2022. (Commission monitoring report (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-21&#034;&gt;21&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, IOM sada prelazi na plan kojim &#263;e se odgovor na migracije u potpunosti prepustiti dr&#382;avi, takozvani &#8220;&lt;i&gt;plan for a transition to a state-owned migration response&lt;/i&gt;&#8221; &#8211; formula koja jasno pokazuje da je prethodna strategija bila intervencionisti&#269;ka&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-22&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Vidi stranicu IOM-a: 'Temporary Reception Center profiles'.&#034; id=&#034;nh5-22&#034;&gt;22&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. S obzirom na prijenos ovlasti na Ministarstvo za nacionalnu sigurnost, upravljanje kampom Lipa od studenog 2021. godine pre&#353;lo je na Slu&#382;bu za poslove sa strancima (poznatiju u praksi po kratici SFA od engleskog Service for Foreigners' Affairs). Kao &#353;to je jedan od slu&#382;benika te slu&#382;be rekao, Lipa je &#8222;prvi centar kojim potpuno upravljaju nacionalne institucije u Bosni i Hercegovini&#8220;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-23&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Kazivanje zabilje&#382;eno u travnju 2024.godine. S bosanskohercegova&#269;kog prevela (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-23&#034;&gt;23&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, te je svojevrsni pilot projekt u okviru tranzicije koju o&#269;ekuju EU i IOM. Godine 2021. EU je financirala izgradnju specijaliziranog prostora za zadr&#382;avanje migranata, pretvoriv&#353;i Lipu u 'Vi&#353;enamjenski centar za prijem i identifikaciju'&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-24&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Vidi Izvje&#353;taj EU o napretku za godinu 2022, str. 57-58.&#034; id=&#034;nh5-24&#034;&gt;24&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;i&gt;M&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;ulti-purpose Reception and Identification Centre&lt;/i&gt;). To obja&#353;njava tenzije koje su dovele do ograni&#269;avanja pristupa kampu, kao i pritisak da se informacije ne dijele s osobama izvan kampa, prema rije&#269;ima migranata koji su bili tamo smje&#353;teni u prolje&#263;e 2024. godine.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Stoga se geograf Louis Fernier odlu&#269;io za metodu prostorne rekonstrukcije kako bi izradio kartu kampa uz pomo&#263; planova evakuacije te svjedo&#269;anstava.&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-25&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Vidi Louis Fernier i Morgane Dujmovi&#263;: 'Fronti&#232;res violentes, recherches &#224; (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-25&#034;&gt;25&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_5836 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;86&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;xx&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/png/camp.png' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/png&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH500/camp-15719.png?1768488834' width='500' height='500' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Rekonstrukcija plana kampa Lipa, 2023
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_credits '&gt;Louis Fernier, Nelly Martin &amp; Luuk Slegers
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Godine 2023. ljudi smje&#353;teni u Lipi govorili su o relativno dobrim uvjetima, u usporedbi s kampovima u drugim zemljama (zbog toga se na karti Louisa Ferniera koristi pojam 'VIP' kamp). Me&#273;utim, udaljenost kampa i oskudni resursi za svakodnevni &#382;ivot, doveli su ga da termina 'prostorne povrede&#8220;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-26&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Odnosi se na termin &#8222;prostorne povrede&#8220; koji obuhva&#263;a situacije u kojima (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-26&#034;&gt;26&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; protiv izbjeglica kojim se bavi u svojem doktoratu.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Tijekom prolje&#263;a 2024. godine, sve vi&#353;e se i s vi&#353;e gor&#269;ine govori o lo&#353;im &#382;ivotnim uvjetima. Unato&#269; u to vrijeme relativno povoljnim uvjetima smje&#353;taja (u Lipi je tada registrirano izme&#273;u 348 i 603 osoba, dok je kapacitet 1512 kreveta), &#269;ini se da migrantima u kampovima nedostaje sve ono &#269;ime se Europska unija i njezina delegacija u Bosni i Hercegovini ponose da financira. Sve to je u kontrastu s &#8222;dobronamjernom&#8220; atmosferom opisanoj u dvotjednim izvje&#353;&#263;ima IOM-a.&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-27&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Vidi IOM-ovu stranicu &#8220;Situation Reports&#8221; koja pokazuje razvoj u odnosu na (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-27&#034;&gt;27&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Taj je kontrast jo&#353; vidljiviji unutar kampa Lipa budu&#263;i da se logotipovi IOM-a i EU nalaze posvuda, kao i logotipovi desetak ili vi&#353;e nevladinih organizacija koje imaju dozvolu djelovanja u kampu kako bi osigurale minimalne uvjete prihvata. Prema rije&#269;ima S*: &lt;i&gt;&#8222;Lije&#269;nik dolazi samo na sat vremena ponedjeljkom i na sat vremena &#269;etvrtkom. Ako je netko na samrti, kako on mo&#382;e pomo&#263;i?&#8221;&lt;/i&gt;. Takvi opisi odra&#382;avaju mi&#353;ljenja mnogih lokalaca. &#352;tovi&#353;e, takvi uvjeti stanovanja razlog su redovitoj prisutnosti kolektiva poput No Name Kitchen, &#269;iji volonteri nastoje nadomjestiti nesta&#353;icu hrane ili neprehrambenih artikala (odje&#263;a, higijenski kompleti, itd.).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pristupni put do kampa tako&#273;er vrlo slikovito evocira spomenuti kontrast. Na ovom pra&#353;njavom, izrovanom i neodr&#382;avanom putu posjetitelji se susre&#263;u s terenskim vozilima i kombijima koji su ukra&#353;enima logom EU. Potonji su produkt skupih donacija me&#273;u kojima se posebno isti&#269;u crna terenska vozila vrijedna 370 000 eura donirana u o&#382;ujku 2023. godine Upravi za koordinaciju policijskih snaga (koja je godinu dana ranije preuzela odgovornost za sigurnost kampa).&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-28&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Ovo se odnosi na donaciju u visini od 725 000 konvertibilnih BiH maraka iz (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-28&#034;&gt;28&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; S druge strane, bijeli kamioneti i kombiji u iznosu od 500 000 eura donirani su grani&#269;noj policiji u velja&#269;i 2024. godine kako bi se 'poduprle operativne akcije u regionalnim uredima', poput biha&#263;kog.&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-29&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;U sklopu projekta &#8220;Special Measures to Support the Response to the Refugee (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-29&#034;&gt;29&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;S druge strane, segregacija i neima&#353;tina dobra su prilika za lokalne trgovce. Njihove se du&#263;ane, smje&#353;tene uz kamp usred ni&#269;ega ,tolerira: potrebni su ljudima u kampu, a na proizvodima koji se tu prodaju zahvalni su i policajci koji tamo svakodnevno dolaze kupiti kruh, cigarete&#8230; Nekoliko takvih zapu&#353;tenih baraka dokaz su nekada&#353;nje va&#382;ne trgova&#269;ke aktivnosti. Me&#273;u njima je jo&#353; uvijek i jedan ironi&#269;nog naziva: &lt;i&gt;The Game Shop&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_5819 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;42&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;x&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH278/100000010000056900000305bf319a10-8c2a3.png?1768484208' width='500' height='278' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Du&#263;an zvan &#8222;Game&#8220;, 2024
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_credits '&gt;Morgane Dujmovi&#263;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class='spip_document_5820 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;37&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;x&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH277/1000000100000563000002fb4936eb00-d8b7b.png?1768484208' width='500' height='277' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Lipa Marketi, 2024
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_credits '&gt;Morgane Dujmovi&#263;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;U glavnoj privatnoj trgovini koja jo&#353; uvijek radi, mo&#382;e se na&#263;i sve potrebno za gejm&lt;i&gt;&#8220;&lt;/i&gt;: topla odje&#263;a i planinarske &#269;izme za mu&#353;karce, vre&#263;e za spavanje, SIM kartice koje se mogu koristiti samo za internet u Hrvatskoj, Sloveniji i Italiji. Jedan od prodava&#269;a sljede&#263;im rije&#269;ima opisuje kako lokalci zara&#273;uju na migrantima:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8222;Ljudi ovdje uglavnom nisu sretni &#353;to su tu migranti i optu&#382;uju ih za najmanju kra&#273;u ili krivi&#269;no djelo, a u isto vrijeme su od toga napravili veliki biznis. Zamisli, prodaja, smje&#353;taj, taksiji!&#8220;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-30&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Kazivanje zabilje&#382;eno u travnju 2024. S bosanskohercegova&#269;kog prevela autorica.&#034; id=&#034;nh5-30&#034;&gt;30&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Zapravo, u Lipi je priljev taksija stalan a vozila se izmjenjuju kako bi mu&#353;karce smje&#353;tene u kampu prevezla do centra Biha&#263;a. &#8222;&lt;i&gt;To je posao bez kojeg ne staje, 24 sata dnevno&lt;/i&gt;&#8220;, ka&#382;e mi jedan od njih. Putovanja u grad su &#269;esta, kako bi se nabavile potrep&#353;tine, posjetili ro&#273;aci u obiteljskom kampu ili oku&#353;ala sre&#263;a u gejmu. Uvijek su tamo jedan do pet automobila koji &#269;ekaju da se napune: svaka vo&#382;nja ko&#353;ta 20 eura, pa vi&#353;e putnika ide jednim vozilom kako bi podijelili tro&#353;ak. Ispred kampa, vizitke za taksi vozila prekrivaju prljavi pod.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_5821 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;50&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;x&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH281/100000000000056300000308ed3ee38d-dbbfb.jpg?1768484208' width='500' height='281' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Taksiji ispred kampa Lipa, 2024
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_credits '&gt;Morgane Dujmovi&#263;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Prema rije&#269;ima jednog od voza&#269;a, neki voza&#269;i ne taje da se radi o vrlo unosnom poslu i da zara&#273;uju na migrantima. Drugi, malo prizemljeniji, na&#353;iroko opisuju ne tako profitabilan, a ujedno i prili&#269;no rizi&#269;an posao:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8222;&lt;i&gt;Kad se uzme u obzir gorivo i svaki put kad ne zavr&#353;i&#353; na pravom mjestu, na kraju do&#273;e&#353; na nulu. (&#8230;) Prije pet ili &#353;est godina ako nekoga prebaci&#353; samo do autobusne stanice a kamoli do granice, mogli su te uhititi i strpati u zatvor; to se dogodilo mom kolegi ali sam i ja morao na sud. Ovo je jedino mjesto na svijetu gdje te mogu zatvoriti zbog krijum&#269;arenja ljudi, a da nisi ni pre&#353;ao granicu!&#8220;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-31&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Svi iskazi voza&#269;a taksija prikupljeni su jedan na jedan i u povjerenju, a (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-31&#034;&gt;31&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pravni okvir u BiH zapravo je omogu&#263;io ka&#382;njavanje prijevoza ilegalnih migranata, &#353;to je za rezultat imalo nekoliko zatvorskih kazni za taksiste. Pravni je okvir tako&#273;er uvelike pridonio kriminalizaciji pomo&#263;i ljudima u pokretu koja se ne pru&#382;a kroz kanale humanitarnih organizacija koje su partneri vlasti. Na ovaj su na&#269;in vlasti suzbile i spontane akcije lokalnog stanovni&#353;tva te distribucije koju su provodile neovla&#353;tene nevladine organizacije (dakle, kroz administrativne prepreke, tu&#382;be, konfiskaciju putovnica, protjerivanje stranih volontera).&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-32&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Vi&#353;e o na&#269;inima i slu&#269;ajevima kriminalizacije o kojima je izvje&#353;tavala (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-32&#034;&gt;32&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Nedavno je donesena odluka koja se, &#269;ini se, donekle fleksibilizira zabranu prijevoza migranata: on je dopu&#353;ten samo u okviru profesionalne aktivnosti taksista, a iznos nov&#269;ane kazne ostao je dovoljno nizak da ta aktivnost bude isplativa (oko stotinu eura). Zbog toga se sve vi&#353;e stanovnika Biha&#263;a odnedavno posve&#263;uje ovoj aktivnosti, pa je do kraja 2023. godine izdano vi&#353;e od stotinu novih taksi licenci.&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-33&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Vidi stranice informativne agencije o migrantima na Courrier des Balkans, (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-33&#034;&gt;33&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Unato&#269; pragmati&#269;nosti lokalaca, srda&#269;ne odnose izme&#273;u voza&#269;a i mu&#353;karaca smje&#353;tenih Lipi potvr&#273;uju empati&#269;ne izjave koje sam zabilje&#382;ila:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8222;Poma&#382;emo im, radi se o novcu, ali im ipak poma&#382;emo. Imaju ogromne probleme pri prelasku granice. Hrvatska policija ih tu&#269;e, uzima im novac i mobitele, pu&#353;ta pse na njih. Vidio sam to nasilje na svoje o&#269;i.&#8220;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Osim toga, ljudi u pokretu koje je hrvatska policija vratila s granice, a do slu&#382;benog kampa u Lipi moraju do&#263;i natrag o svom tro&#353;ku. Ili &#263;e hodati dva dana ili &#263;e ili pozvati taksi. Taksisti ponekad prihva&#263;aju da im vo&#382;nja (oko s stotinu eura) plate naknadno.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Poput ve&#263;ine stanovnika Biha&#263;a, i taksisti postaju nehoti&#269;ni svjedoci represivnih praksi hrvatske policije i strategija kontrole EU na njezinim jugoisto&#269;nim granicama.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Slijede&#263;e u seriji o posljedicama migracijske politike EU-a na Balkanu &lt;/i&gt;na &#382;ivote ljudi u pokretu&lt;i&gt;: pre&#382;ivjeti europske geostrategije, nezakonite prakse hrvatske policije i Frontexov lov u mutnom, smrt na granicama i utjecaj Novog pakta&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/hr&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&#034;onglets_contenu&#034;&gt;&lt;h2 class=&#034;cs_onglet&#034;&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;#&#034;&gt;Epizoda br.2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;i&gt;Na prolje&#263;e 2024. godine, Morgane Dujmovi&#263; je prikupila tridesetak pri&#269;a ljudi smje&#353;tenih u kampu Lipa i kampu Bori&#263;i koji se nalaze na granici s Hrvatskom, na sjeverozapadnom dijelu Bosne i Hercegovine (Unsko-sanski kanton). Svaka pri&#269;a prokazuje migracijske projekte EU te otkriva tijela nad kojima je po&#269;injeno nasilje kao i &#382;ivote onih koji su zapeli na granici izme&#273;u BiH i Hrvatske, danas vanjske granice EU i schengenske zone&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-34&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Od trenutka ulaska Hrvatske u Schengensko podru&#269;je 1. sije&#269;nja 2023.&#034; id=&#034;nh5-34&#034;&gt;34&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;. Tko su ovi ljudi koji, riskiraju&#263;i sve, nastoje doprijeti do Europe? &#352;to za njih zna&#269;i nasilje na granici?&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Ovaj portfelj-&#269;lanak drugi je u nizu &#269;lanaka koji prate kakve posljedice ima eksternalizacija europskih migracijskih politika na Balkanu za one ljude koji se nalaze u pokretu. &#268;lanak je prvi put objavljen na portalima &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://blogs.mediapart.fr/morgane-dujmovic/blog/220824/les-cours-d-eau-sont-mortels-pour-qui-n-est-pas-du-bon-cote-episode-2&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Mediapart&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.courrierdesbalkans.fr/Blog-o-Les-rescape-e-s-de-la-frontiere&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Le Courrier des Balkans&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; i &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.visionscarto.net/route-des-balkans-les-rescape-es&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;visioncarto.net&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;. Zahvaljujemo timu portala visioncarto.net na lekturi i ure&#273;enju teksta, pogotovo Isabelli Saint-Saens na verziji na engleskom jeziku.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr&gt;&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;Epizoda br.2: Pre&#382;ivjeli&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;hr&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Na prolje&#263;e 2024. godine dovezla sam CartoMobile u blizinu kampova Lipa i Bori&#263;i. Ovo prera&#273;eno vozilo koje mi slu&#382;i kao pokretni istra&#382;iva&#269;ki instrument omogu&#263;ava mi da ljudima koji su zapeli na granici ponudim radionice participativnog mapiranja. Cilj mi je ove ljude potaknuti na izno&#353;enje vlastitih iskustava preko njihovih pri&#269;a dok migracijske politike poti&#269;u njihovo potiskivanje, uti&#353;avanje i nevidljivost.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;CartoMobile funkcionira kao prostor za stvaranje i rad prilago&#273;en promi&#353;ljanju i samoizra&#382;avanju; tako&#273;er je prostor za predah i odmor, kada nasilje samih uvjeta na granici to name&#263;e (nedostatak intimnog prostora, delo&#382;acija, uskra&#263;ivanje skloni&#353;ta).&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-35&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Projekt CartoMobile nastao je u okviru autori&#269;inog rada na CNRS-u, na (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-35&#034;&gt;35&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;U Lipi i Bori&#263;ima, svi ljudi koje sam primila u CartoMobileu bili su izlo&#382;eni postepenom institucionalnom nasilju tijekom njihovog putovanja u Europu. Vijest o mojoj prisutnosti pro&#353;irila se usmenim putem i ljudi su me prepoznali kao nekoga tko pi&#353;e o pitanjima granica i nasilju koje ih prati. Kao rezultat toga, neki od tamo smje&#353;tenih ljudi do&#353;li su me upoznati kako bi mi ispri&#269;ali pri&#269;u o svom gejmu&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-36&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Ovako se zovu vi&#353;estruki poku&#353;aji prelaska granice nakon kojih &#269;esto slijedi (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-36&#034;&gt;36&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Iz tih brojnih svjedo&#269;anstava proiza&#353;la je re&#269;enica koju su svi ponavljali jednoglasno: &#8220;&lt;i&gt;Hrvatska policija: problem!&lt;/i&gt;&#8221;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_5822 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;54&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;x&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH281/100000000000040000000240f90d20ef-3-59fbc.jpg?1768484208' width='500' height='281' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CartoMobile ispred kampa Lipa, 2024
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_credits '&gt;Morgane Dujmovi&#263;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;i&gt;Pu&#353;bek:&lt;/i&gt; daleko od o&#269;iju, daleko od zakona&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Stanovnici Biha&#263;a nalaze se u poziciji da mogu jasno vidjeti represivne prakse hrvatske policije (vidi epizodu 1). Me&#273;u njima su pogotovo taksisti koje se redovito kontaktira nakon pu&#353;beka kako bi ljude pokupili s mjesta s kojeg su nezakonito i prisilno vra&#263;eni s granice (obi&#269;no se radi o izoliranim podru&#269;jima u &#353;umama i planinama) te ih prebacili do kampa Lipa &#353;to potvr&#273;uje jedan od voza&#269;a koje sam upoznala u Lipi:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8222;&lt;i&gt;Poma&#382;emo im, radi se o novcu, ali im ipak poma&#382;emo. Imaju ogromne probleme pri prelasku granice. Hrvatska policija ih tu&#269;e, uzima im novac i mobitele, pu&#353;ta pse na njih. Vidio sam to nasilje na svoje o&#269;i.&#8220;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Od dvadeset i &#269;etiri osobe u pokretu koje sam upoznala, dvadeset i troje je ve&#263; poku&#353;alo prije&#263;i u Hrvatsku. Ve&#263;ina broji pet ili &#353;est neuspjelih poku&#353;aja a jedna osoba granicu je poku&#353;ala prije&#263;i 26 puta. U trenutku prisilnog vra&#263;anja nitko od njih nije dobio kopiju ikakvih dokumenata. To se dogodilo ljudima kojima su u ovom tekstu, radi postizanja anonimnosti, dodijeljena nasumi&#269;no odabrana slova: H*, R*, T* ili U*&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-37&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Kako bi se za&#353;titila njihova anonimnost, osobama u zbjegu koje se nalaze u (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-37&#034;&gt;37&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; a kojima nikada prilikom vra&#263;anja s granice nije predo&#269;en niti jedan dokument. To je slu&#269;aj i s B*-om koji je rekao da je &#8220;&lt;i&gt;potpisao mnogo dokumenata a da ih nije uop&#263;e mogao razumjeti jer su bili na hrvatskom&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8221;&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_5823 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;173&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;xxx&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH281/100000000000040000000240e4cf49c0-3-77b24.jpg?1768484208' width='500' height='281' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Zona u kojoj se odvija nezakonito vra&#263;anje migranata u blizini grani&#269;nog prijelaza kod Li&#269;kog Petrovog Sela (Hrvatska)/ Iza&#269;i&#263; (Bosna i Hercegovina), 2024
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_credits '&gt;Morgane Dujmovi&#263;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Razlog je jednostavan: ve&#263;ina ovakvih deportacija provodi se nezakonito; odvija se &#269;ak i izvan okvira razvijenih tijekom posljednjih dvadeset godina s ciljem organizacije deportacija iz zemlje kao &#353;to su primjerice sporazumi o readmisiji. Ti su sporazumi sve &#269;e&#353;&#263;i jer na njima inzistiraju institucije Europske unije kako bi osobu &#353;to br&#382;e mogle odstraniti i vratiti u dr&#382;avu u kojoj je samo kratko boravila ili kroz koju je prolazila&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-38&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Pravi razlog koji se krije iza potpisivanja sporazuma o ponovnom prihvatu je (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-38&#034;&gt;38&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. No proces readmisije odvija se uz minimalnu proceduralnu transparentnost. On obuhva&#263;a primitak pisane odluke s obrazlo&#382;enjem razloga deportacije, informiranje o pravima kao i to da je spomenuta odluka razumljiva i na poznatom jeziku.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ne samo to, ve&#263; se deportacijama (za koje znamo) otvoreno kr&#353;i Europska konvencija o ljudskim pravima (koja zabranjuje kolektivne deportacije) kao i &#381;enevska konvencija o statusu izbjeglica iz 1951., a koja bi sama po sebi trebala jam&#269;iti na&#269;elo zabrane protjerivanja. Prema ovom na&#269;elu, dr&#382;avama je zabranjeno vra&#263;anje osoba u zemlju u kojoj su njegov ili njezin &#382;ivot ili sloboda ozbiljno ugro&#382;eni &#8211; tj. ako je pojedinac u opasnosti od progona, mu&#269;enja ili poni&#382;avaju&#263;eg postupanja na temelju rase, religije, nacionalnosti, pripadnosti odre&#273;enoj grupi ili po politi&#269;koj osnovi. Zabrana prisilnog vra&#263;anja zna&#269;i da se svi zahtjevi za azilom moraju registrirati i da osoba koja je podnijela zahtjev mora imati za&#353;titu dok se on ne prou&#269;i.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ovaj tekst je utkan u pravnu ste&#269;evinu Europske unije (acquis communitaire) i sekundarno zakonodavstvo o azilu kojih se moraju pridr&#382;avati kako institucije EU tako i dr&#382;ave &#269;lanice. No bez obzira na to, zahtjevi za azilom iskazani u hrvatskim grani&#269;nim podru&#269;jima ne uzimaju se u obzir, &#353;to potvr&#273;uju sva svjedo&#269;anstva. Ljudi koji tra&#382;e za&#353;titu su ovoga itekako svjesni a mnogi su to i iskusili iz prve ruke prilikom vlastitog prisilnog vra&#263;anja. Cilj gejma nije samo u&#263;i na hrvatski teritorij nego i domo&#263;i se glavnog grada Zagreba u kojem trenutne prakse navodno vi&#353;e po&#353;tuju pravo na azil.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Mladi Sirijac B* koji je upravo vra&#263;en u Biha&#263;, unato&#269; zahtjevu za azil upu&#263;enom hrvatskoj policiji izrazio se jednostavnim rije&#269;ima: &#8220;&lt;i&gt;&#269;udna igra, potpuno luda igra&lt;/i&gt;&#8221;. Kada smo se upoznali bio je zapanjen time da da jedna institucija mo&#382;e djelovati tako otvoreno nezakonito na europskom tlu.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_5824 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;72&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;xx&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH281/1000000000000400000002400cdf3bd4-3-12bd5.jpg?1768484208' width='500' height='281' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&#352;eta&#269;i i ljudi koji su prisilno vra&#263;eni u Biha&#263;, 2024
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_credits '&gt;Morgane Dujmovi&#263;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Rije&#269; koja je postala uobi&#269;ajena za opis sve u&#269;estalijih prisilnih vra&#263;anja izvan okvira zakona je &lt;i&gt;pu&#353;bek&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-39&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Od engleskog pushbacks: vidi vi&#353;e na stranici ERIM-a&#034; id=&#034;nh5-39&#034;&gt;39&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;. &lt;/i&gt;Prema mre&#382;i Border Violence Monitoring Network (BVMN), aktivnoj na Balkanu, rije&#269; se pojavila nakon masovnih nezakonitih vra&#263;anja migranata iz Hrvatske i Ma&#273;arske u Srbiju od 2016. godine nadalje&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-40&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Vidi na stranici BVMN-a &#171; Understanding pushbacks &#187;&#034; id=&#034;nh5-40&#034;&gt;40&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, nakon &#353;to je balkanski koridor zatvoren&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-41&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Za vi&#353;e informacija o periodu kada su takozvani &#8220;koridor&#8221;, granice i (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-41&#034;&gt;41&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. U &#353;irem smislu, &lt;i&gt;pu&#353;bek&lt;/i&gt; se prakticira u svim lan&#269;anim prisilnim vra&#263;anjima (tzv. &lt;i&gt;chain removals &lt;/i&gt;na engleskom), od Austrije do ju&#382;nog Balkana, &#353;to od 2021. godine dokumentira inicijatva &lt;i&gt;Push back alarm Austria&lt;/i&gt;. Nezakonita prisilna vra&#263;anja primje&#263;uju se i du&#382; unutarnjih granica Schengenskog prostora: u Francuskoj, &lt;i&gt;Association nationale d'assistance aux fronti&#232;res&lt;/i&gt; objavljuje brojne izvje&#353;taje na tu temu&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-42&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Vidi stranicu posve&#263;enu unutarnjim granicama EU na Anaf&#233; stranici te (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-42&#034;&gt;42&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Na granici izme&#273;u Francuske i Italije takva stalna praksa dovela je i do odluke Europskog suda 21. rujna 2023. godine&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-43&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Odluka Europskog suda potvr&#273;ena je odlukom Francuskog dr&#382;avnog vije&#263;a 2. (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-43&#034;&gt;43&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_5825 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;78&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;xx&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L270xH375/1000000100000168000001f4746bb3d6-3-b0d6e.png?1768483738' width='270' height='375' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Naslovnica izvje&#353;taja Black Book of pushbacks kojeg je objavio BVMN kolektiv
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Nu&#382;na posljedica pu&#353;beka je izljev nasilja koje je omogu&#263;eno odsustvom prava. Postoje nebrojeni izvje&#353;taji istra&#382;iva&#269;a&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-44&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Vidi primjerice: Harold Robert, 2021. 'Fronti&#232;res : le &#171; game &#187; des (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-44&#034;&gt;44&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, udruga&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-45&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Vidi izvje&#353;taj No Name Kitchen kolektiva: 'Bloody Border Project' i (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-45&#034;&gt;45&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; i institucija&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-46&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Kao npr. slijede&#263;a izjava Ujedinjenih naroda u travnju 2021. godine: 'The UN (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-46&#034;&gt;46&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; koji su dokumentirali policijsko nasilje u dr&#382;avama Balkana, pogotovo od 2016. i zatvaranja slu&#382;benog balkanskog koridora. Do sada je prikupljeno na tisu&#263;e pri&#269;a a one koje je prikupila mre&#382;a BVMN mogu se prona&#263;i u mre&#382;noj bazi podataka i knjizi pod nazivom &lt;i&gt;Black Book of Pushbacks&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-47&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Vidi pro&#353;ireno izdanje iz 2022.: Black book of pushbacks i bazu podataka BVMN-a&#034; id=&#034;nh5-47&#034;&gt;47&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; u otvorenom pristupu koja predstavlja uistinu mukotrpan pothvat da se rekonstruira slijed doga&#273;aja i njihov razmjer.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Prva &lt;i&gt;Black Book of Pushbacks&lt;/i&gt;, objavljena 2020. godine, navodi 12 000 slu&#269;ajeva nasilja prikazanih na 1 500 stranica; drugo izdanje, objavljeno dvije godine kasnije, 2022. godine, , navodi 25 000 slu&#269;ajeva na 3 000 stranica opisa (vi&#353;e nego duplo).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Donja mapa smje&#353;ta &#269;inove nasilja u konkretne prostore i nastoji pokazati da se iza brojeva radi o osobama koje su na vlastitoj ko&#382;i svjedo&#269;ile nasilju. Njihovi identiteti anonimizirani su crte&#382;ima.&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-48&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Podaci za Italiju i Sloveniju nisu uklju&#269;eni u ovu mapu ali treba napomenuti (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-48&#034;&gt;48&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_5840 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;242&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;xxx&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/png/dame.png' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/png&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH687/dame-d4d6a.png?1768490611' width='500' height='687' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Biti svjedokom: solidarnost glasom i djelom. Prvi put objavljeno u Atlas des migrations dans le monde. Libert&#233;s de circulation, fronti&#232;res, in&#233;galit&#233;s, Migreurop, Casella-Colombeau Sara (dir.), Armand Colin, 2022, str. .121
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_credits '&gt;Morgane Dujmovi&#263;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Detaljna svjedo&#269;enja koja je BVMN prikupio slu&#382;e&#263;i se preciznom metodologijom, govore o raznim vrstama nasilja: uvredama, mla&#263;enjima, pretrpljenim udarcima i ozljedama, kra&#273;i, oduzimanju i uni&#353;tavanju imovine, napadima pasa, prijetnjama oru&#382;jem, saka&#263;enjima. Neke od praksi su prili&#269;no osebujne; zastra&#353;ivanje, poni&#382;avanje (kao &#353;to je ozna&#269;avanje ljudi znakom kri&#382;a crvene boje na glavi&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-49&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Vidi primjerice &#269;lanak: 'Croatian police accused of spray-painting heads of (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-49&#034;&gt;49&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;) ili prisilno svla&#269;enje. Ljude se tako&#273;er izla&#382;e opasnosti prisiljavaju&#263;i ih da plivaju prema otvorenom moru ili u ledenim rijekama.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Me&#273;u svjedo&#269;anstvima su &#269;ak i optu&#382;be za silovanje i mu&#269;enje o kojima je, me&#273;u ostalima, izvje&#353;tavao Amnesty International. Ova izvje&#353;&#263;a su uzeta u obzir pri dono&#353;enju sudskih presuda. Sud u Rimu je, primjerice, u sije&#269;nju 2021. godine, donio presudu u korist tu&#382;itelja koji je bio podvrgnut nezakonitom, lan&#269;anom prisilnom vra&#263;anju s granice na potezu izme&#273;u Italije, Slovenije, Hrvatske i Bosne i Hercegovine i to na temelju svjedo&#269;anstva koje je dao BVMN-u&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-50&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Vidi su&#273;enje, svjedo&#269;enje i izvje&#353;taj talijanske nevladine udruge ASGI koji (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-50&#034;&gt;50&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Ovakav rad volontera civilnog dru&#353;tva, u nedostatku bilo kakvih istraga javnih vlasti, postao je nu&#382;an za dokumentiranje &#269;injenica.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Europska geostrategija nasilja i oni koji su je pre&#382;ivjeli&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Protjerivanje, uskra&#263;ivanje azila, izgon, prisilno vra&#263;anje ili pu&#353;bek&#8230; Rije&#269;i ne mogu opisati neizbrisiv trag do&#382;ivljenog nasilja niti se brojevima ne mo&#382;e izmjeriti u&#269;inak ovih neljudskih i poni&#382;avaju&#263;ih praksi. Ali me&#273;u ljudima koje ono poga&#273;a, ra&#353;irenost ovakvog nasilja dobiva opipljiv oblik kako u vidu nebrojenih tragova koje su na ljudskim tijelima ostavili pu&#353;bekovi, tako i u njihovom traumati&#269;nim pri&#269;ama.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;U Bori&#263;ima i Lipi svi u sebi ili na sebi nose pri&#269;u o fizi&#269;kom ili psihi&#269;kom nasilju koje su izdr&#382;ali. M-u je noga ozlje&#273;ena od zadnjeg poku&#353;aja ulaska ima i sada ne mo&#382;e riskirati da se pretjerano kre&#263;e a pregled i lije&#269;ni&#269;ka skrb izostaju. Za T*-a su na hrvatskoj granici uni&#353;teni njegov cjelo&#382;ivotni rad i snovi: &lt;i&gt;&#8220;Moja je boksa&#269;ka karijera zavr&#353;ila jer su mi hrvatski policajci nanijeli ozljede na desnom i lijevom koljenu.&#8221;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ali njegova mentalna snaga omogu&#263;ava mu da stvari sagleda iz drugog kuta: &#8220;&lt;i&gt;Ima onih koji uop&#263;e nisu u stanju hodati, to se i dalje doga&#273;a ovdje u Bosni.&lt;/i&gt;&#8220; F* ka&#382;e da je pretrpio nasilje od hrvatske policije ali samom sebi ne dopu&#353;ta da o tome detaljnije govori. E* ka&#382;e da mu glazba daje snagu da ne poludi.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_5827 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;57&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;x&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L495xH278/100000000000040000000240e97cd898-3-6baea.jpg?1768483738' width='495' height='278' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Razgovori u Marketu u kampu Lipa, 2024
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_credits '&gt;Morgane Dujmovi&#263;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Daleko od samosa&#382;aljevaju&#263;ih ili viktimiziraju&#263;ih prikaza &#8211; koji nas &#382;ele uvjeriti da su ljudi nad kojima se provodi nasilje &#382;rtve po prirodi, dok su zapravo &#382;rtve jasno prepoznatljivih zakona, sustava i praksi&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-51&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;O tome kako se navedeni termini razlikuju, vidi predavanje Didiera Fassina (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-51&#034;&gt;51&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &#8211; va&#382;no je odvojiti vrijeme i postaviti jednostavno pitanje: tko su ljudi na koje je takvo nasilje usmjereno?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;Ovdje bi mogla napisati knjigu o svakome&#8221;&lt;/i&gt; ka&#382;e R*, jedan od ljudi koje sam upoznala u Lipi, &#269;ime ukazuje na to da su putovanja u kontekstu migracija bogata mnogobrojnim razli&#269;itim iskustvima i Rute se razlikuju ovisno o tome dolazi li netko iz Afganistana, Sirije, Iraka, Pakistana, Sjeverne ili subsaharske Afrike. Dru&#353;tveno-ekonomski profili variraju od nezaposlenih, preko studenata, do onih kvalificiranih; u Lipi &#263;ete prona&#263;i kuhara, ekonomista, in&#382;enjera, glazbenika, profesionalnog boksa&#269;a... Voza&#269;i taksija to dobro znaju: &lt;i&gt;'Me&#273;u njima &#263;ete na&#263;i visokoobrazovane ljude, diplomirane, &#269;ak i profesore'.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ovakva raznovrsna &#382;ivotna iskustva dokaz su da je uspore&#273;ivanje razloga za odlazak beskorisno: ljudi bje&#382;e od ratova kao i od progona, te od dru&#353;tvenih i politi&#269;kih okvira koji onemogu&#263;avaju dostojanstven &#382;ivot.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Drugi zabrinjavaju&#263;i trend je da su mnogi ljudi zaustavljeni u Unsko-sanskom kantonu ve&#263; proveli neko vrijeme u dr&#382;avama &#269;lanicama EU, ponekad i nekoliko godina, prije nego &#353;to su podignute nove fizi&#269;ke i administrativne barijere koje su rezultat stro&#382;ih zakona uvedenih uspostavom Schengenskog prostora 2000-ih. Kontrola se sada provodi na granicama sa Schengenskom zonom, i to od trenutka kada je zahtjev za Schengenskom vizom zaprimljen u zemlji iz koje se kre&#263;e te se time odnosi i na sve zemlje kroz koje se prolazi, a kojima su sustavi kontrole koje financira EU delegirani. I naposljetku, administrativne barijere se podi&#382;u i nakon prisilnih vra&#263;anja u zemlju podrijetla, primjerice putem zabrana ulaska na europski teritorij.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_5841 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;83&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;xx&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/jpg/schengen.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH400/schengen-6efeb.jpg?1768490611' width='500' height='400' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pour Schengen, un monde bienvenu, et un monde &#171; ind&#233;sirable &#187;
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_credits '&gt;Philippe Rekacewicz
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;J* mi ka&#382;e da je, prije nego &#353;to se vratio u Tunis, 1990-ih legalno &#382;ivio u Francuskoj, gdje jo&#353; uvijek &#382;ivi dio njegove obitelji. Dvadeset godina kasnije, zaputiv&#353;i se na isto putovanje, morao je pro&#263;i ilegalno kroz Tursku, Bugarsku, Sjevernu Makedoniju, Srbiju i Bosnu i Hercegovinu, gdje je sada zapeo . Nakon &#353;to je napustio Maroko, X* je radio u Italiji a zatim je deportiran u Srbiju, odakle je putovanje nastavio prema Kosovu, Albaniji i Crnoj Gori, gdje sam ga upoznala prije nego &#353;to se na&#353;ao u jednom od kampova IOM-a u Bosni.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ove pri&#269;e pokazuju da su ljudi uhva&#263;eni u tampon zoni balkanskih granica podvrgnuti procesu postupne &#8222;ilegalizacije&#8220;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-52&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Termin ilegalizirani migrant (illegalized migrant) se na&#353;iroko koristi u (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-52&#034;&gt;52&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Kao &#353;to ispravno primje&#263;uje Steffen Mau, pred onima koji se kre&#263;u balkanskim rutama stoji &#8222;kaskada granica&#8220;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-53&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Steffen Mau, 2023 [2021]. La r&#233;invention de la fronti&#232;re au XXIe si&#232;cle. S (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-53&#034;&gt;53&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Ali ova vi&#353;estruka granica djeluje i izvan balkanskog prostora. Ona je &#8222;&lt;i&gt;ugra&#273;ena u nadregionalnu konfiguraciju&lt;/i&gt;&#8220; i integrirana u upravljanje EU granicama i migracijama &#8211; odnosno preciznije, Europska unija tu granicu reaktivira na Balkanu.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ljudi uhva&#263;eni u ovu razgranatu mre&#382;u granica postepeno do&#382;ivljavaju nasilje koje se na neki na&#269;in akumulira. Osim administrativne i selekcijske funkcije , (vidi Epizodu #1 ovdje), balkanska tampon zona ima i biopoliti&#269;ku, degradiraju&#263;u funkciju: ako ljudi klasificirani kao nepo&#382;eljni ne odustanu, prelaskom granica u Europu dolaze sve vi&#353;e uni&#353;teni.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Osjetljiva tema iskustva nasilja na granici&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Postepenost nasilja poku&#353;ala sam opisati druga&#269;ije nego rije&#269;ima istra&#382;iva&#269;a, koji je sklon tome da neutralizira nasilje tako &#353;to ga objektivira. Cilj metodologije kojom se slu&#382;im na terenu je olak&#353;ati ljudima da izraze &#353;to su do&#382;ivjeli te da podijele znanja proiza&#353;la iz iskustva granica. Moj pristup se temelji na uklju&#269;ivanju ljudi u predstavljanje vlastitog putovanja, kroz participativne radionice mapiranja.&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-54&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Ovaj pristup proizlazi iz istra&#382;iva&#269;kog projekta CartoMobile koji je (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-54&#034;&gt;54&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Kada nasilje na granici name&#263;e nedostatak intimnog prostora i privatnosti, te uskra&#263;ivanje skloni&#353;ta, ove radionice odvijaju se u prera&#273;enom vozilu (CartoMobile), koje je dizajnirano kao prostor za predah, kreativnost i rad te koje je bolje prilago&#273;eno samoizra&#382;avanju i promi&#353;ljanju. Poput nadogradnje na tradicionalne metode promatranja i intervjuiranja, ovaj metodolo&#353;ki pristup omogu&#263;ava stvaranje kartografije koja ocrtava emocije i iskustva.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Uz pomo&#263; CartoMobile-a, koji je poput pokretnog istra&#382;iva&#269;kog laboratorija, moj cilj je ljude u pokretu potaknuti da iznesu vlastite pri&#269;e koje migracijske politike nastoje zata&#353;kati, previdjeti i u&#269;initi nevidljivima. Od 2022. godine pa do danas, iz ovog su metodolo&#353;kog pristupa proiza&#353;le putuju&#263;a izlo&#382;ba i nastanak umjetni&#269;ko-znanstvenog kolektiva koji okuplja kartografe i &#353;ezdesetak ljudi u pokretu na Balkanu, na francuskim granicama te Sredozemlju (vidi stranicu &lt;a href=&#034;https://cartomobile.hypotheses.org/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;CartoMobile projekta&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Na prolje&#263;e 2024. godine dovezla sam CartoMobile u blizinu kampova Lipa i Bori&#263;i. U njemu sam primila nekoliko ljudi a svi su bili pogo&#273;eni postupnim institucionalnim nasiljem tijekom njihovog putovanja prema Europi. Kartografski pothvat u kojeg sam se upustila zajedno s R*-om ilustrira njegovo putovanje od Tunisa do Bosne i Hercegovine, poku&#353;ava ga ocrtati kroz njegove o&#269;i, i pribli&#382;iti se osjetljivoj dimenziji njegovog iskustva. Narativna mapa koja proiza&#353;la iz tog pothvata nosi naziv iz njegovog kazivanja: &lt;i&gt;&#8222;Deset godina putovanja, i koliko granica prije nego &#353;to imam pravo postati netko?&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-55&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;R*-ov iskaz prevela je autorica s francuskog.&#034; id=&#034;nh5-55&#034;&gt;55&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_5842 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;42&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;x&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/png/map_of_r.png' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/png&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH707/map_of_r-eb1f7.png?1768490612' width='500' height='707' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;R*ova mapa, 2024
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_credits '&gt;Morgane Dujmovi&#263; and R*
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;R*-ovo putovanje kao pojedinca odra&#382;ava strukturne stvarnosti. Kao ni ono J*-u ni X*-u, ovo mu nije prvi put u Europi: 2013. godine napustio je Tunis nakon Arapskog prolje&#263;a, stigao do Italije preko mora, a zatim i do Francuske i Njema&#269;ke. Pro&#353;lo je pet godina do odbijanja njegova zahtjeva te je deportiran natrag u Tunis uz petogodi&#353;nju zabranu ulaska u EU.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;R* je na put ponovno krenuo 2019. godine, ovoga puta preko Turske. To je bio po&#269;etak niza deportacija kroz sedam zemalja jugoisto&#269;ne Europe. Tijekom petogodi&#353;njeg putovanja pa sve do na&#353;eg susreta u Bosni i Hercegovini &#8211; &#353;to se vidi i na karti&#8211;granica je postajala sve gu&#353;&#263;a, a putovanje se fragmentira zbog potrage za novim rutama kroz zemlje &#269;lanice EU (Gr&#269;ku, Ma&#273;arsku, Slova&#269;ku i Hrvatsku) ili kroz zemlje koje nisu &#269;lanice, a primjenjuju mjere kontrole granica koje promi&#269;e EU (Sjeverna Makedonija, Kosovo, Srbija i Bosna i Hercegovina). Ova etapa putovanja razotkriva &#8222;kaskadnu&#8220; granicu kakvu se mo&#382;e do&#382;ivjeti kako se pribli&#382;avamo EU-u, i kada je osoba prisiljena putovati putevima koji su postali nezakoniti.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;R*-ovo svjedo&#269;anstvo je jedno od onih koje dovodi u pitanje ulogu Frontexa, agencije koju se proziva za nezakonita i nasilna prisilna vra&#263;anja na dvije etape putovanja (na granici Sjeverne Makedonije i Gr&#269;ke te Hrvatske i Bosne i Hercegovine)&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-56&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Ulogu i odgovornost Frontexa na Balkanu istra&#382;ujemo u nadolaze&#263;im portfolio (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-56&#034;&gt;56&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Po njegovom mi&#353;ljenju, iskustvo granice mo&#382;e se shvatiti na nekoliko razina. Osim geopoliti&#269;kih i administrativnih barijera, postoje fizi&#269;ke, geografske i tjelesne granice: s jedne strane su mediteransko more balkanske planine i rijeke poput ove u koju je slu&#269;ajno upao 2023. godine a s druge njegovo vlastito tijelo tu je i njegovo vlastito tijelo, onemo&#263;alo od nesre&#263;e te boravka u bolnici na nekoliko mjeseci. Tako je R* dijelom objasnio te&#353;ko&#263;e u svojim poku&#353;ajima gejma prema Hrvatskoj.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#268;injenica da se osje&#263;a kao da je sada nakon cijelog putovanja &#8220;zapeo&#8221; u Bosni i Hercegovini je tako&#273;er posljedica poo&#353;trenih mjera kontrole na granici izme&#273;u Hrvatske i BiH:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8222;Oti&#353;ao sam prije deset godina, pre&#353;ao sam preko vi&#353;e od deset zemalja. Sada sam deset mjeseci zapeo ovdje u Bosni. Naposljetku su me zaustavili na hrvatskoj granici. Od svih granica hrvatsku je najte&#382;e prije&#263;i&lt;/i&gt;.&#8220;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Me&#273;utim, rije&#269;i kojima je popratio na&#353; proces mapiranja odra&#382;avaju svijest o tome da je svrha neselektivnog policijskog nasilja odvra&#263;anje. &lt;i&gt;&#8220;Tuku nas puno da bi nas prestra&#353;ili, da bi nas sprije&#269;ili da ponovno prije&#273;emo granicu. Ali oni se boje terorista a ne ljudi poput nas.&#8221;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Crte&#382;ima koje smo ja i R* izabrali cilj je retrospektivno prenijeti ovo pro&#353;lo iskustvo. Iskustvo tijela pogo&#273;enog tegobama putovanja koje se nalazi u sredi&#353;tu mape. Iskustvo granice koja te zarobljava - &#353;to se odra&#382;ava kru&#382;nim rasporedom prije&#273;enih zemalja. Iskustvo rascjepkano vi&#353;estrukim istjerivanjima koje je prikazano premje&#353;tanjem prostornih oznaka. Iskustvo ljepljive, sveprisutne i podmukle ilegalnosti predo&#269;ene dijeli&#263;ima iskustva koji se kru&#382;no isprepli&#263;u utiru&#263;i put. Iskustvo vremena koje ide u krug, te vje&#269;nog gejma koji kre&#263;e uvijek iznova. I naposljetku, iskustvo nesigurnosti i neshva&#263;enosti stanja u kojem se nalazi a koje se odra&#382;ava njegovim pitanjem: &lt;i&gt;&#8221;Koliko jo&#353; granica &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;[&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;moram prije&#263;i&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;] da bih imao pravo postati netko?&#8221;.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Na razini migracijskih kretanja koja traju nekoliko godina, nasilje na granicama prodire u sje&#263;anja ali isto tako utje&#269;e i na &#353;anse za budu&#263;nost. B* &#382;ali zbog &#269;injenice &#353;to se na nogama njegovog mla&#273;eg brata vide o&#382;iljci s dugog putovanja od Sirije do Balkana. H* je opisao kako mu se zdravlje pogor&#353;alo otkako je bio zatvoren u Srbiji i pokazao mi lijekove za anksioznost koje su mu dali u kampu Lipa: &#8220;&lt;i&gt;Bio sam sportski tip a sada samo cigarete, psiholog, lijekovi&lt;/i&gt;&#8221;. E* na&#353;iroko govori o tome &#353;to zna&#269;i biti crnac na Balkanu otkako je do&#353;ao na jedan otok na granici izme&#273;u Gr&#269;ke i Turske.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ono &#353;to ih je fizi&#269;ki i psihi&#269;ki pogodilo tijekom putovanja Balkanom primje&#263;uje se bez obzira na prolazak vremena i na razdaljinu, kao &#353;to je slu&#269;aj kod onih koji kasnije stignu do francusko-talijanske granice o &#269;emu svjedo&#269;i rad organizacije Lije&#269;nici svijeta (M&#233;decins du monde) u Brian&#231;onu&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-57&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Vidi posebno radove na M&#233;decins du monde u Brian&#231;onu.&#034; id=&#034;nh5-57&#034;&gt;57&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. U mapi ni&#382;e, koja je nastala u skloni&#353;tu udruge Terrasses Solidaires u Brian&#231;onu 2023. godine, Marouane je svoje iskustvo Balkana rekonstruirao dovode&#263;i u vezu emociju ili klju&#269;nu rije&#269; sa svakom od zemalja koju je pre&#353;ao: agonija [agonie] za Maroko, rasizam [racisme] za Tursku, strah [peur] za Srbiju i smrt [mort] za Ma&#273;arsku. Op&#263;enito, kada ljudi u zbjegu pobjegnu s Balkana, retrospektivni prikaz tog putovanja poprima oblik pravog &#8220;putovanja smrti&#8221;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-58&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Vidi &#269;lanak kojeg je napisala Ma&#239;a Courtois tijekom CartoMobile radionica u (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-58&#034;&gt;58&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_5843 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;127&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;xx&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH332/fin-058ca.jpg?1768490612' width='500' height='332' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Marouanovo putovanje Balkanom na koje se osvrnuo u Brian&#231;onu. Marouane et Morgane Dujmovi&#263;, 2023
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_credits '&gt;Marouane et Morgane Dujmovi&#263;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I dok su pri&#269;e o nasilju na granicama jedinstvene, odnosno pri&#269;e pojedinaca, dovoljno su se puta ponovile te na taj na&#269;in postale zna&#269;ajne i pou&#269;ne. Ogromna koli&#269;ina svjedo&#269;anstava otkriva iskustvo &#8220;pokretne&#8221; granice ili &#8220;grani&#269;nosti&#8221; koje se primjenjuje du&#382; puta bez mnogo razlikovanja&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-59&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Vidi rad Anne-Laure Amilhat Szary i Fr&#233;d&#233;rica Girauta, 2015., Borderities (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-59&#034;&gt;59&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Nekoliko je autora ukazalo je na to da je nasilje integralni i strukturni dio granice ili u smislu potvr&#273;ivanja Dr&#382;ave&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-60&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Vidi Reece Jones, 2016., Violent Borders. Refugees and the Right to Move, (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-60&#034;&gt;60&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; ili u smislu li&#353;avanja ljudi odre&#273;enih resursa&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-61&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Vidi Sandro Mezzadra and Brett Neilson, 2013., Border as Method, or the (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-61&#034;&gt;61&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Iz R*-ovih pri&#269;a i pri&#269;a drugih ljudi koje sam upoznala na granici izme&#273;u BiH i Hrvatske, shvatila sam da ih se zakida za osobna postignu&#263;a i prili&#269;no jednostavne &#382;ivotne projekte u odnosu na koje se ratni&#269;ka geostrategija koju primjenjuje EU &#269;ini nesrazmjernom.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Najzad, svjedo&#269;anstva s Balkana dovode do zastra&#353;uju&#263;eg zaklju&#269;ka, a taj je da je fizi&#269;ko i psiholo&#353;ko nasilje postalo dijelom strategije grani&#269;ne kontrole u nekoliko europskih dr&#382;ava pri &#269;emu ih u tome podr&#382;ava i EU . Grani&#269;ni filter ne funkcionira vi&#353;e na razini prava povezanih sa statusom osobama u zbjegu (jer se prava masovno kr&#353;e), nego na temelju sposobnosti pojedinca da pre&#382;ivi institucionalizirano nasilje.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Oni koji iz toga iza&#273;u neozlje&#273;eni su oni koji su pre&#382;ivjeli europsku granicu.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;U nastavku slijedi: Kako je u hrvatskoj policiji do&#353;lo do takve razine nasilja i nezakonitosti? Kakva je odgovornost Frontexa koja je sve vi&#353;e prisutna na Balkanu?&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/hr&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;Klju&#269;ne rije&#269;i&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Migracija, Schengenske granice, migracijske politike Europske unije, eksternalizacija, policijsko nasilje, smrtni slu&#269;ajevi na granicama, kampovi, Hrvatska, Bosna i Hercegovina, Crna Gora, Albanija&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;Zahvale&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a id=&#034;_Hlk217029566&#034;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Zahvaljujem ljudima u pokretu koje sam susrela na putevima i uz obale rijeka koje spominjem, ljudima iz kolektiva, udruga, sveu&#269;ili&#353;ta i institucija s kojima sam razgovarala, kao i Louisu Fernieru, Romainu Koselleku, Evi Ottavy, Elsi Putelat i Marijani Hamer&#353;ak na njihovoj neprocjenjivoj pomo&#263;i prije i tijekom ovog terenskog istra&#382;ivanja.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;Bilje&#353;ka o istra&#382;ivanju&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ova serija portfolio &#269;lanaka rezultat je terenskog istra&#382;ivanja provedenog na prolje&#263;e 2024. godine u nekoliko zemalja jugoisto&#269;ne Europe: Hrvatskoj, Bosni i Hercegovini, Crnoj Gori i Albaniji. Tekst je podijeljen sa svim sugovornicima na terenu. A&#382;uriranja se mogu dodavati, sukladno zahtjevima za informacijama poslanima Frontexu i raznim ministarstvima unutarnjih poslova/sigurnosti.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ova publikacija je dio rada kojeg autorica provodi u sklopu Francuskog nacionalnog centra za znanstvena istra&#382;ivanja (CNRS) o nasilju na pograni&#269;nim podru&#269;jima &#8211; na Balkanu, u Italiji, Francuskoj i sredi&#353;njem Sredozemlju. Uz metode kojima se slu&#382;e dru&#353;tvene znanosti poput promatranja i intervjua, Morgane Dujmovi&#263;, putuju&#263;i u konvertiranom vozilu s ciljem provo&#273;enja radionica participativnog mapiranja zajedno s migrantima uhva&#263;enima u mre&#382;u granica, koristi mobilni ure&#273;aj. Ova metodologija omogu&#263;ava da se te osobe predstave vlastite narative u kontekstu migracijskih politika koje ih nastoje marginalizirati, u&#269;initi nevidljivima i uti&#353;ati. Projekt ima za cilj razviti osjetljivu i &#8222;iskustvenu&#8220; kartografiju europskih granica a rezultirao je putuju&#263;om izlo&#382;bom i stvaranjem umjetni&#269;ko-znanstvenog kolektiva koji okuplja kartografe i migrante. Vidi web stranicu &lt;a href=&#034;https://cartomobile.hypotheses.org/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;projekta CartoMobile&lt;/a&gt; (u izradi).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Prijevod na hrvatski: Ana Cukrov i Morgane Dujmovi&#263;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;hr /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_notes'&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-1&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-1&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Morgane Dujmovi&#263; je geografkinja i politologinja pri CNRS-u. Trenutno radi u laboratoriju &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.pacte-grenoble.fr/fr/morgane-dujmovic&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Pacte&lt;/a&gt; (Sveu&#269;ili&#353;te Grenoble-Alpes). U Francuskoj je tako&#273;er suradnica Instituta Convergences Migrations (Pariz), euro-afri&#269;ke mre&#382;e Migreurop te Nacionalnog udru&#382;enja za pomo&#263; strancima na granicama (Anaf&#233;).&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Autorica je doktorske disertacije o kontroli migracija i eksternalizaciji granica Europske unije u Hrvatskoj pod nazivom: &#8222;Dru&#353;tvena i kriti&#269;ka geografija kontrole migracija u Hrvatskoj&#8221;. (&#8222;&lt;a href=&#034;https://theses.fr/2019AIXM0646&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Une g&#233;ographie sociale critique du contr&#244;le migratoire en Croatie: ancrages et mirages d'un dispositif&lt;/a&gt;&#8221;). Objavila je brojne &#269;lanke i formate o europskim granicama te trenutno koordinira projekt &lt;a id=&#034;_Hlk217029780&#034;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
senzorne i participativne kartografije s migrantima, projekt &lt;a href=&#034;https://cartomobile.hypotheses.org/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;CartoMobile&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-2&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-2&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Diljem svijeta poznati nacionalni park, na UNESCO-ovom popisu svjetske ba&#353;tine koji godi&#353;nje ima preko milijun posjetitelja.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-3&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-3&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Godine 1991. nakon progla&#353;enja hrvatske nezavisnosti progla&#353;ena je Republika Srpska Krajina (RSK). &#268;etiri godine kasnije prostor Krajine bio je mjesto doga&#273;anja munjevite ofenzive hrvatskih oru&#382;anih snaga, poznate pod nazivom &#8222;Oluja&#8220;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-4&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-4&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;O zatvaranju koridora 2016. godine, vidi primjerice &lt;a href=&#034;https://chrome-extension:/efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https:/bordermonitoring.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Formation_and_Disintegration_of_the_Balkan_Refugee_Corridor-2018.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Emina Bu&#382;inki&#263; i Marijana Hamer&#353;ak 2017.&lt;/a&gt; i &lt;a href=&#034;https://droit.cairn.info/revue-plein-droit-2016-4?lang=fr&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Morgane Dujmovi&#263; 2016.&lt;/a&gt; Za dubinsku analizu koridora i progresivnih mehanizama zatvaranja granica vidi &lt;a href=&#034;https://theses.fr/2019AIXM0646&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Morgane Dujmovi&#263; 2019.&lt;/a&gt; (Doktorski rad, dio III) i &lt;a href=&#034;https://theses.fr/2022POIT5001&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Lucie Bacon 2022.&lt;/a&gt; (Doktorski rad, tre&#263;e poglavlje).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-5&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-5&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-5&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Hrvatska se pridru&#382;ila Schengenskom podru&#269;ju u 1. sije&#269;nja 2023. kada su uklonjene grani&#269;ne kontrole na granicama sa Slovenijom, Ma&#273;arskom i Italijom, dok su kontrole vezane uz zra&#269;ni promet ubla&#382;ene 26. o&#382;ujka 2023.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-6&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-6&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-6&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Vidi doktorski rad autorice u kojem se prate spomenuti procesi od 2000. do 2016. godine: &lt;a href=&#034;https://theses.fr/2019AIXM0646&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;A social and critical geography of migration control in Croatia.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-7&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-7&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-7&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Ova funkcija &#8220;filtracije&#8221; odnosi se na cijeli Balkanski poluotok od 2000. godine, vidi primjerice kartu &lt;a href=&#034;https://en.closethecamps.org/2015/12/09/the-balkan-buffer-zone/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;The Balkan buffer zone&#8221;&lt;/a&gt; (2015).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-8&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-8&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-8&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Zahtjev za &#269;lanstvom Bosne i Hercegovine predan je 15. velja&#269;e 2016. godine, vidi &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/bosnia-herzegovina/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;stranice Vije&#263;a.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-9&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-9&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-9&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Ovakvo strate&#353;ki isplanirano kori&#353;tenje prostora je sli&#269;no onom koje je primije&#263;eno ve&#263; 2015. u dolini Roye u Francuskoj, blizu granice s Italijom, vidi kartu &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article2878.html?lang_article=fr&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Vall&#233;e de la Roya: un terrain de chasse meurtrier dans l'espace Schengen&#8221;&lt;/a&gt; (2017).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-10&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-10&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-10&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Prema &lt;a href=&#034;https://bih.iom.int/temporary-reception-center-profiles&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;statistici koju je prikupio IOM u Bosni i Hercegovini&lt;/a&gt; broj ulazaka u 2018. godini bio je 24 067 &#353;to je trideset puta vi&#353;e nego prethodne godine (755 u 2017. godini).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-11&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-11&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-11&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Kazivanje zabilje&#382;eno u travnju 2024. Prevela autorica.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-12&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-12&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-12&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Vidi tada objavljen &#269;lanak: &#8221;Stotine migranata izmje&#353;tene iz IOM kampa u Bosni&#8221;. (&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/27676/en-bosnie-des-centaines-de-migrants-expulses-dun-camp-de-loim&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8221;En Bosnie, des centaines de migrants ex&lt;a id=&#034;_Hlt210757017&#034;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
&lt;a id=&#034;_Hlt210757016&#034;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
puls&#233;s d'un camp de l'OIM&#8221;&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-13&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-13&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-13&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;13&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;O kronololo&#353;kom tijeku uspostavljanja ovog mjesta, vidi kratak pregled Louisa Ferniera za &lt;a href=&#034;https://chrome-extension:/efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https:/o-cr.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Lipa-Bosnie.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Observatoire des Camps de R&#233;fugi&#233;-e-s&lt;/a&gt;, str.4-5.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-14&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-14&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-14&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;14&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Vidi &lt;a href=&#034;https://webalkans.eu/en/news/renovation-of-borici-migrant-reception-centre-thanks-to-the-eu/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;statistiku koju je delegacija Europske unije u Bosni i Hercegovini objavila&lt;/a&gt; u srpnju 2024. prilikom inauguracije radova zgrada.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-15&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-15&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-15&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;15&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Vidi primjerice stranicu Ministarstva sigurnosti i &lt;a href=&#034;https://sps.gov.ba/?page_id=2476&amp;lang=en&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Slu&#382;bu za poslove sa strancima&lt;/a&gt; (SPS/SFA).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-16&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-16&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-16&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;16&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Vidi Saskia Sassen: &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.cairn.info/revue-multitudes-2010-4-page-50.htm?ref=doi&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Villes entre vieilles fronti&#232;res et nouvelles cl&#244;tures du capital&lt;/a&gt;, Multitudes, 2010/4 (no. 43), pstr. 50-59.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-17&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-17&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-17&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;17&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Izvadak je s bosanskohercegova&#269;kog prevela autorica. Vidi cijeli &#269;lanak: &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.24sata.hr/news/policija-evakuira-250-ilegalnih-migranta-iz-bihaca-u-kampu-lipa-ima-dovoljno-mjesta-za-sve-762687&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;'Policija evakuira 250 ilegalnih migranata iz Biha&#263;a: u kampu Lipa ima dovoljno mjesta za sve.&#8220;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-18&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-18&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-18&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;18&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Vidi &lt;a href=&#034;https://bih.iom.int/news/former-student-dormitory-borici-renovated-thanks-eu&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;priop&#263;enje za javnost IOM-a&lt;/a&gt; u kojem se spominje ova svota.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-19&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-19&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-19&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;19&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Vidi izvje&#353;taj koji je objavljenj iste godine. Bisiaux &amp; al., 2021, '&lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article3191.html?lang_article=en&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Endless exiles - Migration blackmail along the Balkan route&lt;/a&gt;', str. 9.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-20&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-20&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-20&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;20&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;O dvosmislenoj ulozi IOM-a, vidi sveobuhvatan izvje&#353;taj kojeg je objavila Nid&#382;ara Ahmeta&#353;evi&#263; et al&lt;i&gt;.&lt;/i&gt;, 2023: '&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.tni.org/en/publication/repackaging-imperialism&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Repackaging Imperialism. The EU &#8211; IOM border regime in the Balkans&lt;/a&gt;'&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-21&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-21&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-21&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;21&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Vidi &lt;a href=&#034;https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/document/download/e3045ec9-f2fc-45c8-a97f-58a2d9b9945a_en?filename=SWD_2023_691%20Bosnia%20and%20Herzegovina%20report.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Izvje&#353;taj EU o napretku za godinu 2022&lt;/a&gt;. (&lt;i&gt;Commission monitoring report for the year 2022&lt;/i&gt;), str. 48. and 57.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-22&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-22&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-22&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;22&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Vidi stranicu IOM-a: '&lt;a href=&#034;https://bih.iom.int/temporary-reception-center-profiles&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Temporary Reception Center profiles'&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-23&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-23&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-23&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;23&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Kazivanje zabilje&#382;eno u travnju 2024.godine. S bosanskohercegova&#269;kog prevela autorica.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-24&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-24&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-24&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;24&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Vidi &lt;a href=&#034;https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/document/download/e3045ec9-f2fc-45c8-a97f-58a2d9b9945a_en?filename=SWD_2023_691%20Bosnia%20and%20Herzegovina%20report.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Izvje&#353;taj EU o napretku za godinu 2022&lt;/a&gt;, str. 57-58.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-25&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-25&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-25&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;25&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Vidi Louis Fernier i Morgane Dujmovi&#263;: '&lt;a href=&#034;https://hal.science/hal-04568937&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Fronti&#232;res violentes, recherches &#224; risque : s'engager par le mouvement&lt;/a&gt;'.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-26&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-26&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-26&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;26&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Odnosi se na termin &#8222;prostorne povrede&#8220; koji obuhva&#263;a situacije u kojima akteri osje&#263;aju da vi&#353;e nemaju kontrolu nad udaljenostima te su &#382;rtve ometanja&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;ili&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;izolacije&lt;strong&gt;.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-27&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-27&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-27&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;27&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Vidi IOM-ovu stranicu &#8220;&lt;a href=&#034;https://bih.iom.int/situation-reports&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Situation Reports&lt;/a&gt;&#8221; koja pokazuje razvoj u odnosu na broj ljudi koju je organizacija registrirala a koja se a&#382;urira svaka dva tjedna. (Zadnja posjet stranici: 3.5.2024.).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-28&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-28&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-28&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;28&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Ovo se odnosi na donaciju u visini od 725 000 konvertibilnih BiH maraka iz instrumenta pretpristupne pomo&#263;i (projekt IPA). Vidi: &lt;a href=&#034;https://bih.iom.int/news/european-union-donates-ten-road-vehicles-directorate-coordination-police-bodies&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Individual measure to strengthen the response capacity to manage migration flows in Bosnia and Herzegovina&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-29&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-29&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-29&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;29&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;U sklopu projekta &#8220;Special Measures to Support the Response to the Refugee and Migrant Situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina Phase III&#8220;. Vidi: &lt;a href=&#034;https://bih.iom.int/news/european-union-donated-ten-specialized-vehicles-border-police-bosnia-and-herzegovina&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;The European Union donated ten specialized vehicles to the Border Police of Bosnia and Herzegovina&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-30&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-30&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-30&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;30&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Kazivanje zabilje&#382;eno u travnju 2024. S bosanskohercegova&#269;kog prevela autorica.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-31&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-31&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-31&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;31&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Svi iskazi voza&#269;a taksija prikupljeni su jedan na jedan i u povjerenju, a objedinjeni su dobrovoljno u svrhu anonimizacije. S bosanskohercegova&#269;kog jezika prevela ih je autorica.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-32&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-32&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-32&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;32&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Vi&#353;e o na&#269;inima i slu&#269;ajevima kriminalizacije o kojima je izvje&#353;tavala Border Violence Monitoring Network (BVMN) vidi u izvje&#353;&#263;u iz 2022. &#8220;&lt;a href=&#034;https://borderviolence.eu/app/uploads/Criminalisation.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Accused of solidarity. A Report on Incidents of Criminalisation Targeting BVMN Member Organisations and their Team Members in 2021 &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-33&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-33&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-33&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;33&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Vidi stranice informativne agencije o migrantima na &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.courrierdesbalkans.fr/Refugies-Balkans-Les-dernieres-info&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Courrier des Balkans&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, 22. Listopada 2023.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-34&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-34&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-34&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;34&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Od trenutka ulaska Hrvatske u Schengensko podru&#269;je 1. sije&#269;nja 2023.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-35&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-35&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-35&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;35&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Projekt CartoMobile nastao je u okviru autori&#269;inog rada na CNRS-u, na razli&#269;itim pograni&#269;nim podru&#269;jima s mnogo nasilja- na Balkanu, u Italiji, Francuskoj i sredi&#353;njem Sredozemlju. Cilj mu je razviti osjetljivu i 'iskustvenu' kartografiju europskih granica. Iz njega je proiza&#353;la putuju&#263;a izlo&#382;ba te pojava umjetni&#269;ko-znanstvenog kolektiva koji okuplja kartografe i ljude u pokretu. Vidi stranicu &lt;a href=&#034;https://cartomobile.hypotheses.org/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;CartoMobile projekta&lt;/a&gt; (u izradi).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-36&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-36&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-36&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;36&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Ovako se zovu vi&#353;estruki poku&#353;aji prelaska granice nakon kojih &#269;esto slijedi prisilno vra&#263;anje&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-37&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-37&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-37&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;37&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Kako bi se za&#353;titila njihova anonimnost, osobama u zbjegu koje se nalaze u kampovima Lipa i Bori&#263;i u ovom tekstu im je, uz njihovu suglasnost, dodijeljeno nasumi&#269;no odabrano slovo.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-38&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-38&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-38&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;38&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Pravi razlog koji se krije iza potpisivanja sporazuma o ponovnom prihvatu je omogu&#263;iti protjerivanja iz dr&#382;ave &#269;lanice EU-a u balkansku dr&#382;avu koja nije &#269;lanica EU-a (njihovih dr&#382;avljana ili dr&#382;avljana tre&#263;ih zemalja); &#353;tovi&#353;e, ponovni prihvati su bilateralni sporazumi koji omogu&#263;uju ubrzano udaljenje iz dr&#382;ave u dr&#382;avu. Osim toga, model koji se promi&#269;e u pra&#263;enju zahtjeva za &#269;lanstvom u EU poti&#269;e balkanske dr&#382;ave da potpi&#353;u sporazume o readmisiji s tre&#263;im dr&#382;avama iz kojih potje&#269;u mnoge osobe u zbjegu (primjerice Pakistan, s kojim je Bosna i Hercegovina sklopila sporazum o readmisiji u studenom 2020., a koji je na snazi &#8203;&#8203;od srpnja 2021.). Vidi radni dokument osoblja Komisije za Bosnu i Hercegovinu u 2023., str. 57.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-39&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-39&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-39&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;39&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Od engleskog &lt;i&gt;pushbacks&lt;/i&gt;: vidi vi&#353;e na &lt;a href=&#034;https://e-erim.ief.hr/pojam/p-pu-scaron-bek-p?locale=hr&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;stranici ERIM-a&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-40&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-40&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-40&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;40&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Vidi na stranici BVMN-a &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://borderviolence.eu/about/understanding-pushbacks/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Understanding pushbacks &lt;/a&gt;&#187;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-41&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-41&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-41&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;41&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Za vi&#353;e informacija o periodu kada su takozvani &#8220;koridor&#8221;, granice i tranzitni kampovi bili zatvoreni vidi izvore citirane u Epizodi 1: &lt;a href=&#034;https://bordermonitoring.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Formation_and_Disintegration_of_the_Balkan_Refugee_Corridor-2018.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Emina Bu&#382;inki&#263; &amp; Marijana Hamer&#353;ak 2017&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&#034;https://theses.fr/2019AIXM0646&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Morgane Dujmovi&#263;, 2019 (part 3 of the PhD thesis)&lt;/a&gt; i &lt;a href=&#034;https://theses.fr/2022POIT5001&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Lucie Bacon, 2022 (Part 3 of the PhD thesis)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-42&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-42&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-42&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;42&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Vidi stranicu posve&#263;enu unutarnjim granicama EU na &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.anafe.org/spip.php?mot31&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Anaf&#233; stranici&lt;/a&gt; te &lt;a href=&#034;http://anafe.org/IMG/pdf/noteanalyse_web_-_cafi-anafe_controles_migratoires_a_la_frontiere_franco-espagnole.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;izvje&#353;taj s francusko-&#353;panjolske granice&lt;/a&gt; kojeg su 2023. godine objavile Anaf&#233; CAFI mre&#382;a.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-43&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-43&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-43&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;43&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Odluka Europskog suda potvr&#273;ena je odlukom Francuskog dr&#382;avnog vije&#263;a 2. velja&#269;e 2024. izjasniv&#353;i se o izvr&#353;enju postupka prisilnog vra&#263;anja u Italiju. Nakon toga uslijedila je i okvirna odluka koju je objavio francuski ombudsman 25. travnja 2024 koja je dovela do dvogodi&#353;nje istrage na francusko-talijanskoj granici. Za vi&#353;e informacijama o ovim odlukama vidi mre&#382;ni te&#269;aj obuke kojeg organizira Anaf&#233;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-44&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-44&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-44&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;44&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Vidi primjerice: Harold Robert, 2021. '&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.visionscarto.net/_harold-robert_&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Fronti&#232;res : le &#171; game &#187; des exil&#233;&#183;es, mythe de Sisyphe contemporain&lt;/a&gt;'.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-45&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-45&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-45&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;45&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Vidi izvje&#353;taj No Name Kitchen kolektiva: '&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.nonamekitchen.org/no-name-kitchen-and-the-newest-border-violence-special-report-we-present-the-bloody-borders-project/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Bloody Border Project&lt;/a&gt;' i izvje&#353;taj Amnesty Internationala iz 2024. godine: &#8220;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/pol10/7200/2024/en/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;The State of the World's Human Rights: April 2024&lt;/a&gt;', str. 186.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-46&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-46&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-46&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;46&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Kao npr. slijede&#263;a izjava Ujedinjenih naroda u travnju 2021. godine: '&lt;a href=&#034;https://bosniaherzegovina.un.org/en/123914-un-bosnia-and-herzegovina-concerned-violent-pushback-migrants-asylum-seekers-and-refugees&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;The UN in Bosnia and Herzegovina is concerned by violent pushback of migrants, asylum-seekers and refugees&lt;/a&gt;'.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-47&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-47&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-47&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;47&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Vidi pro&#353;ireno izdanje iz 2022.: &lt;a href=&#034;https://acrobat.adobe.com/link/track?uri=urn%3Aaaid%3Ascds%3AUS%3Acb5a9aaa-ee62-3286-a505-0d9122b69b8f&amp;viewer%21megaVerb=group-discover&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Black book of pushbacks&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;i &lt;a href=&#034;https://borderviolence.eu/testimonies/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;bazu podataka BVMN-a&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-48&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-48&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-48&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;48&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Podaci za Italiju i Sloveniju nisu uklju&#269;eni u ovu mapu ali treba napomenuti da je nasilje zabilje&#382;eno i tamo. Zabilje&#382;eni slu&#269;aj nasilja najvjerojatnije &#263;e se ticati iste osobe ako je ta osoba zlostavljana tijekom prisilnog vra&#263;anja (u vi&#353;e navrata). Ova mapa je prvi put objavljena u atlasu Migreuropa. (IV izdanje), objavljenom 2022. godine: &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article3119.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Atlas des migrations dans le monde : libert&#233;s de circulation, fronti&#232;res, in&#233;galit&#233;s&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-49&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-49&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-49&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;49&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Vidi primjerice &#269;lanak: '&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/may/12/croatian-police-accused-of-shaving-and-spray-painting-heads-of-asylum-seekers?utm_source=Klix.ba&amp;utm_medium=Clanak&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Croatian police accused of spray-painting heads of asylum seekers&lt;/a&gt;'.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-50&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-50&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-50&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;50&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Vidi &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.asgi.it/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Tribunale-Roma_RG-564202020.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;su&#273;enje&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&#034;https://borderviolence.eu/reports/italian-court-ruling-on-chain-pushback/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;svjedo&#269;enje&lt;/a&gt; i &lt;a href=&#034;https://borderviolence.eu/app/uploads/Decisione-del-Tribunale.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;izvje&#353;taj talijanske nevladine udruge ASGI&lt;/a&gt; koji detaljno prikazuju vrstu nasilja koju je po&#269;inila hrvatska policija. Osim toga BVMN monitorira sudske sporove koji se ti&#269;u prisilnog vra&#263;anja.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-51&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-51&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-51&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;51&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;O tome kako se navedeni termini razlikuju, vidi predavanje Didiera Fassina na Coll&#232;ge de France 19. travnja &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QZZ0-BGZDMg&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Les &#233;preuves de la fronti&#232;re (3)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-52&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-52&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-52&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;52&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Termin ilegalizirani migrant (illegalized migrant) se na&#353;iroko koristi u kriti&#269;kim studijama granice. Vidi primjerice: Harald Bauder, 2013., 'Why We Should Use the Term Illegalized Immigrant', &lt;i&gt;RCIS Research Brief&lt;/i&gt;, No. 2013/1, str. 1-7 ; Karen Akoka, 2017, 'Refugees and Migrants' in MIGREUROP, 2017, &lt;i&gt;The Atlas of Migration in Europe. A Critical Geography of Migration Policies&lt;/i&gt;, Armand Colin, Paris, str. 18.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-53&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-53&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-53&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;53&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Steffen Mau, 2023 [2021]. La r&#233;invention de la fronti&#232;re au XXIe si&#232;cle. S njema&#269;kog na francuski preveo Christophe Lucchese. &#201;ditions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, str. 59-60. Vidi recenziju knjige: &lt;a href=&#034;https://shs.hal.science/halshs-04863133v1/document&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Morgane Dujmovi&#263;. Steffen Mau, La r&#233;invention de la fronti&#232;re au XXIe si&#232;cle&lt;/a&gt;, &#201;ditions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, Paris, 2023., 152 str. &lt;i&gt;G&#233;ographie, &#201;conomie, Soci&#233;t&#233;&lt;/i&gt;, 2024., 26 (4), str. 606-611.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-54&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-54&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-54&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;54&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Ovaj pristup proizlazi iz istra&#382;iva&#269;kog projekta CartoMobile koji je pokrenut 2022. godine na Balkanu, francuskim granicama i na sredi&#353;njem Mediteranu. Radi se o participativnom kartografskom djelu koje obuhva&#263;a &#353;ezdesetak osoba u zbjegu u obliku putuju&#263;e izlo&#382;be. Za vi&#353;e informacija posjeti stranicu projekta i u bilje&#353;ci o istra&#382;ivanju u uvoduu ovu seriju &#269;lanaka.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-55&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-55&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-55&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;55&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;R*-ov iskaz prevela je autorica s francuskog.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-56&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-56&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-56&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;56&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Ulogu i odgovornost Frontexa na Balkanu istra&#382;ujemo u nadolaze&#263;im portfolio &#269;lancima unutar ove serije.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-57&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-57&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-57&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;57&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Vidi posebno radove na &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.facebook.com/MdMPACA/?locale=fr_FR&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;M&#233;decins du monde&lt;/a&gt; u Brian&#231;onu.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-58&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-58&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-58&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;58&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Vidi &#269;lanak kojeg je napisala Ma&#239;a Courtois tijekom CartoMobile radionica u Brian&#231;onu : &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.infomigrants.net/fr/webdoc/212/apres-le-voyage-de-la-mort-les-terrasses-de-briancon-offrent-un-repit-aux-exiles&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Apr&#232;s &#8220;le voyage de la mort&#8221;, les Terrasses de Brian&#231;on offrent un r&#233;pit aux exil&#233;s&lt;/a&gt;'.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-59&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-59&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-59&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;59&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Vidi rad Anne-Laure Amilhat Szary i Fr&#233;d&#233;rica Girauta, 2015.,&lt;i&gt; Borderities and the Politics of Contemporary Mobile &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;Borders&lt;/i&gt;, Palgrave Macmillan, Londres, str. 1-19.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-60&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-60&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-60&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;60&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Vidi Reece Jones, 2016., &lt;i&gt;Violent Borders. Refugees and the Right to Move&lt;/i&gt;, London, UK &amp; Brooklyn, NY: Verso, 212 str.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-61&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-61&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-61&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;61&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Vidi Sandro Mezzadra and Brett Neilson, 2013., &lt;i&gt;Border as Method, or the Multiplication of Labor&lt;/i&gt;, Duke university press, Durham, 384 str.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		</content:encoded>


		
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	</item>
<item xml:lang="en">
		<title>2nd anniversary of the Italy&#8211;Albania migration agreement : let's dismantle it !</title>
		<link>http://migreurop.org/article3476.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">http://migreurop.org/article3476.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2025-10-31T11:44:17Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>en</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Camille</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>Italy</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Albania</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Revolts and mobilisations</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Forced returns</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Externalisation</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;On 1st and 2nd November, a transnational mobilisation led by Network Against Migrant Detention will take place in Albania to call for the complete dismantling of the migration agreement signed two years earlier between Italy and Albania. In support of this mobilisation, the associations and collectives signing this statement warn about the violence and dangerousness of this agreement, fuelled by racist, colonial and fascist institutional logics. Everywhere, let's mobilise for its (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/rubrique471.html" rel="directory"&gt;Collective actions&lt;/a&gt;

/ 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot20.html" rel="tag"&gt;Italy&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot182.html" rel="tag"&gt;Albania&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot175.html" rel="tag"&gt;Revolts and mobilisations&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot176.html" rel="tag"&gt;Forced returns&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot168.html" rel="tag"&gt;Externalisation&lt;/a&gt;

		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L120xH150/screenshot_20251030_111920_instagram_rogne-a0fa6-14fdf-2-93cd8.jpg?1761911369' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='120' height='150' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;On 1st and 2nd November, a transnational mobilisation led by &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.instagram.com/p/DOqLCiPCG5u&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Network Against Migrant Detention&lt;/a&gt; will take place in Albania to call for the complete dismantling of the migration agreement signed two years earlier between Italy and Albania. In support of this mobilisation, the associations and collectives signing this statement warn about the violence and dangerousness of this agreement, fuelled by racist, colonial and fascist institutional logics. Everywhere, let's mobilise for its dismantling!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What is it about?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This agreement was signed in November 2023 to allow Italy to externalise the processing of asylum applications from foreign nationals intercepted at sea by the Italian authorities. Very concretely, these people are not to set foot in Italy: they are instead forcibly transferred &#8212; with no, or almost no, medical assessment &#8212; to one of the two camps subsequently built on Albanian soil: in Sh&#235;ngjin and in Gjader. These camps are veritable prisons, ringed with high fences and barbed wire, and are used to sort people and then detain, repress and deport the great majority of them.&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb6-1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Report &#8220;Oltre la frontiera. L'accordo Italia Albania e la sospensione dei (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh6-1&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A candidate country for EU accession since 2014, Albania has therefore ceded two territories to Italy for the construction and administration of these camps, placed under Italian police jurisdiction and management. Let us recall that Mussolini's Italy invaded Albania in 1939! The fascist and colonial overtones of such an agreement are beyond doubt.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;These are the very same overtones that have enabled the EU and its member states, for 25 years, to entrench this border externalisation logic by signing multilateral and bilateral agreements (regularly with their former colonies) in exchange for trade advantages benefiting European capitalist companies, shifts in foreign policy, or &#8220;development aid&#8221; itself determined according to European interests.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Nothing about this Italy&#8211;Albania agreement and other externalisation agreements is acceptable! And the judgment of 1st August 2025&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb6-2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;International protection: the designation of a third country as a &#8220;safe (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh6-2&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) is hardly reassuring. It held that the Italian government had acted with excessive zeal in designating certain countries of origin as &#8220;safe&#8221; without offering any possible remedy against this decision, even though those countries cannot be considered &#8220;safe&#8221; for certain people. That designation was a legal condition to render transfers to the two Italian camps in Albania compatible with EU asylum law.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The entry into force of the EU's new Pact on Migration and Asylum in June 2026 could remove this brake on Rome's asylum strategy. More broadly, this Pact is a new instrument to cement the externalisation of borders and to expand the detention, repression and deportation of foreign nationals, disregarding their lives, rights and dignity. It even invents a legal fiction to filter people at the border, without considering them to have entered EU territory, thereby evading respect for the right to asylum.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;We demand the abolition of the Italy&#8211;Albania agreement and the destruction of the Sh&#235;ngjin and Gjader camps!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;From Nantes&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb6-3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Call to support the transnational mobilisation against the Rama&#8211;Meloni (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh6-3&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; to Tirana&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb6-4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;1st and 2nd November: press conference (in Sh&#235;ngjin) followed by a (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh6-4&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, let's multiply mobilisations against this agreement!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Freedom of movement and settlement for all, and the closure of all prisons for foreign nationals!&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='cs_blocs'&gt;&lt;h4 class='blocs_titre blocs_replie blocs_click'&gt;&lt;a href='#_foo'&gt;See the list of signatories&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div class='blocs_destination blocs_invisible blocs_slide'&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; AHSETI Le Havre&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; AITE (Accueil Information de Tous les Etrangers)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Amnesty International&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; antiCRA44&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Association Tri Potes et Mascagne&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; ASTI Bordeaux&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; ASTI Boucle de la Seine&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; ASTI Chalon sur Sa&#244;ne&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; ASTI de Colombes&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; ASTI de Faverges&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; ASTI de Martigues&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; ASTI de Petit Quevilly&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; ASTI du Mantois- Mike DESCHAMPS&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; ASTI Lamballe Terre d'Accueil&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; ASTI Les Ulis&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; ASTI Valence&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; ASTI-RESF Asni&#232;res&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Attac 19/20 Paris&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; CARE Asti Elbeuf&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; CCFD-Terre Solidaire&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; CGT LArdeux patrice&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Coudes &#224; coudes&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; CRID&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Droits devant!!&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; FASTI (F&#233;d&#233;ration des Associations de Solidarit&#233; avec Tou-te-s les Immigr&#233;-es)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; FEMMES SOLIDAIRES LH76&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; FEDERATION NATIONALE DE LA LIBRE PENSEE - Christian Eyschen&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; GASPROM-ASTI de Nantes&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Gisti&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; La Cimade&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Le Comit&#233; des actions parisiennes de la Fasti&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; L&#235;vizja Bashk&#235; - Flavia Osmani&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Migreurop&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Network Against Migrant Detention&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; RESF06 (R&#233;seau Education Sans Fronti&#232;res)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; ROYA CITOYENNE&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Solidarit&#233;s Asie France (SAF)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Union &#201;tudiante&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;hr /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_notes'&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb6-1&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh6-1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 6-1&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Report &#8220;Oltre la frontiera. L'accordo Italia Albania e la sospensione dei diritti&#8221; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.asgi.it/asilo-e-protezione-internazionale/albania-monitoraggio-diritti-tavolo-asilo/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;https://www.asgi.it/asilo-e-protezi...&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
French translation available here: &lt;a href=&#034;https://nantes.indymedia.org/posts/157291/accords-italie-albanie-traduction-du-rapport-par-dela-la-frontiere/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;https://nantes.indymedia.org/posts/...&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb6-2&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh6-2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 6-2&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;International protection: the designation of a third country as a &#8220;safe country of origin&#8221; must be capable of effective judicial review, CJEU press release, &lt;a href=&#034;https://curia.europa.eu/jcms/upload/docs/application/pdf/2025-08/cp250103fr.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;https://curia.europa.eu/jcms/upload...&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb6-3&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh6-3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 6-3&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Call to support the transnational mobilisation against the Rama&#8211;Meloni agreements: gathering on 1st November at 12:30 in front of the Nantes prefecture at the call of anti-CRA 44 and Cases Rebelles&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb6-4&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh6-4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 6-4&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;1st and 2nd November: press conference (in Sh&#235;ngjin) followed by a demonstration (in Gjader) and a transnational assembly in Tirana at the initiative of the Network Against Migrant Detention (all information on their Instagram @networkagainstmigrantdetention)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		</content:encoded>


		

	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>2&#232;me anniversaire de l'accord migratoire Italie-Albanie : d&#233;mantelons-le ! </title>
		<link>http://migreurop.org/article3475.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">http://migreurop.org/article3475.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2025-10-31T11:44:15Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Camille</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>Italie</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Albanie</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Renvois forc&#233;s</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>R&#233;voltes et mobilisations</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Externalisation</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Les 1er et 2 novembre prochains, une mobilisation transnationale port&#233;e par Network Against Migrant Detention aura lieu en Albanie pour le d&#233;mant&#232;lement total de l'accord migratoire sign&#233; deux ans plus t&#244;t entre l'Italie et l'Albanie. En soutien &#224; cette mobilisation, les associations et collectifs signataires de ce communiqu&#233; alertent sur la violence et la dangerosit&#233; de cet accord aliment&#233; par des logiques institutionnelles racistes, colonialistes et fascistes. Partout, mobilisons-nous pour (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/rubrique471.html" rel="directory"&gt;Actions collectives&lt;/a&gt;

/ 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot20.html" rel="tag"&gt;Italie&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot182.html" rel="tag"&gt;Albanie&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot176.html" rel="tag"&gt;Renvois forc&#233;s&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot175.html" rel="tag"&gt;R&#233;voltes et mobilisations&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot168.html" rel="tag"&gt;Externalisation&lt;/a&gt;

		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L150xH129/screenshot_20251030_111920_instagram_rogne-a0fa6-14fdf-50242.jpg?1762336008' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='150' height='129' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;Les 1er et 2 novembre prochains, une mobilisation transnationale port&#233;e par &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.instagram.com/p/DOqLCiPCG5u&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Network Against Migrant Detention&lt;/a&gt; aura lieu en Albanie pour le d&#233;mant&#232;lement total de l'accord migratoire sign&#233; deux ans plus t&#244;t entre l'Italie et l'Albanie. En soutien &#224; cette mobilisation, les associations et collectifs signataires de ce communiqu&#233; alertent sur la violence et la dangerosit&#233; de cet accord aliment&#233; par des logiques institutionnelles racistes, colonialistes et fascistes. Partout, mobilisons-nous pour son d&#233;mant&#232;lement !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;De quoi s'agit-il ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cet accord a &#233;t&#233; sign&#233; en novembre 2023 afin de permettre &#224; l'Italie d'externaliser le traitement de la demande d'asile des personnes &#233;trang&#232;res intercept&#233;es en mer par les autorit&#233;s italiennes. Tr&#232;s concr&#232;tement, il n'est donc pas question pour ces personnes de poser le pied en Italie : elles sont au contraire d&#233;plac&#233;es de force - sans ou quasi sans aucune &#233;valuation m&#233;dicale - dans l'un des deux camps construits depuis sur le sol albanais : &#224; Sh&#235;ngjin et &#224; Gjader. Ces camps sont de v&#233;ritables prisons cercl&#233;es de hautes cl&#244;tures et de barbel&#233;s et sont utilis&#233;s pour trier les personnes, puis enfermer, r&#233;primer et expulser la grande majorit&#233; d'entre elleux.&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb7-1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Rapport &#034;Oltre la frontiera. L'accordo Italia Albania e la sospensione dei (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh7-1&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pays candidat &#224; l'adh&#233;sion &#224; l'UE depuis 2014, l'Albanie a donc c&#233;d&#233; deux territoires &#224; l'Italie pour la construction et l'administration de ces camps plac&#233;s sous juridiction et gestion polici&#232;re italiennes. Rappelons que l'Italie de Mussolini avait envahi l'Albanie en 1939 ! Les relents fascistes et colonialistes d'un tel accord ne font aucun doute.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ce sont ces m&#234;mes relents qui permettent &#224; l'UE et ses Etats membres de concr&#233;tiser depuis 25 ans cette logique d'externalisation des fronti&#232;res en signant des accords multilat&#233;raux et bilat&#233;raux (r&#233;guli&#232;rement avec leurs anciennes colonies) en &#233;change d'avantages commerciaux profitables aux entreprises capitalistes europ&#233;ennes, d'&#233;volutions en terme de politique &#233;trang&#232;re ou d'&#034;aide au d&#233;veloppement&#034; elle-m&#234;me d&#233;termin&#233;e selon les int&#233;r&#234;ts europ&#233;ens.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Rien ne va donc avec cet accord Italie-Albanie et les autres accords d'externalisation ! Et ce n'est pas la d&#233;cision du 1er aout 2025&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb7-2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Protection internationale : la d&#233;signation d'un pays tiers comme &#171; pays (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh7-2&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; de la Cour de Justice de l'Union europ&#233;enne (CJUE) qui va nous rassurer. Celle-ci a en effet estim&#233; que le gouvernement italien avait fait preuve d'un exc&#232;s de z&#232;le en classant certains pays d'origine comme &#171; s&#251;rs &#187; sans offrir de recours possible contre cette d&#233;cision, alors m&#234;me que ces pays ne peuvent &#234;tre consid&#233;r&#233;s comme &#171; s&#251;rs &#187; pour certaines personnes. Ce classement &#233;tait une condition juridique pour rendre les transferts vers les deux camps italiens en Albanie compatibles avec de droit de l'Union europ&#233;enne en mati&#232;re d'asile .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;L'entr&#233;e en vigueur du nouveau Pacte europ&#233;en sur la migration et l'asile de l'UE en juin 2026 pourrait permettre de lever ce frein &#224; la strat&#233;gie de Rome en mati&#232;re d'asile. Plus globalement, ce Pacte est un nouvel instrument pour cimenter l'externalisation des fronti&#232;res et massifier l'enfermement, la r&#233;pression et l'expulsion des personnes &#233;trang&#232;res au m&#233;pris de leurs vies, de leurs droits, de leur dignit&#233;. Il va jusqu'&#224; inventer une fiction juridique pour filtrer les personnes &#224; la fronti&#232;re, sans consid&#233;rer qu'elles sont entr&#233;es sur le territoire de l'UE et ainsi &#233;chapper au respect du droit d'asile.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Nous exigeons l'abolition de l'accord Italie-Albanie et la destruction des camps de Sh&#235;ngjin et Gjader !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;De Nantes&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb7-3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Appel &#224; soutenir la mobilisation transnationale contre les accords (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh7-3&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &#224; Tirana&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb7-4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;1er et 2 novembre : conf&#233;rence de presse (&#224; Sh&#235;ngjin) suivie d'une (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh7-4&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, multiplions les mobilisations contre cet accord !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Libert&#233; de circulation et d'installation pour toutes et tous et fermeture de l'ensemble des prisons pour les personnes &#233;trang&#232;res !&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='cs_blocs'&gt;&lt;h4 class='blocs_titre blocs_replie blocs_click'&gt;&lt;a href='#_foo'&gt;Voir la liste des signataires&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div class='blocs_destination blocs_invisible blocs_slide'&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; AHSETI Le Havre&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; AITE (Accueil Information de Tous les Etrangers)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Amnesty International&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; antiCRA44&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Association Tri Potes et Mascagne&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; ASTI Bordeaux&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; ASTI Boucle de la Seine&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; ASTI Chalon sur Sa&#244;ne&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; ASTI de Colombes&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; ASTI de Faverges&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; ASTI de Martigues&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; ASTI de Petit Quevilly&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; ASTI du Mantois- Mike DESCHAMPS&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; ASTI Lamballe Terre d'Accueil&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; ASTI Les Ulis&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; ASTI Valence&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; ASTI-RESF Asni&#232;res&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Attac 19/20 Paris&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; CARE Asti Elbeuf&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; CCFD-Terre Solidaire&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; CGT LArdeux patrice&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Coudes &#224; coudes&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; CRID&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Droits devant !!&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; FASTI (F&#233;d&#233;ration des Associations de Solidarit&#233; avec Tou-te-s les Immigr&#233;-es)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; FEMMES SOLIDAIRES LH76&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; FEDERATION NATIONALE DE LA LIBRE PENSEE - Christian Eyschen&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; GASPROM-ASTI de Nantes&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Gisti&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; La Cimade&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Le Comit&#233; des actions parisiennes de la Fasti&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; L&#235;vizja Bashk&#235; - Flavia Osmani&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Migreurop&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Network Against Migrant Detention&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; RESF06 (R&#233;seau Education Sans Fronti&#232;res)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; ROYA CITOYENNE&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Solidarit&#233;s Asie France (SAF)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Union &#201;tudiante&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;hr /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_notes'&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb7-1&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh7-1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 7-1&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Rapport &#034;Oltre la frontiera. L'accordo Italia Albania e la sospensione dei diritti&#8221; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.asgi.it/asilo-e-protezione-internazionale/albania-monitoraggio-diritti-tavolo-asilo/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;https://www.asgi.it/asilo-e-protezi...&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Traduction en fran&#231;ais disponible ici : &lt;a href=&#034;https://nantes.indymedia.org/posts/157291/accords-italie-albanie-traduction-du-rapport-par-dela-la-frontiere/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;https://nantes.indymedia.org/posts/...&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb7-2&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh7-2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 7-2&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Protection internationale : la d&#233;signation d'un pays tiers comme &#171; pays d'origine s&#251;r &#187; doit pouvoir faire l'objet d'un contr&#244;le juridictionnel effectif, communiqu&#233; de presse de la CJUE, &lt;a href=&#034;https://curia.europa.eu/jcms/upload/docs/application/pdf/2025-08/cp250103fr.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;https://curia.europa.eu/jcms/upload...&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb7-3&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh7-3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 7-3&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Appel &#224; soutenir la mobilisation transnationale contre les accords Rama-Meloni : rassemblement le 1er novembre &#224; 12h30 devant la pr&#233;fecture de Nantes &#224; l'appel de l'anti-CRA 44 et de Cases Rebelles&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb7-4&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh7-4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 7-4&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;1er et 2 novembre : conf&#233;rence de presse (&#224; Sh&#235;ngjin) suivie d'une manifestation (&#224; Gjader) et assembl&#233;e transnationale &#224; Tirana &#224; l'initiative du Network Against Migrant Detention (toutes les infos sur leur instagram @networkagainstmigrantdetention)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		</content:encoded>


		

	</item>
<item xml:lang="es">
		<title>Externalizaci&#243;n del asilo: una cooperaci&#243;n en desprecio de la protecci&#243;n internacional y del estado de derecho</title>
		<link>http://migreurop.org/article3306.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">http://migreurop.org/article3306.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2025-04-17T13:44:00Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>es</dc:language>
		


		<dc:subject>&lt;span lang='fr'&gt;Tunisie&lt;/span&gt;</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Asile</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>&lt;span lang='fr'&gt;Externalisation&lt;/span&gt;</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>&lt;span lang='fr'&gt;Politiques migratoires&lt;/span&gt;</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>&lt;span lang='fr'&gt;Business migratoire&lt;/span&gt;</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>&lt;span lang='fr'&gt;Italie&lt;/span&gt;</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>&lt;span lang='fr'&gt;Albanie&lt;/span&gt;</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Royaume-Uni</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Rwanda</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;El antiguo deseo de los pa&#237;ses europeos de externalizar la tramitaci&#243;n de las solicitudes de asilo se ha concretado recientemente en los &#034;acuerdos&#034; Reino Unido/Ruanda e Italia/Albania. Mientras que la iniciativa brit&#225;nica se ha abandonado, la de Italia se ha bloqueado temporalmente. Tras la anulaci&#243;n de los dos primeros traslados de exiliadxs a campos de Albania, y a la espera de la decisi&#243;n del Tribunal de Casaci&#243;n de Roma sobre el recurso del gobierno italiano, &#233;ste desmoviliz&#243; al personal (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/rubrique458.html" rel="directory"&gt;Notes d'analyse&lt;/a&gt;

/ 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot187.html" rel="tag"&gt;&lt;span lang='fr'&gt;Tunisie&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot203.html" rel="tag"&gt;Asile&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot168.html" rel="tag"&gt;&lt;span lang='fr'&gt;Externalisation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot194.html" rel="tag"&gt;&lt;span lang='fr'&gt;Politiques migratoires&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot170.html" rel="tag"&gt;&lt;span lang='fr'&gt;Business migratoire&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot20.html" rel="tag"&gt;&lt;span lang='fr'&gt;Italie&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot182.html" rel="tag"&gt;&lt;span lang='fr'&gt;Albanie&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot202.html" rel="tag"&gt;Royaume-Uni&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot201.html" rel="tag"&gt;Rwanda&lt;/a&gt;

		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L150xH113/img_2821-5a7a7.jpg?1744206826' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='150' height='113' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;div class='spip_document_5311 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_file spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;41&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;x&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt;
&lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/pdf/note_16_es.pdf' class=&#034; spip_doc_lien&#034; title='PDF - 580.2 kio' type=&#034;application/pdf&#034;&gt;&lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH695/capture_d_ecran_2025-04-17_104201-c3574.png?1744879759' width='500' height='695' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Boletin #16 : Externalizaci&#243;n del asilo
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;El antiguo deseo de los pa&#237;ses europeos de externalizar la tramitaci&#243;n de las solicitudes de asilo se ha concretado recientemente en los &#034;acuerdos&#034; Reino Unido/Ruanda e Italia/Albania. Mientras que la iniciativa brit&#225;nica se ha abandonado, la de Italia se ha bloqueado temporalmente. Tras la anulaci&#243;n de los dos primeros traslados de exiliadxs a campos de Albania, y a la espera de la decisi&#243;n del Tribunal de Casaci&#243;n de Roma sobre el recurso del gobierno italiano, &#233;ste desmoviliz&#243; al personal movilizado in situ.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Estos experimentos, que podr&#237;an verse favorecidos por la aplicaci&#243;n del Pacto Europeo sobre Migraci&#243;n y Asilo, chocan por ahora con la ley. A pesar de estos contratiempos y de su coste desorbitado, suscitan un entusiasmo desenfrenado entre los dirigentes europeos, que ya no ocultan su deseo de expulsar de sus territorios a las personas en busca de protecci&#243;n internacional.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La cobertura medi&#225;tica y la explotaci&#243;n de estos dramas pol&#237;ticos y jur&#237;dicos normalizan las violaciones de los derechos de lxs exiliadxs, pero tambi&#233;n del derecho internacional que define estos derechos y de la jerarqu&#237;a de normas que los garantiza, frente a una soberan&#237;a nacional supuestamente burlada. Del mismo modo, en pa&#237;ses &#034;terceros&#034; a veces autoritarios, las &#034;asociaciones&#034; migratorias concluidas por Europa contribuyen a deslegitimar e irregularizar a lxs exiliadxs, sin tener en cuenta sus derechos.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La falta de transparencia y la ret&#243;rica hip&#243;crita, a menudo humanitaria, que acompa&#241;a a la externalizaci&#243;n de las pol&#237;ticas migratorias europeas pueden haber dado la ilusi&#243;n de un baluarte que protege el derecho de asilo. Sin embargo, se refieran o no expl&#237;citamente al asilo, estas pol&#237;ticas no s&#243;lo conducen a la erosi&#243;n de la protecci&#243;n internacional, sino tambi&#233;n a la quiebra del Estado de derecho, en Europa y fuera de ella.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
[Editorial]&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Contribuyentes: Mark Akkerman (investigador, top Wapenhandel y Transnational Institute), Sophie-Anne Bisiaux (investigadora y activista, Migreurop), Morgane Dujmovic (investigadora CNRS, ge&#243;grafa y polit&#243;logo, Migreurop), Brigitte Espuche (Migreurop), FTDES, Nawal Karroum (Migreurop), Yasha Maccanico (Statewatch), Claire Rodier (GISTI). &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Cartograf&#237;a: Olivier Clochard (ge&#243;grafo-cart&#243;grafo, encargado de investigaciones en el CNRS, Migreurop) para la Brigada de intervenciones cartogr&#225;ficas de la red.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Photograf&#237;a: &#169; Maso Notarianni, octubre de 2024, campo de Gjad&#235;r-Albania.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
		</content:encoded>


		
		<enclosure url="http://migreurop.org/IMG/pdf/fr_bibliographie_note_migreurop_no_16_2024_2_-4.pdf" length="114466" type="application/pdf" />
		

	</item>
<item xml:lang="it">
		<title> Esternalizzazione dell'asilo: la cooperazione in barba alla protezione internazionale e allo stato di diritto</title>
		<link>http://migreurop.org/article3307.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">http://migreurop.org/article3307.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2025-04-17T13:41:00Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>it</dc:language>
		


		<dc:subject>&lt;span lang='fr'&gt;Tunisie&lt;/span&gt;</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Asile</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>&lt;span lang='fr'&gt;Business migratoire&lt;/span&gt;</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>&lt;span lang='fr'&gt;Externalisation&lt;/span&gt;</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>&lt;span lang='fr'&gt;Politiques migratoires&lt;/span&gt;</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>&lt;span lang='fr'&gt;Italie&lt;/span&gt;</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>&lt;span lang='fr'&gt;Albanie&lt;/span&gt;</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Royaume-Uni</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Rwanda</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;L'annoso desiderio dei Paesi europei di esternalizzare il trattamento delle domande di asilo si &#232; recentemente concretizzato negli &#034;accordi&#034; Regno Unito/Rwanda e Italia/Albania. Mentre l'iniziativa britannica &#232; stata abbandonata, quella italiana &#232; stata temporaneamente bloccata. Dopo l'annullamento dei primi due trasferimenti di esuli nei campi in Albania, e in attesa della decisione della Corte di Cassazione di Roma sul ricorso del governo italiano, il governo italiano ha richiamato il (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/rubrique458.html" rel="directory"&gt;Notes d'analyse&lt;/a&gt;

/ 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot187.html" rel="tag"&gt;&lt;span lang='fr'&gt;Tunisie&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot203.html" rel="tag"&gt;Asile&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot170.html" rel="tag"&gt;&lt;span lang='fr'&gt;Business migratoire&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot168.html" rel="tag"&gt;&lt;span lang='fr'&gt;Externalisation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot194.html" rel="tag"&gt;&lt;span lang='fr'&gt;Politiques migratoires&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot20.html" rel="tag"&gt;&lt;span lang='fr'&gt;Italie&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot182.html" rel="tag"&gt;&lt;span lang='fr'&gt;Albanie&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot202.html" rel="tag"&gt;Royaume-Uni&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot201.html" rel="tag"&gt;Rwanda&lt;/a&gt;

		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L150xH113/img_2821-4-6cac4.jpg?1744276689' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='150' height='113' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;div class='spip_document_5309 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_file spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;41&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;x&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt;
&lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/pdf/note_16_it.pdf' class=&#034; spip_doc_lien&#034; title='PDF - 578.3 kio' type=&#034;application/pdf&#034;&gt;&lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH707/note_16_it_page-0001-ffe57.jpg?1744715255' width='500' height='707' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Note #16 : Esternalizzazione dell'asilo
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;L'annoso desiderio dei Paesi europei di esternalizzare il trattamento delle domande di asilo si &#232; recentemente concretizzato negli &#034;accordi&#034; Regno Unito/Rwanda e Italia/Albania. Mentre l'iniziativa britannica &#232; stata abbandonata, quella italiana &#232; stata temporaneamente bloccata. Dopo l'annullamento dei primi due trasferimenti di esuli nei campi in Albania, e in attesa della decisione della Corte di Cassazione di Roma sul ricorso del governo italiano, il governo italiano ha richiamato il personale mobilitato in loco.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Questi esperimenti, che potrebbero essere incoraggiati dall'applicazione del Patto europeo sulla migrazione e l'asilo, si scontrano attualmente con la legge. Nonostante queste battute d'arresto e il loro costo esorbitante, stanno suscitando un entusiasmo sfrenato tra i leader europei, che non nascondono pi&#249; il loro desiderio di spingere le persone in cerca di protezione internazionale fuori dai loro territori.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La copertura mediatica e lo sfruttamento di questi drammi politici e giuridici normalizzano le violazioni dei diritti degli esuli, ma anche del diritto internazionale che li definisce e della gerarchia di norme che li garantisce, a fronte della sovranit&#224; nazionale che si presume venga violata. Allo stesso modo, in Paesi &#034;terzi&#034; talvolta autoritari, i &#034;partenariati&#034; migratori conclusi dall'Europa contribuiscono a delegittimare e a rendere irregolari gli esuli, senza alcun riguardo per i loro diritti.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La mancanza di trasparenza e la retorica ipocrita, spesso umanitaria, che accompagna. l'esternalizzazione delle politiche migratorie europee hanno dato l'illusione di un baluardo a protezione del diritto d'asilo. Tuttavia, che riguardino esplicitamente l'asilo o meno, queste politiche non solo portano all'erosione della protezione internazionale, ma anche al crollo dello Stato di diritto, in Europa e altrove.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
[Editoriale]&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Contributori e contributrici: Mark Akkerman (ricercatore, Stop Wapenhandel e Transnational Institute), Sophie-Anne Bisiaux (ricercatrice e attivista, Migreurop), Morgane Dujmovic (ricercatrice CNR, geografa e politologa, Migreurop), Brigitte Espuche (Migreurop), FTDES, Nawal Karroum (Migreurop), Yasha Maccanico (Statewatch), Claire Rodier (GISTI).&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Cartografia: Olivier Clochard (geografo-cartografo, ricercatore presso il CNRS, Migreurop) per la Brigata di intervento cartografico della rete.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Photografia: &#169; Maso Notarianni, ottobre 2024, campo di Gjad&#235;r-Albania.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
		</content:encoded>


		
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	</item>
<item xml:lang="en">
		<title>Externalisation of Asylum: Cooperation in Defiance of International Protection and the Rule of Law</title>
		<link>http://migreurop.org/article3305.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">http://migreurop.org/article3305.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2025-04-17T11:34:00Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>en</dc:language>
		


		<dc:subject>Tunisia</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Asile</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Migration business</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Externalisation</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Migration policies </dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Italy</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Albania</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Royaume-Uni</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Rwanda</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;The long-standing desire of European countries to externalise the processing of asylum applications has recently taken concrete form in the UK/Rwanda and Italy/Albania 'agreements'. While the British initiative has been abandoned, the Italian one has been temporarily blocked. Following the cancellation of the first two transfers of people on the move to camps in Albania, and pending the decision of the Court of Cassation in Rome on the Italian government's appeal, the latter has recalled the (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/rubrique458.html" rel="directory"&gt;Briefs&lt;/a&gt;

/ 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot187.html" rel="tag"&gt;Tunisia&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot203.html" rel="tag"&gt;Asile&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot170.html" rel="tag"&gt;Migration business&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot168.html" rel="tag"&gt;Externalisation&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot194.html" rel="tag"&gt;Migration policies &lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot20.html" rel="tag"&gt;Italy&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot182.html" rel="tag"&gt;Albania&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot202.html" rel="tag"&gt;Royaume-Uni&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot201.html" rel="tag"&gt;Rwanda&lt;/a&gt;

		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L150xH113/img_2821-3-d48a3.jpg?1744198564' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='150' height='113' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;div class='spip_document_5317 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_file spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;39&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;x&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt;
&lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/pdf/note_16_en-1.pdf' class=&#034; spip_doc_lien&#034; title='PDF - 585.5 KiB' type=&#034;application/pdf&#034;&gt;&lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH707/note_16_en_page-0001-9cdef.jpg?1744715255' width='500' height='707' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Brief #16 - Externalisation of asylum
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The long-standing desire of European countries to externalise the processing of asylum applications has recently taken concrete form in the UK/Rwanda and Italy/Albania 'agreements'. While the British initiative has been abandoned, the Italian one has been temporarily blocked. Following the cancellation of the first two transfers of people on the move to camps in Albania, and pending the decision of the Court of Cassation in Rome on the Italian government's appeal, the latter has recalled the staff mobilised on site.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;These experiments, which could be encouraged by the application of the European Pact on Migration and Asylum, are currently running up against the law. Despite these setbacks and their exorbitant cost, they are generating unbridled enthusiasm among European leaders, who no longer hide their desire to push people seeking international protection out of their territories.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The media coverage and the exploitation of these political and legal dramas normalise violations of the rights of people on the move, but also of international law, which defines these rights, and the hierarchy of norms that guarantees them, against a supposedly flouted national sovereignty. Similarly, in &#034;third&#034; countries that are sometimes authoritarian, the migration &#034;partnerships&#034; struck by Europe contribute to delegitimise and irregularise people on the move, in defiance for their rights.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The lack of transparency and the hypocritical, often humanitarian, rhetoric that accompanies the externalisation of European migration policies may have given the impression that a bulwark protects the right to asylum. However, whether they explicitly concern asylum or not, these policies do not just lead to the erosion of international protection, but also to the breakdown of the rule of law, in Europe and beyond.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
[Editorial]&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Contributors: Mark Akkerman (researcher, Stop Wapenhandel and Transnational Institute), Sophie-Anne Bisiaux (researcher and activist, Migreurop), Morgane Dujmovic (CNRS researcher, geographer and politist, Migreurop), Brigitte Espuche (Migreurop), FTDES, Nawal Karroum (Migreurop), Yasha Maccanico (Statewatch), Claire Rodier (GISTI).&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Cartography: Olivier Clochard (geographer-cartographer, CNRS research fellow, Migreurop) for the network's Cartographic Interventions Brigade.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Photograph: &#169; Maso Notarianni, october 2024, camp of Gjad&#235;r-Albania.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
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