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	<title>MIGREUROP</title>
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<item xml:lang="en">
		<title>Press Review May/June 2026</title>
		<link>http://migreurop.org/article3600.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">http://migreurop.org/article3600.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2026-07-10T05:53:09Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>en</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Camille</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>Egypte</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Libya</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Morocco</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Rwanda</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Royaume-Uni</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Autriche</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Cyprus</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Manche</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Greece</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Italy</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Albania</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Su&#232;de</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Suisse</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>France</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Union Europ&#233;enne</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Afghanistan</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Asile</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Detention</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Externalisation</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Freedom of movement</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Militarisation of borders</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Pacte europ&#233;en sur la migration et l'asile</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Migration policies </dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Racisme</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>r&#232;glement retour</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Forced returns</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Monitoring and control </dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Egypt/EU EuroNews, &#8220;EU pays Egypt billions to manage migration &#8212; Cairo says it is not enough&#8221;, 21 May 2026* &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Faced with the reception crisis currently affecting Egypt, Cairo is pressing the EU to increase its funding for &#8216;migration management'. The regime considers the &#8364;200 million allocation currently available to the country for the period 2024&#8211;2027 to be &#8216;insufficient'. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
As a key partner of the EU for almost 30 years in the externalisation of borders &#8211; a cornerstone of European (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/rubrique461.html" rel="directory"&gt;Press review&lt;/a&gt;

/ 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot193.html" rel="tag"&gt;Egypte&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot39.html" rel="tag"&gt;Libya&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot184.html" rel="tag"&gt;Morocco&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot201.html" rel="tag"&gt;Rwanda&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot202.html" rel="tag"&gt;Royaume-Uni&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot207.html" rel="tag"&gt;Autriche&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot45.html" rel="tag"&gt;Cyprus&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot213.html" rel="tag"&gt;Manche&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot33.html" rel="tag"&gt;Greece&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot20.html" rel="tag"&gt;Italy&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot182.html" rel="tag"&gt;Albania&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot55.html" rel="tag"&gt;Su&#232;de&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot34.html" rel="tag"&gt;Suisse&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot21.html" rel="tag"&gt;France&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot208.html" rel="tag"&gt;Union Europ&#233;enne&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot189.html" rel="tag"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot203.html" rel="tag"&gt;Asile&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot169.html" rel="tag"&gt;Detention&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot168.html" rel="tag"&gt;Externalisation&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot178.html" rel="tag"&gt;Freedom of movement&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot174.html" rel="tag"&gt;Militarisation of borders&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot204.html" rel="tag"&gt;Pacte europ&#233;en sur la migration et l'asile&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot194.html" rel="tag"&gt;Migration policies &lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot206.html" rel="tag"&gt;Racisme&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot227.html" rel="tag"&gt;r&#232;glement retour&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot176.html" rel="tag"&gt;Forced returns&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot195.html" rel="tag"&gt;Monitoring and control &lt;/a&gt;

		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L150xH150/visuel_rp_3_-3-f5686.png?1783662833' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='150' height='150' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;div class=&#034;cs_sommaire cs_sommaire_avec_fond&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire&#034;&gt; &lt;div class=&#034;cs_sommaire_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;div class=&#034;cs_sommaire_titre_avec_fond&#034;&gt; Sommaire &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#034;cs_sommaire_corps&#034;&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Egypt/EU&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_0'&gt;Egypt/EU&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Libya&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_1'&gt;Libya&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Morocco&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_2'&gt;Morocco&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Rwanda/United Kingdom&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_3'&gt;Rwanda/United Kingdom&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Austria&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_4'&gt;Austria&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Cyprus&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_5'&gt;Cyprus&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Greece&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_6'&gt;Greece&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Italy/Albania&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_7'&gt;Italy/Albania&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sweden&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_8'&gt;Sweden&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;United Kingdom&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_9'&gt;United Kingdom&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;United Kingdom/France&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_10'&gt;United Kingdom/France&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Switzerland&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_11'&gt;Switzerland&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Chisinau Declaration&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_12'&gt;Chisinau Declaration&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Entry into force of the Migration and Asylum Pact&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_13'&gt;Entry into force of the (&#8230;)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Final adoption of the &#8216;return' regulation&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_14'&gt;Final adoption of the &#8216;return'&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;A Taliban delegation in Brussels&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_15'&gt;A Taliban delegation in (&#8230;)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_0&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Egypt/EU&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;EuroNews, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.euronews.com/2026/05/21/eu-pays-egypt-billions-to-manage-migration-cairo-says-it-is-not-enough#https://www.euronews.com/2026/05/21/eu-pays-egypt-billions-to-manage-migration-cairo-says-it-is-not-enough&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;EU pays Egypt billions to manage migration &#8212; Cairo says it is not enough&#8221;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;, 21 May 2026&lt;/i&gt;*&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Faced with the reception crisis currently affecting Egypt, Cairo is pressing the EU to increase its funding for &#8216;migration management'. The regime considers the &#8364;200 million allocation currently available to the country for the period 2024&#8211;2027 to be &#8216;insufficient'.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;As a key partner of the EU for almost 30 years in the externalisation of borders &#8211; a cornerstone of European migration policy &#8211; Egypt wields considerable negotiating leverage. It would therefore come as no surprise if European funding were indeed increased, at a historic juncture when restrictions onmobility have become an absolute priority for the EU. This is despite systematic violations of migrants' rights in the country: migrants in Egypt are arbitrarily detained in inhuman and degrading conditions, and forced returns continue to rise&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See the EuroMed Rights factsheet on this subject, &#8216;Safe on paper, dangerous (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh1&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; . In March 2026, independent experts appointed by the UN Human Rights Council also warned of an intensification of deportations and violations of fundamental rights targeting migrants on Egyptian territory, in particular Sudanese and Syrian nationals&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See OHCHR, &#8220;Egypt: UN experts raise alarm over violations against refugees (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a id=&#034;_Toc3&#034;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_1&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Libya&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;France24, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.france24.com/fr/europe/20260519-libye-ange-de-la-mort-ancien-directeur-prison-libyen-cpi-khaled-el-hishri&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;&#8216;The Angel of Death': former Libyan prison director to appear before the ICC&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8221;, 19 May 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;From 19 to 21 May, Khaled Mohamed Ali El Hishri, a Libyan member of the Special Deterrence Forces militia and a senior official at Mitiga Prison in Tripoli, where he is alleged to have directly committed, ordered and facilitated multiple crimes between 2014 and 2020 (war crimes, crimes against humanity, torture, rape, murder and other acts of persecution). His victims are alleged to have been targeted on the basis of their gender, ethnic origin, sexual orientation and migration status. El Hishri is the first suspect to appear before the ICC for atrocities committed in Libya against migrantd persons, as part of the investigation conducted by the Court since 2011 under a UN mandate&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;14 people, including E Hishri, are currently the subject of international (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;After decades of impunity, the opening of these hearings represents a significant step forward for the victims of the Libyan detention system, which has been fuelled and supported by Europe through its border externalisation policies. Cooperation between the EU and its Member States (notably Italy) with Libya is based on three pillars: technical support and assistance provided to the &#8216;Libyan Department for Combating Illegal Immigration' (DCIM) &#8211; which manages the camps and prisons where migrants suffer serious human rights violations; training and equipping the Libyan coastguard to intercept people at sea and push them back to Libya; and the conclusion of agreements with local Libyan authorities and armed groups to strengthen border controls in the south of the country&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See, in particular, Amnesty International, &#8220;Libya: European governments are (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; . By continuing and strengthening its relations with Libya on migration matters, the EU is making itself complicit in the crimes currently under investigation by the ICC, as well as in the impunity that many of their perpetrators continue to enjoy&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;For further information, see the press release from Refugees in Libya, (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5&#034;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; . The case of Najim Isama Almasri clearly illustrates this long-standing complicity. A former head of the Libyan judicial police and an accomplice of El Hishri in the running of Mitiga, he too is the subject of an international arrest warrant issued by the ICC. When he was on Italian territory in early 2025, Rome sent him back to Libya on a state flight, without handing him over to the Court&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb6&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;This refusal to cooperate with the Court has led to two complaints being (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh6&#034;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb7&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Almasri was recently sentenced by a court in Tripoli to 7 years and 4 (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh7&#034;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;InfoMigrants, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/71751/jai-peur-je-ne-sors-plus-de-chez-moi--en-libye-les-noirs-se-terrent-terrifies-par-la-chasse-aux-migrants-qui-sevit-dans-le-pays&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;&#8216;I'm scared, I don't leave my house anymore': in Libya, Black people are going into hiding, terrified by the &#8216;hunt for migrants' raging across the country&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;', 5 June 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Since early June, Africans of sub-Saharan origin in Libya have been the target of a crackdown on migrants carried out by hostile individuals, the police and local militias. Many are hiding and no longer dare to leave their homes for fear of being attacked. This wave of violence follows anti-immigration protests outside the offices of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in Tripoli, sparked by false information circulated on social media about the existence of a fictitious refugee resettlement programme in Libya. The demonstrators were demanding that the UNHCR leave Libya and that refugee support services cease their activities. The UNHCR expressed concern over the demonstrators' hate speech and stated that it was working in cooperation with the Libyan authorities to find solutions for those who have fled conflict.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;However, as part of this escalation of violence, these same authorities have carried out mass round-ups in neighbourhoods where migrants live. It should also be noted that round-ups and arbitrary arrests of migrants by the Libyan authorities have long been documented in Libya. Those affected are detained in inhumane conditions and subjected to torture. Incidents of physical, psychological and sexual violence, as well as the abandonment of people in the desert, have also been extensively documented&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb8&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See, on this subject, the information on Libya on Migreurop, &#8220;The Maghreb (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh8&#034;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; . The UNHCR, whose mandate is to protect refugees in Libya, appears in reality to be serving as a &#8216;humanitarian fig leaf' to enable European states to continue their cooperation with a failed state where rights are systematically flouted&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb9&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See also Refugees in Libya, &#8220;Book of Shame. How UNHCR Fails to Protect (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh9&#034;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a id=&#034;_Toc4&#034;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_2&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Morocco&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;InfoMigrants, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/71287/on-te-traite-comme-du-betail--des-migrants-arretes-au-maroc-sur-la-route-de-melilla-racontent-leur-calvaire&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;&#8216;They treat you like cattle': migrants arrested in Morocco on their way to Melilla recount their ordeal&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;', 8 May 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In late April, seven Mauritanian nationals attempted to cross the only land border between Morocco and the Spanish-controlled enclave of Melilla. They were arrested by the police and subjected to degrading treatment (including beatings and the theft of their personal belongings), before being pushed back to the Moroccan-Algerian border.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This kind of violence is a daily reality for people attempting to reach the European enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla, located on the African continent. The border between Moroccan territory and these enclaves is heavily militarised: over the years, high barriers have been erected and a dense network of radar, thermal and infrared cameras has been deployed along the entire border, with the aim of preventing anyone from reaching the European territory. Forced returns are systematic and are often accompanied by physical violence and theft, perpetrated by both Moroccan and Spanish forces, whose collaboration on migration issues dates back to 1992 (agreement on the movement of persons, transit and the readmission of foreigners who have entered illegally). This cooperation has since been consolidated through a series of externalisation agreements (between Spain and Morocco, but also between the EU and Morocco), which have turned this country into a veritable &#8216;blockade zone' for migration. The systematic human rights violations in Ceuta and Melilla are emblematic of the process of building a closed-off Europe, and continue with complete impunity&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb10&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See on this subject Migreurop, &#8220;CEUTA Factsheet&#8221;, Isaline Roverato, 2024&#034; id=&#034;nh10&#034;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_3&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Rwanda/United Kingdom&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;BBC, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cy526klrk20o&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8216;UK wins court case over collapsed Rwanda asylum deal'&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, 1 June 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) has rejected Rwanda's claim for compensation against the United Kingdom, following the annulment of the migration arrangement concluded between the two states in 2022. The aim of this informal agreement was to deport to Rwanda foreign nationals who had arrived on British soil &#8216;irregularly' and whose applications for protection had been declared inadmissible. The UK Supreme Court had ruled that this arrangement was unlawful on the grounds that Rwanda could not be considered a safe country for refugees. In 2024, under the Starmer government, the agreement was finally cancelled and payments suspended. Rwanda then initiated arbitration proceedings in January 2026, claiming &#163;50 million in compensation from the United Kingdom.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This brings to a close a legal dispute that clearly illustrates the commercial logic inherent in border externalisation, which reduces asylum seekers to a bargaining chip, enabling, on the one hand, European countries to rid themselves of people deemed &#8216;undesirable', and, on the other, enabling non-European authoritarian regimes to secure financial inflows and achieve diplomatic rehabilitation as legitimate partners of European countries&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb11&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See also Migreurop, &#8220;UK&#8211;Rwanda Agreement: Outsourcing Asylum to Africa, a (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh11&#034;&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_4&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Austria&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;InfoMigrants, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/71504/austria-limits-refugee-family-reunification-under-new-quota-system&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8216;Austria limits refugee family reunification under new quota&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; system', 21 May 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The Austrian Parliament has passed a new law introducing annual caps on family reunification, the level of which has not yet been set. This law follows a measure suspending family reunification procedures adopted in 2025, justified on the grounds of an alleged &#8216;overburdening' of social services, and adopted by unjustifiably invoking the &#8216;emergency clause' provided for in Article 72 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb12&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See on this subject InfoMigrants, &#8220;Austria: family reunification suspended (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh12&#034;&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;With the introduction of this quota system, Austria is flouting its obligations regarding reception and protection: the law will result in the separation of families, in breach of the right to family life protected by Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights, as well as the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union and the European Court of Human Rights, which have established that quotas applied to family reunification are unlawful in the absence of an individual assessment of each situation&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb13&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See in particular Amnesty International Austria, &#8216;Nationalrat adopts quota (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh13&#034;&gt;13&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a id=&#034;_Toc8&#034;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_5&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cyprus&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;CyprusMail, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://cyprus-mail.com/2026/06/08/eu-earmarks-e800m-for-cyprus-to-tackle-immigration&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8216;EU earmarks &#8364;800m for Cyprus to tackle immigration'&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;, 8 June 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cyprus will receive 800 million euros from the EU for the period 2028&#8211;2034, earmarked for &#8216;migration management', representing a 70 per cent increase on the 480 million allocated for the period 2021&#8211;2027.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;To date, EU funding has been used to build camps, to facilitate forced returns (Cyprus has recorded an unprecedented number of deportations of migrants in recent years), or to step up operations to identify people without the right to remain. At the end of May, three migrant people jumped from a balcony in Larnaca to escape the intensifying raids across the country. One of them died&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb14&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See in particular Cyprus Mail, &#8220;Migrant dies following balcony jump during (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh14&#034;&gt;14&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cyprus has repeatedly been accused of and found guilty of violating the rights of migrants, including refoulement&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb15&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See on this subject Cyprus Mail, &#8216;UNHCR expresses concern over alleged (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh15&#034;&gt;15&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; . Yet the southern part of the island will continue to benefit from the EU's support and cooperation in its migration policies that infringe upon the rights and lives of migrants.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a id=&#034;_Toc9&#034;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_6&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Greece&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Al Jazeera, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/6/1/greece-reopens-syrian-and-afghan-asylum-cases-hoping-for-returns&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8216;Greece reopens Syrian and Afghan asylum cases, hoping for returns'&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;, 1 June 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Since February, Greece has reopened all asylum cases likely to be rejected. As part of this process, the cases of Syrian and Afghan nationals &#8211; particularly men &#8211; are being subject to almost systematic re-examination, with rejection rates rising sharply. This review appears to reflect a broader political desire to rid the country of Muslim migrants or those from predominantly Muslim countries by deporting them to regimes where serious human rights violations have been documented. The Minister for Migration and Asylum, Athanasios Plevris, has openly embraced this racist shift during a recent parliamentary hearing, stating that Greece prefers to welcome non-Muslim migrant workers.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Greece's strategy is part of a wider European climate of growing racism and Islamophobia. Several European countries, led by Germany, are now considering the forced return of Afghan and Syrian nationals, despite the extremely dangerous situation in their countries of origin. The European Union itself hosted a Taliban delegation in Brussels on 23 June, to negotiate the deportations of Afghans&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb16&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See below&#034; id=&#034;nh16&#034;&gt;16&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; , and has renewed its cooperation agreement with Syria &#8211; ending the partial suspension in place since 2011 &#8211; which reflects a desire to speed up the forced returns of Syrian refugees residing throughout Europe&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb17&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See, on this subject, The New Arab, &#8216;Eyeing migrant returns, EU moves to (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh17&#034;&gt;17&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a id=&#034;_Toc10&#034;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_7&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Italy/Albania&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;La Repubblica, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2026/05/11/news palazzo_chigi_centri_albania_migranti_hub_frontiera-425336592/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;Palazzo Chigi tries again: &#8216;Migrants picked up at sea to be held in centres in Albania'&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#8221;, 11 May 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The Italian government is reportedly working on a new decree under the Italy&#8211;Albania Memorandum of Understanding (2023). The aim is said to be to revert to the original plan to outsource the fast-track processing of asylum applications to the camps in Sh&#235;ngjin and Gjad&#235;r &#8211; under Italian jurisdiction. Those affected are migrants intercepted at sea by the Italian authorities, who come from so-called &#8216;safe' countries and are considered &#8216;non-vulnerable'. According to the government, this change would be made possible by the European Pact on Migration and Asylum, which came into force on 12 June 2026.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The initial project had so far been held up by several court rulings. The court in Rome has repeatedly refused to authorise detention in the camps in Albania, ruling that the countries of origin of the people concerned, such as Bangladesh and Egypt, could not be considered &#8216;safe' under European law&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb18&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See also &#8220;Rome court does not uphold the detention of migrants in Albania&#8221;, (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh18&#034;&gt;18&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; . To prevent these camps from becoming unused, Italy converted them in 2025 into Italian detention and deportation centres (CPRs)&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb19&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See SkyTG24, &#8216;How migrant centres in Albania work', 9 June 2025&#034; id=&#034;nh19&#034;&gt;19&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. The entry into force of the Pact could, however, remove these obstacles. The Pact does indeed allow a country to be classified as partially &#8216;safe' and facilitates the use of accelerated procedures for nationals of countries with a low asylum recognition rate (&lt; 20 per cent). Together with the new common European list of &#8216;safe countries of origin', these measures provide Italy with a more solid legal basis for reactivating the Albanian centres&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb20&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See Fanpage, &#8216;Why, under the new EU regulation, Meloni can reopen the (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh20&#034;&gt;20&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;However, doubts remain, particularly regarding Italy's ability to detain asylum seekers undergoing standard procedures on territory outside the EU &#8211; an issue referred to the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), which is expected to rule in the coming months&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb21&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See also Italian Coalition for Freedom and Civil Rights (CILD), &#8220;The (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh21&#034;&gt;21&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a id=&#034;_Toc11&#034;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_8&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sweden&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;InfoMigrants, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/71931/suede--le-parlement-vote-une-loi-obligeant-les-administrations-publiques-a-denoncer-les-sanspapiers&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8216;Sweden: Parliament passes law obliging public authorities to report undocumented migrants'&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; migrants', 16 June 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On Monday 15 June, the Swedish Parliament passed two bills aimed at stepping up the deportation of migrants. The first measure, known as the &#8216;snitch law', obliges six public authorities (employment, pensions, tax, debt, social insurance and the prison service) to report to the police any undocumented migrants with whom their staff come into contact. The second, known as the &#8216;good conduct' law, provides for the deportation of foreign nationals residing in Sweden who do not lead an &#8216;honest life'.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;These measures establish a state apparatus of control and coercion in Sweden, which will lead to racial profiling, discrimination based on appearance and serious infringements of migrants' rights. The &#8216;snitch law' risks preventing migrantd people from accessing social rights; they may forgo essential services &#8211; including going to hospital or school &#8211; for fear of being denounced. By systematically using government departments and public services as tools for surveillance, it foreshadows the &#8216;return' regulation &#8211; adopted on 17 June by the European Parliament &#8211; which authorises raids in public places and private homes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The &#8216;good conduct' law, does not specify the criteria for defining what would constitute &#8216;bad conduct'. Its discretionary nature exposes migrants to the risk of having their residence permits refused or revoked on the basis of behaviour that is neither illegal nor punishable for Swedish citizens. This amounts to the deliberate creation of legal uncertainty and the imposition of conditions on rights, which is dissuasive and contrary to the rule of law. These measures will foster fear and self-censorship amongst migrants.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;]] .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a id=&#034;_Toc13&#034;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_9&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;United Kingdom&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;France24, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.france24.com/fr/europe/20260609-attaque-%C3%A0-belfast-les-autorit%C3%A9s-appellent-au-calme-face-au-risque-de-violences-anti-immigr%C3%A9s&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8216;Violent anti-immigration protests in Belfast following an attack attributed to a&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; refugee'&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;, 9 June 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;France24, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.france24.com/fr/europe/20260613-%C3%A0-belfast-un-vaste-rassemblement-contre-le-racisme-apr%C3%A8s-des-%C3%A9meutes-anti-immigr%C3%A9s&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;Mass rally against racism in Belfast following anti-immigrant&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; riots&#8221;, 13 June 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On 9 June, anti-immigrant demonstrations took place in Belfast (Northern Ireland) in the wake of a knife attack attributed to a Sudanese national, footage of which was shared on social media. Neo-fascist groups set fire to cars and homes, most of which belonged to migrant people. A few days later, a large anti-racist demonstration was organised to condemn this wave of racist violence.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This incident illustrates a well-known pattern in several European countries and beyond: an offence or crime committed by a foreign national is exploited to target entire communities of migrants and to legitimise violent attacks and racially motivated intimidation against them. This dynamic is part of a context of a sharp rise in racism and the far right in the United Kingdom &#8211; visible both on social media and in public spaces (murals inciting racial hatred, anti-migrant rallies, etc.)&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb22&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See, in particular, the International Federation for Human Rights, &#8216;Northern (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh22&#034;&gt;22&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &#8211; which threatens the lives and safety of migrant people and non-white people.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;InfoMigrants, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/72119/au-royaumeuni-le-gouvernement-veut-etendre-laccueil-parraine-des-refugies&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8216;In the UK, the government wants to expand the sponsored refugee scheme'&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; scheme', 30 June 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On 30 June, the UK Home Secretary, Shabana Mahmood, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.gov.uk/government/news/mahmood-myreforms-will-save-the-asylum-system-for-a-generation&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;announced&lt;/a&gt; the introduction of a refugee sponsorship scheme, which will come into force in autumn 2027. In practice, universities, businesses and other organisations will now be able to sponsor a person recognised as a refugee under Article 1 of the&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.ohchr.org/fr/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-relating-status-refugees&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;1951 Geneva Convention&lt;/a&gt;, enabling them to settle legally in the UK. The organisations responsible for this sponsorship will be in charge of providing accommodation, facilitating integration and assisting with the selected individuals' entry into the labour market. The number of potential beneficiaries has not yet been specified, and applications will remain subject to strict government scrutiny.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This announcement comes against a backdrop of a general tightening of UK asylum policy. Sponsorship schemes are, in fact, frequently used by governments to project an image of selective generosity towards &#8216;genuine refugees' (Mahmood uses the term &lt;i&gt;&#8216;genuine &lt;/i&gt;refugees'), whilst diverting attention from deterrence policies that remain unchanged, or that are strengthened. Sponsorship schemes thus become instruments of a policy of selection, enabling states to set quotas for people entering their territory and to select certain categories of refugees based on their level of qualifications or their religion (church-sponsored schemes spring to mind)&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb23&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See on this subject Nikolas Feith Tan, &#8216;Community Sponsorship of Refugees (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh23&#034;&gt;23&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Furthermore, the state shrinks its responsibilities regarding protection and asylum by transferring a legal obligation to the private sector. Beyond the individual benefits that selected people may enjoy, this scheme, which is part of a highly repressive UK policy towards migrants, risks distorting the spirit of the right to asylum, which could then be reduced to &#8216;a neoliberal, privatised immigration scheme, reserved solely for highly skilled and educated migrants, or for certain ethnic or religious groups'&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb24&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Ibid., p. 258.&#034; id=&#034;nh24&#034;&gt;24&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a id=&#034;_Toc14&#034;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_10&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;United Kingdom/France&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Le Monde, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2026/06/23/migration-un-premier-pas-vers-une-europeanisation-de-la-gestion-des-traversees-de-la-manche_6708581_3210.html?search-type=classic&amp;ise_click_rank=2&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;Migration: a first step towards the Europeanisation of the management of Channel crossings&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#8221;, 23 June &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The &#8216;One in, one out' agreement (2025) between France and the United Kingdom will not be renewed after October 2026. It will be replaced by a &lt;a href=&#034;https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/document/download/ee521a9c-effe-494f-ae61-65ffcf778e46_en?filename=EU%20Action%20Plan%20for%20the%20Channel%20route.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;European Commission action plan&lt;/a&gt; for the Channel migration route, drawn up in partnership with the United Kingdom and published on June 16.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The &#8216;One in, one out' agreement currently stipulates that, for every asylum seeker the United Kingdom undertakes to admit through &#8216;legal channels', France agrees in return to readmit to its territory one person who has arrived in the United Kingdom so-called irregularly&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb25&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See on this subject the short documentary by MSF Frontlines, &#8216;One in, one (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh25&#034;&gt;25&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. The new action plan sets out a repressive approach centred on three pillars: strengthening diplomatic cooperation with countries of origin and transit to facilitate deportations; the &#8216;fight against people-smugglers' (which raises fears of increased criminalisation of migrants and solidarity organisations&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb26&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;On this point, see PICUM, &#8216;Migrant smuggling: why we need a paradigm shift', (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh26&#034;&gt;26&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; ); and increasing the resources allocated to law enforcement and border control. Unsurprisingly, the text refers to the need to curb &#8216;illegal' migration in order to deter people from undertaking dangerous journeys. This is a rhetorical ploy that obscures the fact that it is precisely the sealing off of borders that drives many people to continue undertaking these dangerous journeys.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a id=&#034;_Toc15&#034;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_11&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Switzerland&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Euractiv, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.euractiv.com/news/swiss-reject-divisive-anti-immigration-proposal-projections/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8216;Swiss reject divisive anti-immigration proposal&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;', 14 June 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On 14 June, 54 per cent of Swiss voters rejected the anti-immigration initiative &#8216;No to a Switzerland with 10 million!'. This initiative was put forward by the far-right SVP party and identified asylum seekers as the cause of thepopulation growth that, according to SVP, is jeopardising the country's &#8216;sustainability'. The text called for the permanent resident population to be kept below the ten-million mark by 2050, through repressive migration measures that contravened the country's obligations regarding reception and protection. Once the population reached 9.5 million, asylum seekers granted temporary leave would no longer have any prospect of remaining in the country. Should the population exceed 10 million, international agreements accused of encouraging population growth would have to be renegotiated or even withdrawn. The application of texts such as the Global Compact for Migration, the European Convention on Human Rights, the Geneva Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and the European Agreement on the Free Movement of Persons would be threatened&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb27&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See on this subject Amnesty International, &#8216;The &#8220;No Switzerland at 10 (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh27&#034;&gt;27&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The initiative failed thanks to strong opposition from employers' organisations and trade unions, which feared severe repercussions for employment and growth. Although many of the arguments in favour of a &#8216;no' vote were economic in nature, the rejection of the initiative remains a significant victory and a setback for the far right's vision of society. A vision that would have exposed migrants to a real risk of being turned back at the borders and of asylum procedures being suspended, and which would have led &#8211; through the possibility of renouncing international human rights agreements &#8211; to a general weakening of these protections for everyone, not just for migrants.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a id=&#034;_Toc17&#034;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_12&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Chisinau Declaration&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Euractiv, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.euractiv.com/news/european-countries-urge-rethink-of-human-rights-on-migration/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8216;European countries urge rethink of human rights on migration&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;', 15 May 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On 15 May 2026, the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe adopted a &lt;a href=&#034;https://rm.coe.int/pdf/09125948802bc2cc&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;declaration&lt;/a&gt; in Chisinau (Moldova) proposing a restrictive interpretation of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) in order to facilitate the deportation of migrants who have not been granted the right of residence or who have committed serious offences. The declaration proposes a reinterpretation of Article 8 (the right to respect for private and family life) to &#8216;rebalance' the individual rights of migrants against &#8216;the public interest and public security'. It also proposes narrowing the scope of Article 3 (prohibition of torture and inhuman or degrading treatment), so that insufficient access to healthcare or precarious socio-economic conditions in the country of deportation cannot constitute inhuman or degrading treatment that would prevent forced return. It should be noted, however, that Article 3 admits of no exceptions.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The Council of Europe has thus acted on the &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.gov.uk/government/news/joint-statement-to-the-conference-of-ministers-of-justice-of-the-council-of-europe&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;declaration&lt;/a&gt; issued in December 2025 by 27 member states calling for a more restrictive interpretation of the ECHR with regard to forced returns. Whilst the Chisinau Declaration remains non-binding in legal terms, it constitutes a worrying political development which will contribute &#8211; alongside recent European legislation (&#8216;safe' countries of origin, &#8216;safe' third countries, the &#8216;Return' Regulation) -to entrench in the collective imagination the need to systematise dangerous deportations, in the name of so-called security imperatives. It also constitutes political interference in the interpretation of the ECHR, illustrating a European trend towards challenging the legitimacy of the judiciary&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb28&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See on this subject Jo&#235;l Andriantsimbazovina, &#8216;Political pressure on the (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh28&#034;&gt;28&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; , which has been accused by several right-wing and far-right governments of favouring progressive positions on migration.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_13&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Entry into force of the Migration and Asylum Pact&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Mediapart, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/international/120626/pacte-sur-la-migration-et-l-asile-pour-l-union-europeenne-le-jour-de-la-honte&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8216;Migration and Asylum Pact: a day of shame for the European Union&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;', 12 June 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On 12 June, the European Pact on Migration and Asylum came into force. It constitutes a comprehensive reform of European policy in this area, introducing far-reaching changes at the EU's borders. It establishes new screening procedures for anyone arriving at the EU's external borders. Following this screening, some people may be subject to accelerated border asylum procedures, leading to deportation if their application is rejected. Throughout all these stages, people are deprived of their liberty, likely in isolated locations that are difficult for lawyers, doctors, journalists and civil society organisations to access. They are also kept in a legal &#8216;fiction of non-entry': whilst physically present on European soil, they are legally considered not to have entered. This enables states to deport them more easily, paving the way for lower standards of fundamental rights.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Deprivation of liberty is therefore becoming the norm, and access to asylum &#8211; as well as to an effective remedy &#8211; is drastically restricted. Indeed, more people will be subject to accelerated procedures, on the assumption that they do notrequire protection: those from countries where the asylum recognition rate in the EU is below 20 per cent, those from so-called &#8216;safe' countries of origin, and those suspected of posing a &#8216;threat to public order', a vague and undefined concept. Furthermore, if individuals subject to a deportation order appeal against that decision, their appeal will not have suspensive effect, and the Pact authorises deportation even before a final decision has been taken.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In short, this Pact institutionalises, at a European level, the detention, registration, screening and expulsion of migrants at Europe's borders.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a id=&#034;_Toc18&#034;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_14&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Final adoption of the &#8216;return' regulation&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;RFI, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20260617-migration-le-parlement-europ%C3%A9en-adopte-la-r%C3%A9forme-pr%C3%A9voyant-des-hubs-de-retour&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8216;Migration: the European Parliament adopts reform providing for &#8220;return hubs&#8221;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; hubs&#8221;', 17 June 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Le Monde, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/video/2026/06/17/renvoyez-les-scandent-des-elus-d-extreme-droite-au-parlement-europeen_6704287_823448.html?search-type=classic&amp;ise_click_rank=7&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;&#8216;Send them back!' chant far-right MEPs in the European Parliament&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8221;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;, 17 June 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On 17 June, the European Parliament gave final approval to the &#8216;return' regulation, amidst applause and racist chants from right-wing and far-right MEPs in the chamber, who shouted &#8220;Send them back!&#8221;. The text provides for a massive detention system (lasting up to two years, with the possibility of indefinite extension in the event of a threat to public security), the conversion of third countries into &#8216;return hubs', to which migrants may be deported even if they have no connection to those countries&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb29&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;A coalition of five Member States has already begun negotiations with third (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh29&#034;&gt;29&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; , as well as &#8216;investigative' measures authorising raids on homes and in public spaces, the seizure of electronic devices and the obligation to provide biometric data to the authorities.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The proposed measures cross a red line by establishing a regime of widespread surveillance within the EU: migrants without the right to reside will be subjected to a veritable manhunt and deported to countries known to be unsafe (European governments are currently considering deportations to Rwanda, Uganda, Libya, Egypt&#8230;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb30&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See Human Rights Watch, &#8216;Dangerous EU Momentum Towards Offshore Deportation (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh30&#034;&gt;30&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; ). This regulation institutionalises the violation of fundamental rights and international law: it will lead to breaches of the principle of non-refoulement, flout the right to private and family life, and expose migrantd people to inhuman and degrading treatment&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb31&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;For further reading, see in particular Migreurop, &#8216;Adoption of the EU (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh31&#034;&gt;31&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a id=&#034;_Toc20&#034;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_15&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A Taliban delegation in Brussels&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;InfoMigrants, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/72051/rencontre-inedite-entre-lue-et-des-responsables-talibans-pour-discuter-du-renvoi-des-afghans-vers-leur-pays-dorigine&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8216;Unprecedented meeting between the EU and Taliban officials to discuss the return of Afghans to their country of origin&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;', 24 June 2026 &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Euractiv, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://euractiv.com/fr/news/les-talibans-profitent-de-leur-visite-a-bruxelles-pour-demander-un-acces-consulaire-en-europe/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;The Taliban use their visit to Brussels to request consular access in&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; Europe&#8221;, 23 June 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On 23 June, members of the European Commission met with a Taliban delegation to continue negotiations on the forced return of Afghan nationals without the right to reside in the EU. In exchange for their cooperation with these deportations, the Taliban requested the restoration of consular services for Afghans across Europe.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Once again, the EU's anti-immigration obsession is leading to the normalisation of relations with a repressive regime, with the aim of deporting people at any cost&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb32&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Agreements with Libya or Turkey are further examples.&#034; id=&#034;nh32&#034;&gt;32&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; . As the restoration of consular services is a fundamental condition set by the Taliban, the end result of these negotiations risks being a de facto legitimisation of the Afghan regime, which has established gender apartheid&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb33&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;For further information, see Human Rights Watch, &#8216;Gender Apartheid as an (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh33&#034;&gt;33&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; and is responsible for the systematic violation of human rights in Afghanistan&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb34&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See also Amnesty International, &#8216;Afghanistan: the human rights situation in (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh34&#034;&gt;34&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; . By normalising its relations with the Taliban, the European Union is eroding its own standards on fundamental rights, pushing the boundaries of what is considered &#8216;acceptable' ever further. If these negotiations are successful, the Afghan nationals concerned risk being deported to face torture and death.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_6098 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_file spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;28&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt;
&lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/pdf/press_review_may_and_june_2026.pdf' class=&#034; spip_doc_lien&#034; title='PDF - 552.7 KiB' type=&#034;application/pdf&#034;&gt;&lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH500/visuel_rp_3_-2-16116.png?1783662833' width='500' height='500' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Press Review May/June 2026
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;hr /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_notes'&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb1&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 1&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See the EuroMed Rights factsheet on this subject, &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/IMG/pdf/egypt-infosheet-fr.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8216;Safe on paper, dangerous in reality: Egypt and the EU's return&lt;/a&gt; policy', June 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 2&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See OHCHR, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2026/03/egypt-un-experts-raise-alarm-over-violations-against-refugees-and-migrants&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Egypt: UN experts raise alarm over violations against refugees and&lt;/a&gt; migrants&#8221;, 6 March 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 3&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;14 people, including E Hishri, are currently the subject of international arrest warrants in connection with this investigation. Some of them have died, whilst others are on the run.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 4&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See, in particular, Amnesty International, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.amnesty.org/fr/latest/news/2017/12/libya-european-governments-complicit-in-horrific-abuse-of-refugees-and-migrants/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Libya: European governments are complicit in human rights violations against refugees and&lt;/a&gt; migrants&#8221;, 12 December 2017&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;For further information, see the press release from Refugees in Libya, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.refugeesinlibya.org/post/civil-society-statement-detention-crimes-in-libya-finally-before-the-icc-judges-to-decide-whether&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Civil society statement: Detention crimes in Libya finally before the ICC: Judges to decide whether El Hishri case moves to&lt;/a&gt; trial&#8221;, 11 May 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb6&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh6&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 6&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;This refusal to cooperate with the Court has led to two complaints being lodged against Italy with the European Court of Human Rights. See, on this subject, InfoMigrants, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/71639/litalie-visee-par-deux-plaintes-aupres-de-la-cedh-pour-avoir-libere-le-tortionnaire-de-migrants-libyen-osama-almasri-najim&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Italy facing two complaints with the ECHR for releasing the Libyan migrant torturer Osama Almasri&lt;/a&gt; Najim&#8221;, 1 June 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb7&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh7&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 7&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Almasri was recently sentenced by a court in Tripoli to 7 years and 4 months' imprisonment, whilst still being the subject of an arrest warrant issued by the ICC. Libya, which is not a signatory to the Rome Statute (the founding treaty of the ICC), is not obliged to hand him over to the Court. See in this regard Il Post, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.ilpost.it/2026/06/21/almasri-condannato-libia-tortura-migranti/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;General Almasri has been sentenced in Libya to 7 years and 4 months for acts of violence against&lt;/a&gt; migrants&#8221;, 21 June 2026.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb8&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh8&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 8&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See, on this subject, the information on Libya on Migreurop, &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article3565.html?lang_article=fr&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;The Maghreb states and the European Union are guilty of systematic violations of international law and crimes against&lt;/a&gt; humanity&#8221;, 7 April 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb9&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh9&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 9&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See also Refugees in Libya, &lt;a href=&#034;file:///C:/Users/admin/Downloads/Book%20of%20Shame%202025%20Vol.%20I.%20.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034;&gt;&#8220;Book of Shame. How UNHCR Fails to Protect Refugees in Libya, Tunisia, and&lt;/a&gt; Niger&#8221;, 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb10&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh10&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 10&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See on this subject Migreurop, &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/IMG/pdf/fiche_pays_ceuta_0624_ok_def.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;CEUTA&lt;/a&gt; Factsheet&#8221;, Isaline Roverato, 2024&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb11&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh11&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 11&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See also Migreurop, &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/IMG/pdf/cp_migreurop_rwanda_jun_22_-_fr.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;UK&#8211;Rwanda Agreement: Outsourcing Asylum to Africa, a Massive Deterrent in&lt;/a&gt; Europe&#8221;, 20 June 2022&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb12&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh12&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 12&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See on this subject InfoMigrants, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/68792/autriche--le-regroupement-familial-suspendu-pour-six-mois-supplementaires&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Austria: family reunification suspended for a further six&lt;/a&gt; months&#8221;, 12 December 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb13&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh13&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 13&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;13&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See in particular Amnesty International Austria, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.amnesty.at/presse/nationalrat-beschliesst-quotensystem-bei-familienzusammenfuehrung-amnesty-warnt-vor-verstoss-gegen-menschenrechte/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8216;Nationalrat adopts quota system for family reunification: Amnesty warns of human rights&lt;/a&gt; violations', 19 May 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb14&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh14&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 14&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;14&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See in particular Cyprus Mail, &lt;a href=&#034;https://cyprus-mail.com/2026/05/27/migrant-dies-following-balcony-jump-during-immigration-raid&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Migrant dies following balcony jump during immigration&lt;/a&gt; raid&#8221;, 27 May 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb15&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh15&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 15&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;15&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See on this subject Cyprus Mail, &lt;a href=&#034;https://cyprus-mail.com/2025/03/19/unhcr-expresses-concern-over-alleged-pushback-of-syrian-refugees&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8216;UNHCR expresses concern over alleged pushback of Syrian&lt;/a&gt; refugees', 19 March 2025 and InfoMigrants, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/bn/post/60432/chypre-condamnee-par-la-cedh-pour-le-refoulement-en-mer-de-deux-syriens&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8216;Cyprus condemned by the ECHR for pushing back two Syrians at&lt;/a&gt; sea', 9 October 2024&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb16&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh16&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 16&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;16&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See below&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb17&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh17&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 17&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;17&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See, on this subject, The New Arab, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.newarab.com/news/eyeing-migrant-returns-eu-moves-bolster-syria-ties&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8216;Eyeing migrant returns, EU moves to bolster Syria&lt;/a&gt; ties', 12 May 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb18&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh18&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 18&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;18&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See also &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.internazionale.it/notizie/annalisa-camilli/2024/10/18/tribunale-di-roma-migranti-albania&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Rome court does not uphold the detention of migrants in&lt;/a&gt; Albania&#8221;, 18 October 2024&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb19&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh19&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 19&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;19&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See SkyTG24, &lt;a href=&#034;https://tg24.sky.it/cronaca/2025/06/09/centri-migranti-albania-come-funzionano-costi&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8216;How migrant centres in Albania&lt;/a&gt; work', 9 June 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb20&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh20&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 20&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;20&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See Fanpage, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.fanpage.it/politica/perche-con-il-nuovo-regolamento-ue-il-governo-meloni-puo-sbloccare-i-centri-in-albania/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8216;Why, under the new EU regulation, Meloni can reopen the centres in&lt;/a&gt; Albania', 10 December 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb21&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh21&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 21&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;21&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See also Italian Coalition for Freedom and Civil Rights (CILD), &lt;a href=&#034;https://cild.eu/blog/2025/12/10/il-protocollo-italia-albania-alla-corte-di-giustizia-ue/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;The Italy-Albania Protocol before the Court of Justice of the&lt;/a&gt; EU&#8221;, 10 December 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb22&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh22&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 22&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;22&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See, in particular, the International Federation for Human Rights, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.fidh.org/fr/regions/europe-asie-centrale/irlande/irlande-du-nord-les-violences-et-intimidations-racistes-doivent&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8216;Northern Ireland: racist violence and intimidation must&lt;/a&gt; stop', 11 June 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb23&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh23&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 23&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;23&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See on this subject Nikolas Feith Tan, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/0ECC0E27C5A586A214BB3D846CCA9788/9781316517840c10_252-271.pdf/community-sponsorship-of-refugees-and-local-governance.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8216;Community Sponsorship of Refugees and Local&lt;/a&gt; Governance', in &lt;i&gt;Theorising Local Migration Law and Governance&lt;/i&gt;, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2022, pp. 252&#8211;271&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb24&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh24&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 24&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;24&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Ibid., p. 258.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb25&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh25&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 25&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;25&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See on this subject the short documentary by MSF Frontlines, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_KqOv3ssnHc&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8216;One in, one out: thousands of lives at&lt;/a&gt; risk', 21 May 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb26&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh26&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 26&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;26&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;On this point, see PICUM, &lt;a href=&#034;https://picum.org/blog/migrant-smuggling-why-we-need-a-paradigm-shift/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8216;Migrant smuggling: why we need a paradigm&lt;/a&gt; shift', 18 July 2022&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb27&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh27&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 27&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;27&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See on this subject Amnesty International, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.amnesty.ch/fr/pays/suisse/pas-de-suisse-a-10-millions&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8216;The &#8220;No Switzerland at 10 million&#8221; initiative: a frontal attack on the protection of human&lt;/a&gt; rights', 7 May 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb28&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh28&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 28&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;28&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See on this subject Jo&#235;l Andriantsimbazovina, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.leclubdesjuristes.com/international/pressions-politiques-sur-la-cour-europeenne-des-droits-de-lhomme-11031/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8216;Political pressure on the European Court of Human&lt;/a&gt; Rights', Le Club des Juristes, 12 June 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb29&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh29&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 29&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;29&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;A coalition of five Member States has already begun negotiations with third countries with a view to establishing &lt;i&gt;return hubs&lt;/i&gt;. See Euractiv, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.euractiv.com/news/eu-return-hub-backers-eye-partner-countries-reveal-by-autumn-says-dutch-minister/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;EU return hubs to be revealed by autumn, says Dutch&lt;/a&gt; minister&#8221;, 5 June 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb30&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh30&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 30&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;30&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See Human Rights Watch, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.hrw.org/news/2026/06/26/dangerous-eu-momentum-towards-offshore-deportation-centers&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8216;Dangerous EU Momentum Towards Offshore Deportation&lt;/a&gt; Centres', 26 June 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb31&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh31&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 31&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;31&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;For further reading, see in particular Migreurop, &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article3560.html?lang_article=fr&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8216;Adoption of the EU &#8220;Return&#8221; Regulation: the death knell for international&lt;/a&gt; law', 26 March 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb32&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh32&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 32&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;32&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Agreements with Libya or Turkey are further examples.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb33&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh33&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 33&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;33&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;For further information, see Human Rights Watch, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.hrw.org/news/2025/09/02/gender-apartheid-as-an-international-crime&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8216;Gender Apartheid as an International Crime: Taliban Oppression in Afghanistan Triggers&lt;/a&gt; Campaign', 2 September 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb34&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh34&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 34&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;34&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See also Amnesty International, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.amnesty.org/fr/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-asia/afghanistan/report-afghanistan/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8216;Afghanistan: the human rights situation in 2025', 2026&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		</content:encoded>


		

	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Revue de presse mai/juin 2026</title>
		<link>http://migreurop.org/article3599.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">http://migreurop.org/article3599.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2026-07-09T16:27:48Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		


		<dc:subject>Egypte</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Libye</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Maroc</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Rwanda</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Autriche</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Chypre</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Manche</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Gr&#232;ce</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Italie</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Albanie</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Su&#232;de</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Royaume-Uni</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>France</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Afghanistan</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Suisse</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Union Europ&#233;enne</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Asile</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Enfermement</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Externalisation</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Militarisation des fronti&#232;res</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Pacte europ&#233;en sur la migration et l'asile</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Politiques migratoires</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Racisme</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Pays s&#251;rs</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>r&#232;glement retour</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Renvois forc&#233;s</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Surveillance et contr&#244;le</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;&#201;gypte/UE EuroNews, &#171; EU pays Egypt billions to manage migration &#8212; Cairo says it is not enough &#187;, le 21 mai 2026 &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Face &#224; la crise de l'accueil &#224; laquelle l'&#201;gypte est actuellement confront&#233;e, le Caire presse l'UE d'augmenter ses financements en mati&#232;re de &#171; gestion des migrations &#187;.Le r&#233;gime juge &#171; insuffisante &#187; l'enveloppe de 200 millions d'euros d&#233;di&#233;e dont le pays b&#233;n&#233;ficie actuellement, pour la p&#233;riode 2024-2027. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Depuis presque 30 ans partenaire cl&#233; de l'Union en mati&#232;re (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


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&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/rubrique461.html" rel="directory"&gt;Revues de presse&lt;/a&gt;

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&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot195.html" rel="tag"&gt;Surveillance et contr&#244;le&lt;/a&gt;

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 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L150xH150/visuel_rp-3-68eca.png?1783614546' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='150' height='150' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;div class=&#034;cs_sommaire cs_sommaire_avec_fond&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire&#034;&gt; &lt;div class=&#034;cs_sommaire_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;div class=&#034;cs_sommaire_titre_avec_fond&#034;&gt; Sommaire &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#034;cs_sommaire_corps&#034;&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;&#201;gypte/UE&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_0'&gt;&#201;gypte/UE&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Libye&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_1'&gt;Libye&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Maroc&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_2'&gt;Maroc&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Rwanda/Royaume-Uni&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_3'&gt;Rwanda/Royaume-Uni&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Autriche&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_4'&gt;Autriche&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Chypre&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_5'&gt;Chypre&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Gr&#232;ce&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_6'&gt;Gr&#232;ce&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Italie/Albanie&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_7'&gt;Italie/Albanie&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Su&#232;de&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_8'&gt;Su&#232;de&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Royaume-Uni&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_9'&gt;Royaume-Uni&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Royaume-Uni/France&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_10'&gt;Royaume-Uni/France&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Suisse&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_11'&gt;Suisse&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;D&#233;claration de Chisinau&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_12'&gt;D&#233;claration de Chisinau&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Entr&#233;e en application du Pacte migration et asile&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_13'&gt;Entr&#233;e en application du (&#8230;)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Adoption d&#233;finitive du r&#232;glement &#171; retour &#187;&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_14'&gt;Adoption d&#233;finitive du r&#232;gleme&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Une d&#233;l&#233;gation de Talibans &#224; Bruxelles&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_15'&gt;Une d&#233;l&#233;gation de Talibans (&#8230;)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_0&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&#201;gypte/UE&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;EuroNews, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.euronews.com/2026/05/21/eu-pays-egypt-billions-to-manage-migration-cairo-says-it-is-not-enough&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;EU pays Egypt billions to manage migration &#8212; Cairo says it is not enough&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 21 mai 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Face &#224; la crise de l'accueil &#224; laquelle l'&#201;gypte est actuellement confront&#233;e, le Caire presse l'UE d'augmenter ses financements en mati&#232;re de &#171; gestion des migrations &#187;.Le r&#233;gime juge &#171; insuffisante &#187; l'enveloppe de 200 millions d'euros d&#233;di&#233;e dont le pays b&#233;n&#233;ficie actuellement, pour la p&#233;riode 2024-2027.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Depuis presque 30 ans partenaire cl&#233; de l'Union en mati&#232;re d'externalisation des fronti&#232;res &#8211; pilier de la politique migratoire europ&#233;enne &#8211;, l'&#201;gypte dispose d'un levier de n&#233;gociation consid&#233;rable. Il ne serait d&#232;s lors pas surprenant que les financements europ&#233;ens soient effectivement revus &#224; la hausse, dans une p&#233;riode historique o&#249; les entraves &#224; la mobilit&#233; sont devenues une priorit&#233; absolue pour l'UE.Ce, en d&#233;pit des violations syst&#233;matiques des droits des personnes migrantes dans le pays : les exil&#233;&#183;es en &#201;gypte sont d&#233;tenu&#183;es arbitrairement dans des conditions inhumaines et d&#233;gradantes, et les refoulements continuent d'augmenter&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet la fiche d'information d'EuroMed Droits, &#171; S&#251;r sur le (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-1&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. En mars 2026, des expert&#183;es ind&#233;pendant&#183;es mandat&#233;&#183;es par le Conseil des droits de l'Homme de l'ONU ont par ailleurs alert&#233; sur une intensification des expulsions et des violations des droits fondamentaux visant les personnes exil&#233;es sur le territoire &#233;gyptien, en particulier les ressortissant&#183;es soudanais&#183;es et syrien&#183;nes&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir HCDH, &#171; Egypt : UN experts raise alarm over violations against refugees (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-2&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_1&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Libye&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;France24, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.france24.com/fr/europe/20260519-libye-ange-de-la-mort-ancien-directeur-prison-libyen-cpi-khaled-el-hishri&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;L'ange de la mort' : un ancien directeur de prison libyen devant la CPI&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 19 mai 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Du 19 au 21 mai, comparaissait devant la Cour p&#233;nale internationale (CPI), en audience pr&#233;liminaire, Khaled Mohamed Ali El Hishri, membre libyen de la milice des forces sp&#233;ciales de dissuasion et haut responsable de la prison de Mitiga &#224; Tripoli, o&#249; il aurait directement commis, ordonn&#233; et facilit&#233; de multiples crimes entre 2014 et 2020 (crimes de guerre, crimes contre l'humanit&#233;, tortures, viols, meurtres, et autres pers&#233;cutions). Ses victimes auraient &#233;t&#233; cibl&#233;es en fonction de leur genre, de leur origine ethnique, de leur orientation sexuelle et de leur statut migratoire. El Hishri est le premier suspect &#224; compara&#238;tre devant la CPI pour des atrocit&#233;s commises en Libye contre les personnes exil&#233;es,dans le cadre de l'enqu&#234;te men&#233;e depuis 2011 par la Cour, sous mandat de l'ONU&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;14 personnes, dont E Hishri,font actuellement l'objet de mandats (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-3&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Apr&#232;s des d&#233;cennies d'impunit&#233;, l'ouverture de ces audiences constitue une avanc&#233;e importante pour les victimes du syst&#232;me de d&#233;tention libyen, aliment&#233; et soutenu par l'Europe &#224; travers ses politiques d'externalisation des fronti&#232;res. La coop&#233;ration de l'UE et de ses &#201;tats membres (notamment l'Italie) avec la Libye repose sur trois piliers : le soutien technique et l'assistance apport&#233;s au &#171; d&#233;partement libyen de lutte contre l'immigration ill&#233;gale &#187; (DCIM) - qui g&#232;re les camps et les prisons o&#249; les personnes migrantes subissent de graves violations des droits humains - ; la formation et l'&#233;quipement des garde-c&#244;tes libyens afin d'intercepter les personnes en mer et de les refouler vers la Libye ; la conclusion d'accords avec les autorit&#233;s locales libyennes et les groupes arm&#233;s en vue de renforcer les contr&#244;les des fronti&#232;res dans le sud du pays&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir notamment Amnesty International, &#171; Libye. Les gouvernements europ&#233;ens (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-4&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. En poursuivant et en renfor&#231;ant ses relations avec la Libye en mati&#232;re de migrations, l'UE se rend complice des crimes aujourd'hui examin&#233;s par la CPI, ainsi que de l'impunit&#233; dont continuent de b&#233;n&#233;ficier plusieurs de leurs auteurs&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-5&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Pour en savoir plus, voir le communiqu&#233; de Refugees in Libya, &#171; Civil (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-5&#034;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.Le cas de Najim Isama Almasri illustre bien cette complicit&#233; de longue date. Ancien chef de la police judiciaire libyenne et complice d'El Hishri dans la gestion de Mitiga, il fait lui aussi l'objet d'un mandat d'arr&#234;t international de la CPI.Lorsqu'il se trouvait sur le territoire italien d&#233;but 2025, Rome l'a renvoy&#233; en Libye &#224; bord d'un vol d'&#201;tat, sans le remettre &#224; la Cour&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-6&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Ce refus de coop&#233;rer avec la Cour a valu &#224; l'Italie deux plaintes devant la (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-6&#034;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-7&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Almasri a r&#233;cemment &#233;t&#233; condamn&#233; par un tribunal de Tripoli &#224; 7 ans et 4 (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-7&#034;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;InfoMigrants, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/71751/jai-peur-je-ne-sors-plus-de-chez-moi--en-libye-les-noirs-se-terrent-terrifies-par-la-chasse-aux-migrants-qui-sevit-dans-le-pays&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;'J'ai peur, je ne sors plus de chez moi' : en Libye, les Noirs se terrent, terrifi&#233;s par 'la chasse aux migrants' qui s&#233;vit dans le pays&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 5 juin 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Depuis d&#233;but juin, les Africain&#183;es d'origine subsaharienne en Libye sont la cible d'une chasse aux migrant&#183;es men&#233;e &#224; la fois par des citoyen&#183;nes hostiles, par les forces de police et par des milices locales. Beaucoup se cachent et n'osent plus sortir de chez eux de peur d'&#234;tre attaqu&#233;&#183;es. Cette vague de violences fait suite &#224; des manifestations anti-immigration devant les locaux du Haut-Commissariat des Nations Unies pour les r&#233;fugi&#233;s (HCR) &#224; Tripoli, d&#233;clench&#233;es par de fausses informations diffus&#233;es sur les r&#233;seaux sociauxsur l'existence d'un programme imaginaire de r&#233;installation de r&#233;fugi&#233;&#183;es en Libye. Les manifestant&#183;es r&#233;clamaient le d&#233;part du HCR de Libye et la cessation des activit&#233;s des services d'aide aux r&#233;fugi&#233;&#183;es. Le HCR s'est dit inquiet des discours de haine des manifestant&#183;es, et a indiqu&#233; travailler en coop&#233;ration avec les autorit&#233;s libyennespour trouver des solutions aux personnes qui ont fui les conflits.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pourtant, ces m&#234;mes autorit&#233;s ont men&#233;, dans le cadre de cette escalade de violence, des rafles massives dans les quartiers o&#249; vivent les personnes exil&#233;es. Il convient par ailleurs de pr&#233;ciser que les rafles et les arrestations arbitraires de personnes migrantes par les autorit&#233;s libyennes sont delongue daterecens&#233;es en Libye. Les personnes concern&#233;&#183;es sont d&#233;tenu&#183;es dans des conditions inhumaines et soumis&#183;es &#224; la torture. Les faits de violences physiques, psychologiques et sexuelles ainsi que l'abandon &#224; la mort dans le d&#233;sert ont &#233;t&#233; &#233;galement largement document&#233;s&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-8&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet les informations relatives &#224; la Libye sur Migreurop, &#171; Les (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-8&#034;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Le HCR, dont le mandat est de prot&#233;ger les r&#233;fugi&#233;&#183;es en Libye, semble en r&#233;alit&#233; servir de &#171; caution humanitaire &#187; pour permettre aux &#201;tats europ&#233;ens de poursuivreleur coop&#233;ration avec un &#201;tat failli, o&#249; les droits sont syst&#233;matiquement bafou&#233;s&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-9&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet Refugees in Libya, &#171; Book of Shame. How UNHCR Fails to (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-9&#034;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_2&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Maroc&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;InfoMigrants, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/71287/on-te-traite-comme-du-betail--des-migrants-arretes-au-maroc-sur-la-route-de-melilla-racontent-leur-calvaire&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;'On te traite comme du b&#233;tail' : des migrants arr&#234;t&#233;s au Maroc sur la route de Melilla racontent leur calvaire&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 8 mai 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Fin avril, sept personnes de nationalit&#233; mauritanienne ont tent&#233; de franchir la seule fronti&#232;re terrestre entre le Maroc et l'enclave de Melilla, sous contr&#244;le espagnol. Arr&#234;t&#233;es par la police, elles ont &#233;t&#233; soumises &#224; des traitements d&#233;gradants (dont passages &#224; tabac et vol de leurs effets personnels) avant d'&#234;tre refoul&#233;es &#224; la fronti&#232;re maroco-alg&#233;rienne.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ce type de violence est une r&#233;alit&#233; quotidienne pour les personnes qui tentent de rejoindre les territoires de Ceuta et Melilla, situ&#233;es sur le continent africain mais sous contr&#244;le europ&#233;en. La fronti&#232;re entre le territoire marocain et ces enclaves est hautement militaris&#233;e : au fil des ann&#233;es, de hautes barri&#232;res ont &#233;t&#233; &#233;rig&#233;es et un dispositif dense de radars, cam&#233;ras thermiques et infrarouges a &#233;t&#233; d&#233;ploy&#233; tout au long de la ligne frontali&#232;re, dans le but d'emp&#234;cher toute arriv&#233;e sur le sol europ&#233;en. Les refoulements y sont syst&#233;matiques et s'accompagnent souvent de violences physiques et de vols, perp&#233;tr&#233;s tant par les forces marocaines que par les forces espagnoles, dont la collaboration en mati&#232;re de migrations remonte &#224; 1992 (accord sur la circulation des personnes, du transit et de la r&#233;admission des &#233;trangers entr&#233;s ill&#233;galement). Cette coop&#233;ration s'est depuis consolid&#233;e par une s&#233;rie d'accords d'externalisation (entre l'Espagne et le Maroc, mais aussi entre l'UE et le Maroc), qui ont fait de ce pays une v&#233;ritable &#171; zone de blocage &#187; des migrations. Les violations syst&#233;matiques des droits humains &#224; Ceuta et Melilla sont embl&#233;matiques du processus de construction d'une Europe verrouill&#233;e, et se poursuivent en toute impunit&#233;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-10&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet Migreurop, &#171; Fiche CEUTA &#187;, Isaline Roverato, 2024&#034; id=&#034;nh2-10&#034;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_3&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Rwanda/Royaume-Uni&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;BBC, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cy526klrk20o&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;UK wins court case over collapsed Rwanda asylum deal&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;, le 1er juin 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La Cour permanente d'arbitrage (CPA) a rejet&#233; la demande d'indemnisation pr&#233;sent&#233;e par le Rwanda &#224; l'encontre du Royaume-Uni, dans le cadre de l'annulation de l'arrangement migratoire conclu entre les deux &#201;tats en 2022. L'objectif de cet accord informel &#233;tait d'expulser vers le Rwanda les personnes &#233;trang&#232;res arriv&#233;es sur le territoire britannique de mani&#232;re dite &#171; irr&#233;guli&#232;re &#187;, dontla demande de protection avait &#233;t&#233; d&#233;clar&#233;e irrecevable. La Cour supr&#234;me britannique avait d&#233;clar&#233; cet arrangement ill&#233;gal du fait que le Rwanda ne pouvait &#234;tre consid&#233;r&#233; comme un pays s&#251;r pour les exil&#233;&#183;es. En 2024, sous le gouvernement Starmer, l'accord avait finalement &#233;t&#233; annul&#233; et les paiements suspendus. Le Rwanda avait alors engag&#233; une proc&#233;dure d'arbitrage en janvier 2026, r&#233;clamant au Royaume-Uni une indemnisation de 50 millions de livres sterling.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Se cl&#244;t ainsi un contentieux qui illustre bien la logique marchande propre &#224; l'externalisation, qui r&#233;duit les exil&#233;&#183;es &#224; une monnaie d'&#233;change permettant d'un c&#244;t&#233; aux pays europ&#233;ens de se d&#233;barrasser des personnes consid&#233;r&#233;es &#171; ind&#233;sirables &#187;, et de l'autre aux r&#233;gimes autoritaires non europ&#233;ens de s'assurer des rentr&#233;es financi&#232;res et d'obtenir une r&#233;habilitation diplomatique en tant que partenaires l&#233;gitimes aupr&#232;s des pays europ&#233;ens&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-11&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir en ce sens Migreurop, &#171; Arrangement Royaume-Uni/Rwanda : externaliser (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-11&#034;&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_4&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Autriche&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;InfoMigrants, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/71504/austria-limits-refugee-family-reunification-under-new-quota-system&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; hreflang=&#034;fr&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Austria limits refugee family reunification under new quota system&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 21 mai 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le Parlement autrichien a adopt&#233; une nouvelle loi instaurant des plafonds annuels pour le regroupement familial, dont le niveau n'a pas encore &#233;t&#233; fix&#233;. Cette loi fait suite &#224; une mesure de suspension des proc&#233;dures de regroupement familial adopt&#233;e en 2025, motiv&#233;e par une pr&#233;tendue &#171; surcharge &#187; des services sociaux, et adopt&#233;e en invoquant de mani&#232;re injustifi&#233;e la &#171; clause d'urgence &#187; pr&#233;vue &#224; l'article 72 du Trait&#233; sur le fonctionnement de l'Union europ&#233;enne&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-12&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet InfoMigrants, &#171; Autriche : le regroupement familial suspendu (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-12&#034;&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Avec l'introduction de ce syst&#232;me de quotas, l'Autriche bafoue ses obligations en mati&#232;re d'accueil et de protection : la loi entra&#238;nera une s&#233;paration des familles, en violation du droit &#224; la vie familiale prot&#233;g&#233; par l'article 8 de la Convention europ&#233;enne des droits de l'Homme, ainsi que de la jurisprudence de la Cour de justice de l'UE et de la Cour europ&#233;enne des droits de l'Homme, qui ont &#233;tabli l'irr&#233;gularit&#233; de quotasappliqu&#233;s au regroupement familial en l'absence d'examen individuel de chaque situation&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-13&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir notamment Amnesty International Austriche, &#171; Nationalrat beschlie&#223;t (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-13&#034;&gt;13&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a id=&#034;_Toc8&#034;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_5&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Chypre&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;CyprusMail, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://cyprus-mail.com/2026/06/08/eu-earmarks-e800m-for-cyprus-to-tackle-immigration&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;EU earmarks &#8364;800m for Cyprus to tackle immigration&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 8 juin 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Chypre recevra 800 millions d'euros de l'UE pour la p&#233;riode 2028-2034, destin&#233;s &#224; la &#171; gestion de l'immigration &#187;, soit une hausse de 70 % par rapport aux 480 millions allou&#233;s pour la p&#233;riode 2021-2027.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Jusqu'ici, les financements europ&#233;ens ont &#233;t&#233; utilis&#233;s pour construire des camps, &#224; faciliter les renvois forc&#233;s(Chypre a enregistr&#233; ces derni&#232;res ann&#233;es un nombre d'expulsions de personnes migrantes sans pr&#233;c&#233;dent), ou &#224; renforcer les op&#233;rations de d&#233;tection des personnes d&#233;pourvues de droit au s&#233;jour. Fin mai, trois personnes exil&#233;es ont saut&#233; d'un balcon &#224; Larnaca pour &#233;chapper aux rafles qui s'intensifient dans le pays. L'une d'elles est d&#233;c&#233;d&#233;e&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-14&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir notamment Cyprus Mail, &#171; Migrant dies following balcony jump during (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-14&#034;&gt;14&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Chypre a &#233;t&#233; &#224; plusieurs reprises accus&#233;e et reconnue coupable de violations des droits des personnes migrantes, notamment de refoulements&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-15&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet Cyprus Mail, &#171; UNHCR expresses concern over alleged pushback (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-15&#034;&gt;15&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Pourtant, la partie sud de l'&#238;le continuera de b&#233;n&#233;ficier du soutien et de la collaboration de l'UE dans ses politiques migratoires attentatoires aux droits et &#224; la vie des exil&#233;&#183;es.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a id=&#034;_Toc9&#034;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_6&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Gr&#232;ce&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Al Jazeera, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/6/1/greece-reopens-syrian-and-afghan-asylum-cases-hoping-for-returns&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Greece reopens Syrian and Afghan asylum cases, hoping for returns&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 1 juin 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Depuis f&#233;vrier, la Gr&#232;ce a rouvert l'ensemble des dossiers d'asile susceptibles d'&#234;tre rejet&#233;s. Dans ce cadre, les dossiers des ressortissant&#183;es syrien&#183;nes et afghan&#183;es, et particuli&#232;rement des hommes, font l'objet d'un r&#233;examen quasi syst&#233;matique, avec des taux de rejet en forte hausse.Cette r&#233;vision r&#233;v&#233;lerait une volont&#233; politique plus large de se d&#233;barrasser des exil&#233;&#183;es musulman&#183;es ou originaires de pays &#224; majorit&#233; musulmane, en les expulsant vers des r&#233;gimes o&#249; de graves violations des droits humains sont document&#233;es. Le ministre de la migration et de l'asile, Athanasios Plevris, a par ailleurs assum&#233; ce virage raciste sans d&#233;tour lors d'une r&#233;cente audition parlementaire, d&#233;clarant que la Gr&#232;ce pr&#233;f&#233;rait accueillir des travailleur&#183;ses migrant&#183;es non musulman&#183;es.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La strat&#233;gie grecque s'inscrit dans un climat europ&#233;en de racisme et d'islamophobie croissants. Plusieurs pays europ&#233;ens, l'Allemagne au premier rang, envisagent d&#233;sormais des renvois forc&#233;s de ressortissant&#183;es afghan&#183;es et syrien&#183;nes, en d&#233;pit de la situation extr&#234;mement dangereuse dans leurs pays d'origine. L'Union europ&#233;enne elle-m&#234;me a accueilli une d&#233;l&#233;gation talibane &#224; Bruxelles le 23 juin, afin de n&#233;gocier les expulsions des Afghan&#183;es&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-16&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voirci-dessous&#034; id=&#034;nh2-16&#034;&gt;16&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, et a renouvel&#233; son accord de coop&#233;ration avec la Syrie - mettant fin &#224; lasuspension partielle en vigueur depuis 2011 -, ce qui refl&#232;te une volont&#233; d'acc&#233;l&#233;rer les renvois forc&#233;s des r&#233;fugi&#233;&#183;es syrien&#183;nes r&#233;sidant dans toute l'Europe&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-17&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet The New Arab, &#171; Eyeing migrant returns, EU moves to bolster (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-17&#034;&gt;17&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a id=&#034;_Toc10&#034;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_7&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Italie/Albanie&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;La Repubblica, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2026/05/11/news/palazzo_chigi_centri_albania_migranti_hub_frontiera-425336592/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Palazzo Chigi ci riprova : &#8220;Nei centri in Albania i migranti presi in mare&#8221;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 11 mai 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le gouvernement italien travaillerait actuellement sur un nouveau d&#233;cret dans le cadre du protocole d'accord Italie-Albanie (2023). Le but serait de revenir au projet initial d'externaliser dans les camps de Sh&#235;ngjin et Gjad&#235;r&#8211; sous juridiction italienne - le traitement acc&#233;l&#233;r&#233; des demandes d'asile. Les personnes concern&#233;es sont les migrant&#183;esintercept&#233;&#183;es en mer par les autorit&#233;s italiennes, originaires de pays dits &#171; s&#251;rs &#187; et consid&#233;r&#233;es &#171; non vuln&#233;rables &#187;. Selon le gouvernement, ce changement serait rendu possible par le Pacte europ&#233;en sur la migration et l'asile, entr&#233; en application le 12 juin 2026.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le projet initial avait jusqu'ici &#233;t&#233; frein&#233; par plusieurs d&#233;cisions de justice, le tribunal de Rome ayant &#224; plusieurs reprises refus&#233; de valider la r&#233;tention dans les camps en Albanie, estimant que les pays d'origine des personnes concern&#233;es, comme le Bangladesh ou l'&#201;gypte, ne pouvaient &#234;tre consid&#233;r&#233;s comme &#171; s&#251;rs &#187; au regard du droit europ&#233;en&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-18&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet &#171; Il tribunale di Roma non convalida il trattenimento dei (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-18&#034;&gt;18&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Pour &#233;viter que ces camps ne deviennent inutilisables, l'Italie les a donc convertis en 2025 en centres de r&#233;tention et d'expulsion italiens (CPR)&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-19&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet SkyTG24, &#171; Come funzionano i centri per migranti in Albania (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-19&#034;&gt;19&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.L'entr&#233;e en application du Pacte pourrait toutefois lever ces obstacles. Le Pacte permet en effet de qualifier un pays de partiellement &#171; s&#251;r &#187; et facilite le recours aux proc&#233;dures acc&#233;l&#233;r&#233;es pour les ressortissant&#183;es de pays dont le taux de reconnaissance de l'asile est faible (&lt; 20 %). Avec la nouvelle liste europ&#233;enne commune des &#171; pays d'origine s&#251;rs &#187;, ces mesures offrent &#224; l'Italie une base juridique plus solide pour r&#233;activer les centres albanais&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-20&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir Fanpage, &#171; Perch&#233; con il nuovo regolamento UE Meloni puo sbloccare i (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-20&#034;&gt;20&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Mais des doutes persistent encore, notamment quant &#224; la possibilit&#233;, pour l'Italie, ded&#233;tenirdes demandeur&#183;euses d'asile en proc&#233;dure normale sur un territoire situ&#233; en dehors de l'UE, une question soumise &#224; la Cour de justice de l'Union europ&#233;enne (CJUE), qui devrait se prononcer dans les prochains mois&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-21&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet Coalizione italiana libert&#224; e diritti civili (CILD), &#171; Il (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-21&#034;&gt;21&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a id=&#034;_Toc11&#034;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_8&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Su&#232;de&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;InfoMigrants, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/71931/suede--le-parlement-vote-une-loi-obligeant-les-administrations-publiques-a-denoncer-les-sanspapiers&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Su&#232;de : le Parlement vote une loi obligeant les administrations publiques &#224; d&#233;noncer les sans-papiers&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 16 juin 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Lundi 15 juin, le Parlement su&#233;dois a adopt&#233; deux projets de loi visant &#224; intensifier les expulsions des personnes exil&#233;es. La premi&#232;re mesure, dite &#171; snitch law &#187; (loi sur la d&#233;lation), oblige six administrations publiques (emploi, retraites, imp&#244;ts, dettes, assurance sociale et administration p&#233;nitentiaire) &#224; signaler &#224; la police les personnes sans titre de s&#233;jour avec lesquelles leurs fonctionnaires entrent en contact. La deuxi&#232;me, dite loi de &#171; bonne conduite &#187;, pr&#233;voit l'expulsion des personnes &#233;trang&#232;res r&#233;sidant en Su&#232;de qui ne m&#232;neraient pas une &#171; vie honn&#234;te &#187;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ces mesures instaurent en Su&#232;de un appareil &#233;tatique de contr&#244;le et de coercition, qui entra&#238;nera du profilage racial, des discriminations au faci&#232;s et de graves atteintes &#224; l'acc&#232;s aux droits des personnes migrantes. La &#171; snitch law &#187; risque d'emp&#234;cher l'acc&#232;s aux droits sociaux des personnes exil&#233;es, qui pourraient renoncer &#224; des services essentiels, y compris &#224; se rendre &#224; l'h&#244;pital ou &#224; l'&#233;cole, de peur d'&#234;tre&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;d&#233;nonc&#233;&#183;es. En mettant en &#339;uvre l'utilisation syst&#233;matique des administrations et des services publics comme outils de surveillance, elle pr&#233;figure le r&#232;glement &#171; retour &#187; - adopt&#233; le 17 juin par le Parlement europ&#233;en -, qui autorise les rafles dans les lieux publics et les domiciles priv&#233;s. La loi de &#171; bonne conduite &#187;, quant &#224; elle, ne pr&#233;cise pas les crit&#232;res permettant de d&#233;finir ce qui constituerait une &#171; mauvaise conduite &#187;. Son caract&#232;re discr&#233;tionnaire expose les personnes exil&#233;es au risque de se voir refuser ou r&#233;voquer leur titre de s&#233;jour sur la base de comportements qui ne sont ni ill&#233;gaux ni sanctionn&#233;s pour les citoyen&#183;nes su&#233;dois&#183;es. Il s'agit de la mise en place d&#233;lib&#233;r&#233;e d'une incertitude juridique et d'une mise sous condition des droits, dissuasive et contraire &#224; l'&#201;tat de droit. Elles pousseront &#224; la peur et &#224; l'autocensure parmi les personnes migrantes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a id=&#034;_Toc13&#034;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_9&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Royaume-Uni&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;France24, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.france24.com/fr/europe/20260609-attaque-%C3%A0-belfast-les-autorit%C3%A9s-appellent-au-calme-face-au-risque-de-violences-anti-immigr%C3%A9s&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; hreflang=&#034;fr&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Violentes manifestations anti-immigration &#224; Belfast apr&#232;s une attaque imput&#233;e &#224; un r&#233;fugi&#233;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;, le 9 juin 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;France24, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.france24.com/fr/europe/20260613-%C3%A0-belfast-un-vaste-rassemblement-contre-le-racisme-apr%C3%A8s-des-%C3%A9meutes-anti-immigr%C3%A9s&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; hreflang=&#034;fr&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#192; Belfast, un vaste rassemblement contre le racisme apr&#232;s des &#233;meutes anti-immigr&#233;s&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;le 13 juin 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le 9 juin, des manifestations anti-immigr&#233;&#183;es se sont tenues &#224; Belfast (Irlande du Nord) au lendemain d'une attaque au couteau imput&#233;e &#224; un ressortissant soudanais, dont la vid&#233;o a &#233;t&#233; diffus&#233;e sur les r&#233;seaux sociaux. Des groupes n&#233;ofascistes organis&#233;s ont incendi&#233; des voitures et des logements appartenant pour la plupart &#224; des personnes exil&#233;es. Quelques jours plus tard, une grande manifestation antiraciste a &#233;t&#233; organis&#233;e pour d&#233;noncer cette vague de violence raciste.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cet &#233;pisode illustre un m&#233;canisme bien connu dans plusieurs pays europ&#233;ens et au-del&#224; : un d&#233;lit ou crime commis par une personne &#233;trang&#232;re est instrumentalis&#233; pour cibler des communaut&#233;s enti&#232;res de personnes exil&#233;es et l&#233;gitimer &#224; leur encontre des attaques violentes et des intimidations &#224; caract&#232;re racial. Cette dynamique s'inscrit dans un contexte de forte mont&#233;e du racisme et de l'extr&#234;me droite au Royaume-Uni - visible tant sur les r&#233;seaux sociaux que dans l'espace public (fresques murales incitant &#224; la haine raciale, rassemblements anti-migrant&#183;es...)&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-22&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir notamment F&#233;d&#233;ration Internationale pour les Droits Humains, &#171; Irlande (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-22&#034;&gt;22&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; - qui menace la vie et la s&#233;curit&#233; des personnes exil&#233;es et des personnes non blanches.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;InfoMigrants, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/72119/au-royaumeuni-le-gouvernement-veut-etendre-laccueil-parraine-des-refugies&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Au Royaume-Uni, le gouvernement veut &#233;tendre l'accueil parrain&#233; des r&#233;fugi&#233;s&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 30 juin 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le 30 juin, la ministre britannique de l'int&#233;rieur, Shabana Mahmood,&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.gov.uk/government/news/mahmood-myreforms-will-save-the-asylum-system-for-a-generation&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;a annonc&#233;&lt;/a&gt; la mise en place d'un syst&#232;me d'accueil des r&#233;fugi&#233;&#183;es par parrainage, qui entrera en vigueur &#224; l'automne 2027. Concr&#232;tement, des universit&#233;s, entreprises et autres organisations pourront d&#233;sormais parrainer une personne reconnue r&#233;fugi&#233;e au sens de l'article 1 de la&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.ohchr.org/fr/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-relating-status-refugees&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Convention de Gen&#232;ve de 1951&lt;/a&gt;, lui permettant de s'installer l&#233;galement au Royaume-Uni. Ce sont les organisations en charge de ce parrainagequi seront responsables du logement, de l'int&#233;gration et de l'assistance &#224; l'insertion professionnelle des personnes s&#233;lectionn&#233;es. Le nombre de b&#233;n&#233;ficiaires potentiels n'a pas encore &#233;t&#233; pr&#233;cis&#233;, et les candidatures resteront soumises &#224; un contr&#244;le gouvernemental strict.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cet annonce intervient dans un contexte de durcissement g&#233;n&#233;ralis&#233; de la politique d'asile britannique. Les dispositifs de parrainage sont en effet fr&#233;quemment utilis&#233;s par les gouvernements pour afficher une image de g&#233;n&#233;rosit&#233; s&#233;lective envers les &#171; vrais r&#233;fugi&#233;s &#187; (Mahmood utilise l'expression &#171; &lt;i&gt;genuine refugees&lt;/i&gt; &#187;), tout en d&#233;tournant l'attention des politiques de dissuasion qui demeurent inchang&#233;es, voire renforc&#233;es. Les parrainages deviennent ainsi les instruments d'une politique de tri, qui permettent aux &#201;tats d'avoir des quotas de personnes entrant sur leur territoire, et qui permettent de s&#233;lectionner certaines cat&#233;gories de r&#233;fugi&#233;&#183;es, selon leur niveau de qualification ou leur religion (on pense notamment aux parrainages par des &#233;glises)&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-23&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet Nikolas Feith Tan, &#171; Community Sponsorship of Refugees and (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-23&#034;&gt;23&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. L'&#201;tat se d&#233;sengage par ailleurs de ses responsabilit&#233;s en mati&#232;re de protection et d'asile, en transf&#233;rant au secteur priv&#233; une obligation qui lui incombe l&#233;galement. Au-del&#224; des b&#233;n&#233;fices individuels dont peuvent jouir les personnes s&#233;lectionn&#233;es, ce dispositif, qui s'inscrit dans un contexte britannique hautement r&#233;pressif &#224; l'&#233;gard des exil&#233;&#183;es, risque de d&#233;naturer l'esprit du droit d'asile, qui pourrait alors &#234;tre r&#233;duit &#224; &#171; une entreprise d'immigration n&#233;olib&#233;rale et privatis&#233;e, r&#233;serv&#233;e aux seuls migrants hautement qualifi&#233;s et &#233;duqu&#233;s, ou &#224; certains groupes ethniques ou religieux &#187;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-24&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Ibidem, p. 258.&#034; id=&#034;nh2-24&#034;&gt;24&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a id=&#034;_Toc14&#034;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_10&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Royaume-Uni/France&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Le Monde&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2026/06/23/migration-un-premier-pas-vers-une-europeanisation-de-la-gestion-des-traversees-de-la-manche_6708581_3210.html?search-type=classic&amp;ise_click_rank=2&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt; Migration : un premier pas vers une europ&#233;anisation de la gestion des travers&#233;es de la Manche&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 23 juin &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;L'accord &#171; One in, one out &#187; (2025) entre la France et le Royaume-Uni ne sera pas renouvel&#233; apr&#232;s octobre 2026. Il sera remplac&#233; par un &lt;a href=&#034;https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/document/download/ee521a9c-effe-494f-ae61-65ffcf778e46_en?filename=EU Action Plan for the Channel route.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;plan d'action de la Commission europ&#233;enne&lt;/a&gt;pour la route migratoire de la Manche, &#233;labor&#233; en partenariat avec le Royaume-Uni et publi&#233; le 16 juin.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;L'accord &#171; One in, one out &#187; pr&#233;voit actuellement que pour chaque demandeur&#183;euse d'asile que le Royaume-Uni s'engage &#224; accueillir par &#171; voie l&#233;gale &#187;, la France accepte en retour de r&#233;admettre sur son territoire une personne arriv&#233;e au Royaume-Uni de fa&#231;ondite irr&#233;guli&#232;re&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-25&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet le court documentaire de MSF Frontlines, &#171; One in, one out (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-25&#034;&gt;25&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Le nouveau plan d'action pr&#233;voit une approche r&#233;pressive articul&#233;e autour de trois axes : le renforcement de la coop&#233;ration diplomatique avec les pays d'origine et de transit pour faciliter les expulsions ; la &#171; lutte contre les passeurs &#187; (qui laisse craindre une criminalisation accrue des personnes migrantes et des organisations solidaires&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-26&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Sur ce point, voir PICUM, &#171; Migrant smuggling : why we need a paradigm shift (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-26&#034;&gt;26&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;) ; et l'augmentation des moyens allou&#233;s aux forces de l'ordre et au contr&#244;le des fronti&#232;res. Sans surprise, le texte fait r&#233;f&#233;rence &#224; la n&#233;cessit&#233; d'entraver la migration &#171; ill&#233;gale &#187; afin de dissuader les personnes d'entreprendre des travers&#233;es dangereuses.Un artifice rh&#233;torique qui occulte que c'est pr&#233;cis&#233;ment le verrouillage des fronti&#232;res qui pousse de nombreuses personnes &#224; continuer d'entreprendre ces travers&#233;esdangereuses.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a id=&#034;_Toc15&#034;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_11&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Suisse&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Euractiv, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.euractiv.com/news/swiss-reject-divisive-anti-immigration-proposal-projections/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; hreflang=&#034;fr&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Swiss reject divisive anti-immigration proposal &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 14 juin 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le 14 juin, 54 % des &#233;lecteur&#183;ices suisses ont rejet&#233; l'initiative anti-immigration &#171; Pas de Suisse &#224; 10 millions ! &#187;. Port&#233;e par le parti d'extr&#234;me droite UDC, l'initiative d&#233;signait les demandeur&#183;euses d'asile comme la cause d'une croissance d&#233;mographique mettant en p&#233;ril la &#171; durabilit&#233; &#187; du pays. Le texte exigeait de maintenir la population r&#233;sidente permanente sous le seuil de dix millions d'habitants d'ici 2050, &#224; travers des mesures migratoires r&#233;pressives et contraires aux obligations du pays en mati&#232;re d'accueil et de protection. D&#232;s que la population aura atteint 9,5 millions de personnes, les demandeur&#183;euses d'asile admis &#224; titre provisoire n'auraient plus aucune perspective de rester dans le pays. En cas de d&#233;passement des 10 millions, les accords internationaux accus&#233;s d'encourager la croissance d&#233;mographique devraient&#234;tre ren&#233;goci&#233;s, voire d&#233;nonc&#233;s. L'application de textes tels que le Pacte mondial sur la migration, la Convention europ&#233;enne des droits de l'Homme, la Convention de Gen&#232;ve relative au statut des r&#233;fugi&#233;&#183;es et l'Accord europ&#233;en sur la libre circulation des personnes seraitmenac&#233;e&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-27&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet Amnesty International, &#171; Initiative &#171; Pas de Suisse &#224; 10 (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-27&#034;&gt;27&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;L'initiative a &#233;chou&#233; gr&#226;ce &#224; la forte opposition des associations patronales et syndicales, qui craignaient de lourdes r&#233;percussions sur l'emploi et la croissance.M&#234;me si nombre d'arguments pour le &#171; non &#187; &#233;taient de nature &#233;conomique, le rejet de l'initiative reste une victoire importante et un revers contre le projet de soci&#233;t&#233; de l'extr&#234;me droite. Un projet qui aurait expos&#233; les personnes exil&#233;es &#224; un risque r&#233;el de refoulement aux fronti&#232;res et de suspension des proc&#233;dures d'asile, et qui aurait conduit, par la possibilit&#233; de d&#233;noncer des accords internationaux de protection des droits humains, &#224; un affaiblissement g&#233;n&#233;ral de ces protections pour tous&#183;tes, et pas seulement pour les personnes exil&#233;es.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a id=&#034;_Toc17&#034;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_12&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;D&#233;claration de Chisinau&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Euractiv, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.euractiv.com/news/european-countries-urge-rethink-of-human-rights-on-migration/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;European countries urge rethink of human rights on migration&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 15 mai 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le 15 mai 2026, le Comit&#233; des Ministres du Conseil de l'Europe a adopt&#233; &#224; Chisinau (Moldavie) une d&lt;a href=&#034;https://rm.coe.int/pdf/09125948802bc2cc&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#233;claration&lt;/a&gt;qui propose une interpr&#233;tation restrictive de la Convention europ&#233;enne des droits de l'Homme (CEDH) afin de faciliter les expulsions des exil&#233;&#183;es d&#233;pourvu&#183;es de droit au s&#233;jour ou ayant commis des infractions graves. La d&#233;claration propose une r&#233;interpr&#233;tation de l'article 8 (droit au respect de la vie priv&#233;e et familiale) permettant de &#171; r&#233;&#233;quilibrer &#187; les droits individuels des personnes exil&#233;es avec &#171; l'int&#233;r&#234;t et la s&#233;curit&#233; publics &#187;. Elle propose &#233;galement une r&#233;duction du champ d'application de l'article 3 (interdiction de la torture et des traitements inhumains et d&#233;gradants), afin qu'un acc&#232;s insuffisant aux soins de sant&#233; ou des conditions socio-&#233;conomiques pr&#233;caires dans le pays d'expulsion ne puissent constituer un traitement inhumain ou d&#233;gradant faisant obstacle au renvoi forc&#233;. Il convient cependant de rappeler que l'article 3 ne souffre aucune exception.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le Conseil de l'Europe a ainsi donn&#233; suite &#224; la &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.gov.uk/government/news/joint-statement-to-the-conference-of-ministers-of-justice-of-the-council-of-europe&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;d&#233;claration&lt;/a&gt;formul&#233;e en d&#233;cembre 2025 par 27 &#201;tats membres demandant une interpr&#233;tation plus restrictive de la CEDH en mati&#232;re de renvois forc&#233;s. Si la d&#233;claration de Chisinau demeure non contraignante juridiquement, elle constitue une &#233;tape politique pr&#233;occupante qui contribuera - avec les r&#233;centes l&#233;gislations europ&#233;ennes (pays d'origine &#171; s&#251;rs &#187;, pays tiers &#171; s&#251;rs &#187;, r&#232;glement &#171; retour &#187;) -&#224; ancrer dans l'imaginaire collectif la n&#233;cessit&#233; de syst&#233;matiser les expulsions dangereuses, au nom de pr&#233;tendus imp&#233;ratifs s&#233;curitaires. Elle constitue par ailleurs une ing&#233;rence politique dans l'interpr&#233;tation de la Convention-EDH, illustrant une tendance europ&#233;enne de remise en cause de la l&#233;gitimit&#233; du pouvoir judiciaire&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-28&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet Jo&#235;l Andriantsimbazovina, &#171; Pressions politiques sur la Cour (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-28&#034;&gt;28&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, accus&#233; par plusieurs gouvernements de droite et d'extr&#234;me droite de favoriser des positions progressistes en mati&#232;re de migration.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a id=&#034;_Toc19&#034;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_13&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Entr&#233;e en application du Pacte migration et asile&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Mediapart, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/international/120626/pacte-sur-la-migration-et-l-asile-pour-l-union-europeenne-le-jour-de-la-honte&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Pacte sur la migration et l'asile : pour l'Union europ&#233;enne, le jour de la honte&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 12 juin 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le 12 juin, le Pacte europ&#233;en sur la migration et l'asile est entr&#233; en application. Il constitue une r&#233;forme globale de la politique europ&#233;enne en la mati&#232;re, en introduisant des changements profonds aux fronti&#232;res de l'UE.Il instaure de nouvelles proc&#233;dures de filtrage pour toute personne se pr&#233;sentant aux fronti&#232;res ext&#233;rieures de l'UE.&#192; l'issue de ce filtrage, certaines personnes peuvent &#234;tre soumises &#224; des proc&#233;dures d'asile frontali&#232;res acc&#233;l&#233;r&#233;es, d&#233;bouchant en cas de rejet sur une expulsion. Durant toutes ces phases, les personnes sont priv&#233;es de libert&#233;, probablement dans des lieux isol&#233;s, difficilement accessibles aux avocat&#183;es, m&#233;decins, journalistes et organisations de la soci&#233;t&#233; civile. Elles sont aussi maintenues dans une &#171; fiction de non-entr&#233;e &#187; juridique : physiquement pr&#233;sentes sur le sol europ&#233;en, elles sont l&#233;galement consid&#233;r&#233;es comme n'y &#233;tant pas entr&#233;es. Cela permet aux &#201;tats de les expulser plus facilement, ouvrant la voie &#224; des standards d&#233;grad&#233;s en mati&#232;re de droits fondamentaux.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La privation de libert&#233; s'impose donc comme la norme, et l'acc&#232;s &#224; l'asile - comme&#224; un recours effectif - est drastiquement restreint. En effet, davantage de personnes seront plac&#233;es en proc&#233;dure acc&#233;l&#233;r&#233;e, en partant du principe qu'elles n'ont a priori pas besoin de protection : celles provenant de pays o&#249; le taux de reconnaissance des demandes d'asile dans l'UE est inf&#233;rieur &#224; 20 %, celles provenant de pays d'origine dits &#171; s&#251;rs &#187;, et celles suspect&#233;es de constituer une &#171; menace &#224; l'ordre public &#187;, une notion floue et non d&#233;finie. Par ailleurs, si les personnes vis&#233;es par une d&#233;cision d'expulsion font un recours contre cette d&#233;cision, celui-ci ne sera pas suspensif, et le Pacte autorise l'expulsion avant m&#234;me qu'une d&#233;cision d&#233;finitive ne soit prise.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En sommes, ce Pacte syst&#233;matise &#224; l'&#233;chelle europ&#233;enne l'enfermement, le fichage, le tri et l'expulsion des personnes migrantes aux fronti&#232;res europ&#233;ennes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a id=&#034;_Toc18&#034;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_14&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Adoption d&#233;finitive du r&#232;glement &#171; retour &#187;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;RFI, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20260617-migration-le-parlement-europ%C3%A9en-adopte-la-r%C3%A9forme-pr%C3%A9voyant-des-hubs-de-retour&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Migration : le Parlement europ&#233;en adopte la r&#233;forme pr&#233;voyant des &#171; hubs de re&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;to&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;ur &#187;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 17 juin 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Le Monde, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/video/2026/06/17/renvoyez-les-scandent-des-elus-d-extreme-droite-au-parlement-europeen_6704287_823448.html?search-type=classic&amp;ise_click_rank=7&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#171; Renvoyez-les ! &#187;, scandent des &#233;lus d'extr&#234;me droite au Parlement europ&#233;en&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;, le 17 juin 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le 17 juin, le Parlement europ&#233;en a adopt&#233; d&#233;finitivement le r&#232;glement &#171; retour &#187;, sous les applaudissements et les cris racistesdes d&#233;put&#233;&#183;es de droite et d'extr&#234;me droite scand&#233;s dans l'h&#233;micycle &#171; &lt;i&gt; Send them back ! &lt;/i&gt; &#187; (&#171; Renvoyez-les ! &#187;). Le texte pr&#233;voit une architecture massive de d&#233;tention (allant jusqu'&#224; deux ans, avec possibilit&#233; de prolongement ind&#233;fini en cas de menace pour la s&#233;curit&#233; publique), la conversion de pays tiers en &#171; &lt;i&gt; return hubs&lt;/i&gt; &#187; (plateformes d'expulsion), vers lesquels les migrant&#183;es pourront &#234;tre expuls&#233;&#183;es m&#234;me s'ils ou elles n'ont aucun lien avec ces pays&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-29&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Une coalition de cinq &#201;tats membres a d&#233;j&#224; entam&#233; des n&#233;gociations avec des (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-29&#034;&gt;29&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, ainsi que des mesures &#171; d'enqu&#234;te &#187; autorisant des rafles &#224; domicile et dans les espaces publics, la saisie d'appareils &#233;lectroniques et l'obligation de fournir des donn&#233;es biom&#233;triques aux autorit&#233;s.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les mesures pr&#233;vues franchissent une ligne rouge en instaurant un r&#233;gime de surveillance &#233;tendue au sein de l'UE : les personnes migrantes d&#233;pourvues de droit au s&#233;jour feront l'objet d'une v&#233;ritable chasse &#224; l'homme et seront expuls&#233;es vers des pays notoirement non s&#251;rs (les gouvernements europ&#233;ens envisagent actuellement des expulsions vers le Rwanda, l'Ouganda, la Libye, l'&#201;gypte...&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-30&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet Human Rights Watch, &#171; Dangerous EU Momentum Towards Offshore (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-30&#034;&gt;30&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;). Ce r&#232;glement institutionnalise ainsi la violation des droits fondamentaux et du droit international : il entra&#238;nera des atteintes au principe de non-refoulement, bafouera le droit &#224; la vie priv&#233;e et familiale, et exposera les personnes exil&#233;es &#224; des traitements inhumains et d&#233;gradants&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-31&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Pour aller plus loin, voir notamment Migreurop, &#171; Adoption du r&#232;glement (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-31&#034;&gt;31&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a id=&#034;_Toc20&#034;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_15&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Une d&#233;l&#233;gation de Talibans &#224; Bruxelles&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;InfoMigrants, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/72051/rencontre-inedite-entre-lue-et-des-responsables-talibans-pour-discuter-du-renvoi-des-afghans-vers-leur-pays-dorigine&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Rencontre in&#233;dite entre l'UE et des responsables talibans pour discuter du renvoi des Afghans vers leur pays d'origine&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 24 juin 2026 &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Euractiv, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://euractiv.com/fr/news/les-talibans-profitent-de-leur-visite-a-bruxelles-pour-demander-un-acces-consulaire-en-europe/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Les talibans profitent de leur visite &#224; Bruxelles pour demander un acc&#232;s consulaire en Europe&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187; , le 23 juin 2026 &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le 23 juin, des membres de la Commission europ&#233;enne ont rencontr&#233; une d&#233;l&#233;gation de Talibans afin de poursuivre les n&#233;gociations sur le renvoi forc&#233; des ressortissant&#183;es afghan&#183;es d&#233;pourvu&#183;es du droit au s&#233;jour en UE. En &#233;change de leur coop&#233;ration pour ces expulsions, les Talibans ont demand&#233; le r&#233;tablissement des services consulaires destin&#233;s aux Afghan&#183;es dans toute l'Europe.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Une fois encore, l'obsession anti-immigration de l'UE conduit &#224; la normalisation des relations avec un r&#233;gime liberticide, dans le but d'expulser &#224; tout prix&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-32&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Les accords avec la Libye oula Turquie en sont d'autres exemples.&#034; id=&#034;nh2-32&#034;&gt;32&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Le r&#233;tablissement des services consulaires &#233;tant une condition fondamentale pos&#233;e par les Talibans, le r&#233;sultat final de ces n&#233;gociations risque d'&#234;tre une l&#233;gitimation de facto du r&#233;gime afghan, qui a mis en place un apartheid de genre&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-33&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Pour en savoir plus, voir Human Rights Watch, &#171; Gender Apartheid as an (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-33&#034;&gt;33&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; et qui est responsable de la violation syst&#233;matique des droits humains en Afghanistan&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-34&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet Amnesty International &#171; Afghanistan : la situation des (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-34&#034;&gt;34&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. En normalisant ses relations avec les Talibans, l'Union europ&#233;enne &#233;rode ses propres standards en mati&#232;re de droits fondamentaux, en repoussant toujours plus loin les limites de ce qui est consid&#233;r&#233; comme &#171; acceptable &#187;. Si ces n&#233;gociations aboutissent, les ressortissant&#183;es afghan&#183;es concern&#233;&#183;es risquent d'&#234;tre expuls&#233;&#183;es vers la torture et la mort.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_6094 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_file spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;31&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt;
&lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/pdf/draft_revue_de_presse_mai-juin_2026_.pdf' class=&#034; spip_doc_lien&#034; title='PDF - 293.1 kio' type=&#034;application/pdf&#034;&gt;&lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH500/visuel_rp-3-d234e.png?1783662833' width='500' height='500' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Revue de presse mai/juin 2026
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;hr /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_notes'&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-1&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-1&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet la fiche d'information d'EuroMed Droits, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/IMG/pdf/egypt-infosheet-fr.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt; S&#251;r sur le papier, dangereux dans la r&#233;alit&#233; : l'&#201;gypte et la politique de retour de l'UE &lt;/a&gt; &#187;, juin 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-2&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-2&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir HCDH, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2026/03/egypt-un-experts-raise-alarm-over-violations-against-refugees-and-migrants&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Egypt : UN experts raise alarm over violations against refugees and migrants &lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 6 mars 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-3&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-3&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;14 personnes, dont E Hishri,font actuellement l'objet de mandats d'arrestation internationaux dans le cadre de cette enqu&#234;te. Certaines d'entre elles sont d&#233;c&#233;d&#233;es, d'autres sont en fuite.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-4&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-4&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir notamment Amnesty International, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.amnesty.org/fr/latest/news/2017/12/libya-european-governments-complicit-in-horrific-abuse-of-refugees-and-migrants/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt; Libye. Les gouvernements europ&#233;ens se rendent complices des violations des droits humains des r&#233;fugi&#233;s et des migrants&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 12 d&#233;cembre 2017&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-5&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-5&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-5&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Pour en savoir plus, voir le communiqu&#233; de Refugees in Libya, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.refugeesinlibya.org/post/civil-society-statement-detention-crimes-in-libya-finally-before-the-icc-judges-to-decide-whether&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Civil society statement : Detentioncrimes in Libya finally before the ICC : Judges to decide whether El Hishri case moves to trial&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 11 mai 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-6&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-6&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-6&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Ce refus de coop&#233;rer avec la Cour a valu &#224; l'Italie deux plaintes devant la Cour europ&#233;enne des droits de l'Homme. Voir &#224; ce sujet InfoMigrants, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/71639/litalie-visee-par-deux-plaintes-aupres-de-la-cedh-pour-avoir-libere-le-tortionnaire-de-migrants-libyen-osama-almasri-najim&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;L'Italie vis&#233;e par deux plaintes aupr&#232;s de la CEDH pour avoir lib&#233;r&#233; le tortionnaire de migrants libyen Osama Almasri Najim&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, le 1 juin 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-7&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-7&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-7&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Almasri a r&#233;cemment &#233;t&#233; condamn&#233; par un tribunal de Tripoli &#224; 7 ans et 4 mois d'emprisonnement, tout en faisant toujours l'objet d'un mandat d'arr&#234;t de la CPI. La Libye, non signataire du Statut de Rome (trait&#233; fondateur de la CPI), n'est pas tenue de le remettre &#224; la Cour. Voir &#224; ce sujet Il Post, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.ilpost.it/2026/06/21/almasri-condannato-libia-tortura-migranti/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Il generale Almasri &#232; stato condannato in Libia a 7 anni e 4 mesi per le violenze ai danni di alcune persone migranti &lt;/a&gt; &#187;, le 21 juin 2026.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-8&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-8&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-8&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet les informations relatives &#224; la Libye sur Migreurop, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article3565.html?lang_article=fr&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt; Les &#201;tats du Maghreb et de l'Union europ&#233;enne coupables de violations syst&#233;matiques du droit international et de crimes contre l'humanit&#233;&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 7 avril 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-9&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-9&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-9&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet Refugees in Libya, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;file:///C:/Users/admin/Downloads/Book of Shame 2025 Vol. I. .pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034;&gt;Book of Shame. How UNHCR Fails to Protect Refugees in Libya, Tunisia, and Niger&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-10&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-10&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-10&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet Migreurop, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/IMG/pdf/fiche_pays_ceuta_0624_ok_def.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt; Fiche CEUTA&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, Isaline Roverato, 2024&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-11&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-11&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-11&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir en ce sens Migreurop, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/IMG/pdf/cp_migreurop_rwanda_jun_22_-_fr.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Arrangement Royaume-Uni/Rwanda : externaliser l'asile en Afrique, arme de dissuasion massive en Europe &lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 20 juin 2022&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-12&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-12&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-12&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet InfoMigrants, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/68792/autriche--le-regroupement-familial-suspendu-pour-six-mois-supplementaires&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Autriche : le regroupement familial suspendu pour six mois suppl&#233;mentaires&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 12 d&#233;cembre 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-13&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-13&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-13&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;13&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir notamment Amnesty International Austriche, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.amnesty.at/presse/nationalrat-beschliesst-quotensystem-bei-familienzusammenfuehrung-amnesty-warnt-vor-verstoss-gegen-menschenrechte/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Nationalrat beschlie&#223;t Quotensystem bei Familienzusammenf&#252;hrung : Amnesty warnt vor Versto&#223; gegen Menschenrechte&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 19 mai 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-14&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-14&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-14&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;14&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir notamment Cyprus Mail, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://cyprus-mail.com/2026/05/27/migrant-dies-following-balcony-jump-during-immigration-raid&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Migrant dies following balcony jump during immigration raid &lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 27 mai 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-15&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-15&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-15&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;15&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet Cyprus Mail, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://cyprus-mail.com/2025/03/19/unhcr-expresses-concern-over-alleged-pushback-of-syrian-refugees&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;UNHCR expresses concern over alleged pushback of Syrian refugees&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 19 mars 2025 et InfoMigrants, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/bn/post/60432/chypre-condamnee-par-la-cedh-pour-le-refoulement-en-mer-de-deux-syriens&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Chypre condamn&#233;e par la CEDH pour le refoulement en mer de deux Syriens&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 9 octobre 2024&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-16&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-16&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-16&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;16&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voirci-dessous&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-17&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-17&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-17&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;17&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet The New Arab, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.newarab.com/news/eyeing-migrant-returns-eu-moves-bolster-syria-ties&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Eyeing migrant returns, EU moves to bolster Syria ties &lt;/a&gt; &#187;, le 12 mai 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-18&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-18&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-18&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;18&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.internazionale.it/notizie/annalisa-camilli/2024/10/18/tribunale-di-roma-migranti-albania&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt; Il tribunale di Roma non convalida il trattenimento dei migranti in Albania &lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 18 octobre 2024&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-19&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-19&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-19&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;19&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet SkyTG24, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://tg24.sky.it/cronaca/2025/06/09/centri-migranti-albania-come-funzionano-costi&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Come funzionano i centri per migranti in Albania&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 9 juin 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-20&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-20&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-20&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;20&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir Fanpage, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.fanpage.it/politica/perche-con-il-nuovo-regolamento-ue-il-governo-meloni-puo-sbloccare-i-centri-in-albania/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Perch&#233; con il nuovo regolamento UE Meloni puo sbloccare i centri in Albania&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 10 d&#233;cembre 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-21&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-21&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-21&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;21&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet Coalizione italiana libert&#224; e diritti civili (CILD), &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://cild.eu/blog/2025/12/10/il-protocollo-italia-albania-alla-corte-di-giustizia-ue/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt; Il Protocollo Italia-Albania alla Corte di Giustizia UE &lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 10 d&#233;cembre 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-22&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-22&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-22&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;22&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir notamment F&#233;d&#233;ration Internationale pour les Droits Humains, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.fidh.org/fr/regions/europe-asie-centrale/irlande/irlande-du-nord-les-violences-et-intimidations-racistes-doivent&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt; Irlande du Nord : les violences et intimidations racistes doivent cesser&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 11 juin 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-23&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-23&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-23&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;23&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet Nikolas Feith Tan, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/0ECC0E27C5A586A214BB3D846CCA9788/9781316517840c10_252-271.pdf/community-sponsorship-of-refugees-and-local-governance.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Community Sponsorship of Refugees and Local Governance &lt;/a&gt; &#187;, dans{}&lt;i&gt;Theorizing Local Migration Law and Governance&lt;/i&gt;, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2022, p. 252-271&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-24&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-24&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-24&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;24&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Ibidem, p. 258.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-25&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-25&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-25&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;25&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet le court documentaire de MSF Frontlines, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_KqOv3ssnHc&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;One in, one out : des milliers de vies en p&#233;ril&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 21 mai 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-26&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-26&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-26&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;26&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Sur ce point, voir PICUM, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://picum.org/blog/migrant-smuggling-why-we-need-a-paradigm-shift/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Migrant smuggling : why we need a paradigm shift &lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 18 juillet 2022&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-27&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-27&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-27&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;27&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet Amnesty International, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.amnesty.ch/fr/pays/suisse/pas-de-suisse-a-10-millions&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt; Initiative &#171; Pas de Suisse &#224; 10&#8239;millions &#187;. Une attaque frontale contre la protection des droits humains&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 7 mai 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-28&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-28&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-28&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;28&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet Jo&#235;l Andriantsimbazovina, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.leclubdesjuristes.com/international/pressions-politiques-sur-la-cour-europeenne-des-droits-de-lhomme-11031/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Pressions politiques sur la Cour europ&#233;enne des droits de l'Homme&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, le club des juristes, 12 juin 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-29&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-29&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-29&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;29&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Une coalition de cinq &#201;tats membres a d&#233;j&#224; entam&#233; des n&#233;gociations avec des pays tiers en vue d'&#233;tablir des &lt;i&gt;return hu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;b&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;s&lt;/i&gt;. Voir Euractiv, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.euractiv.com/news/eu-return-hub-backers-eye-partner-countries-reveal-by-autumn-says-dutch-minister/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt; EU return-hubs revealed by autumn, says Dutch minister&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 5 juin 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-30&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-30&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-30&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;30&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet Human Rights Watch, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.hrw.org/news/2026/06/26/dangerous-eu-momentum-towards-offshore-deportation-centers&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Dangerous EU Momentum Towards Offshore Deportation Centers&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 26 juin 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-31&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-31&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-31&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;31&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Pour aller plus loin, voir notamment Migreurop, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article3560.html?lang_article=fr&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Adoption du r&#232;glement europ&#233;en &#171; retour &#187; : la mise &#224; mort du droit international&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 26 mars 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-32&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-32&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-32&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;32&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Les accords avec la Libye oula Turquie en sont d'autres exemples.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-33&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-33&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-33&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;33&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Pour en savoir plus, voir Human Rights Watch, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.hrw.org/news/2025/09/02/gender-apartheid-as-an-international-crime&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt; Gender Apartheid as an International Crime. Taliban Oppression in Afghanistan Triggers Campaign &lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 2 septembre 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-34&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-34&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-34&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;34&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet Amnesty International &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.amnesty.org/fr/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-asia/afghanistan/report-afghanistan/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Afghanistan : la situation des droits humains 2025 &#187;, 2026&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		</content:encoded>


		

	</item>
<item xml:lang="en">
		<title>EU Updates - March/May 2026</title>
		<link>http://migreurop.org/article3597.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">http://migreurop.org/article3597.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2026-06-11T09:28:24Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>en</dc:language>
		


		<dc:subject>Union Europ&#233;enne</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Pacte europ&#233;en sur la migration et l'asile</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>r&#232;glement retour</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Forced returns</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Hotspot</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Frontex</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Externalisation</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Detention</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Asile</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;As part of her volunteering mission with Migreurop in partnership with Euromed Rights in Brussels (2025-2026), Jeanne Olivet publishes a trimonthly column in which she summarises the latest news on European migration policies. Here are the EU updates for the period from March to May 2026. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt; Toward the imminent adoption of the &#8220;return&#8221; regulation &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
On March 26, 2026, the European Parliament confirmed in plenary session the negotiating mandate on the reform of the 2008 &#8220;Return&#8221; Directive (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


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&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/rubrique460.html" rel="directory"&gt;Volunteers' works&lt;/a&gt;

/ 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot208.html" rel="tag"&gt;Union Europ&#233;enne&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot204.html" rel="tag"&gt;Pacte europ&#233;en sur la migration et l'asile&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot227.html" rel="tag"&gt;r&#232;glement retour&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot176.html" rel="tag"&gt;Forced returns&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot167.html" rel="tag"&gt;Hotspot&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot173.html" rel="tag"&gt;Frontex&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot168.html" rel="tag"&gt;Externalisation&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot169.html" rel="tag"&gt;Detention&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot203.html" rel="tag"&gt;Asile&lt;/a&gt;

		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L150xH99/beymedias_brightspotcdn-4-2-1b0ff.jpg?1781170226' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='150' height='99' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_chapo'&gt;&lt;p&gt;As part of her volunteering mission with Migreurop in partnership with Euromed Rights in Brussels (2025-2026), Jeanne Olivet publishes a trimonthly column in which she summarises the latest news on European migration policies. Here are the EU updates for the period from March to May 2026.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;Toward the imminent adoption of the &#8220;return&#8221; regulation&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On March 26, 2026, the European Parliament confirmed in plenary session the negotiating mandate on the reform of the 2008 &#8220;Return&#8221; Directive (adopted by the LIBE Committee on March 9), paving the way for trilogue negotiations. With 389 votes in favor, 206 against, and 32 abstentions, and driven by an alliance between the right and the far right, &lt;strong&gt;the Parliament's text further tightens the European Commission's proposal&lt;/strong&gt;, which already represented a significant set back for the rights of people on the move. As shown by &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article3560.html?lang_article=fr&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Migreurop's analysis&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;the text institutionalizes the detention of migrants&lt;/strong&gt; with a period of administrative detention extended to 24 months (extendable in certain cases), the legalization of externalized migration management, and the removal of the automatic suspensive effect of appeals against deportations.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Negotiations took place, and a final compromise was adopted on June 1, 2026, following the final trilogue. A vote by the LIBE Committee&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Parliamentary Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice, and Home Affairs&#034; id=&#034;nh3-1&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; is scheduled for June 24, prior to a plenary vote for the official adoption of the text, expected in early July 2026.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;Attacks on the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR): European States Willing to Do Anything to Deport&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&#034;color: #B80000; font-size: 1.1em; font-weight;&#034;&gt;Reform or Circumvent? Member States on the Offensive Against the European Court of Human Rights&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;For the past year, EU member states have repeatedly challenged the case law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). This is &lt;a href=&#034;https://eclj.org/asylum/echr/lexpulsion-des-etrangers-delinquants-et-criminels-a-lepreuve-de-la-jurisprudence-europeenne?lng=fr&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;the second time&lt;/a&gt; in the Court's history that such an offensive against the European judiciary has taken place.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In May 2025, nine member states signed an open letter calling for a review of the case law of the European Court of Human Rights,&lt;/strong&gt; specifically targeting Articles 3 (stating that no one may be subjected to torture or inhuman or degrading treatment) and 8 (which protects individuals' private and family life&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Right to respect for private and family life: 1. Everyone has the right to (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-2&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;). These States claim that the ECHR is an obstacle to their immigration policies, insofar as Articles 3 and 8 prevent the deportation of convicted foreign nationals. They are calling for a more lenient interpretation that would allow them to implement a faster deportation policy, one that offers less protection for the rights of the individuals concerned due to reduced safeguards.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On December 10, 2025, 46 ministers of the Council of Europe also adopted &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.coe.int/fr/web/portal/-/migration-challenges-council-of-europe-ministers-call-for-political-declaration-on-rights&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;a series of conclusions&lt;/a&gt; calling for &#8220;&lt;strong&gt;a rebalancing of fundamental rights and security imperatives&lt;/strong&gt; &#034; in the interpretation of the Convention, ahead of the Council of Europe summit on May 15, 2026, in Chisinau (see below).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Denmark &lt;/strong&gt; is taking this bold new approach even further. Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen announced &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/69643/ denmark-wants-to-speed-up-the-deportation-of-foreigners-convicted-by-the-courts&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;a bill for summer 2026&lt;/a&gt; providing for the automatic deportation of any foreign national sentenced to at least one year in prison. The Danish government itself acknowledges that this law goes beyond the scope of the ECHR but stands by it. It is a &lt;strong&gt;strategy of deliberate transgression&lt;/strong&gt;: flouting individual rights, then amending national/European law to legalize what was previously illegal.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&#034;color: #B80000; font-size: 1.1em; font-weight;&#034;&gt;The Chisinau Declaration: A Barely Veiled Pressure on the European Court of Human Rights&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On May 15, 2026, meeting in Moldova, the Council of Europe adopted a political declaration setting out its expectations regarding the European Court of Human Rights. The text is deeply contradictory: on the one hand, it proclaims commitment to the Convention and the Court, while on the other hand it urges the latter to &#8220;address the challenges&#8221; related to migration. Rather than questioning their own obsession with deportation, &lt;strong&gt;the signatory states have chosen to pressure European judges at the expense of the Convention's safeguards.&lt;/strong&gt; Paragraph 16 of the declaration thus warns that failure to take into account the expectations of the States Parties to the Court &#8220;could undermine public confidence in the Convention system.&#8221; This is a barely veiled threat, revealing the strategy of discrediting the Court that the States are prepared to employ if its case law does not become more flexible.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The declaration also incorporates language already present in the European Pact on Migration and Asylum, notably the terms &#8220;mass arrivals&#8221; and &#8220;the exploitation of migrants by a hostile state or actor&#8221; (&#167;&#167; 34&#8211;40). These concepts pave the way for a &lt;strong&gt;further erosion of the rights of people on the move, potentially leading to the temporary suspension of the processing of asylum applications&lt;/strong&gt; (a practice already employed by some European states, such as Greece and Poland).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Finally, the text praises &#8220;innovative solutions,&#8221; including &lt;i&gt;return hubs&lt;/i&gt; (third countries transformed into deportation hubs, outsourced camps) and the externalization of the processing of asylum claims&#8212;two mechanisms that increasingly distance states from their obligations under the Convention.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Thus, &lt;strong&gt;states are increasingly resorting to authoritarian measures to push through their immigration reforms&lt;/strong&gt; and view the judiciary as an obstacle to the implementation of measures that infringe upon fundamental rights. For example, the Italian government accuses &#8220;red&#8221; judges of interfering in the country's political affairs&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Lina SANKARI &#8220;In Italy, Giorgia Meloni Launches a Hunt for Judges,&#8221; (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-3&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;Implementation of the European Pact on Asylum and Migration: Radical Changes at the EU's Borders&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&#034;color: #B80000; font-size: 1.1em; font-weight;&#034;&gt;The introduction of screening and the implementation of substandard asylum procedures&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The European Pact on Asylum and Migration, which will take effect in Member States on June 12, 2026, brings about profound changes in border areas. The &lt;a href=&#034;https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/FR/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:L_202401356&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&#8220;screening&#8221; regulation&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; and its associated procedure are unique to the Pact&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;For more information, see the ANAFE analysis: &#8220;Border Controls and (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-4&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. This screening involves &lt;strong&gt;a procedure for checking and sorting individuals&lt;/strong&gt; who do not meet the conditions for entry into the EU, or who have been disembarked following a search and rescue operation, or who have requested international protection at a border crossing point.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The screening process includes: a health check, a vulnerability assessment, identification or identity verification, the collection of biometric data, a security check, and then referral to the appropriate procedure:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Screening at external borders:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; Individuals who have not filed an asylum application are considered not to have entered the territory, in order to facilitate their removal: the procedures set forth in the &#8220;Return&#8221; Directive are applied to them;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; Individuals seeking protection are categorized into those authorized to enter the territory to file an asylum application or a request for protection as minors (unaccompanied minors), and those subject to the &#8220;asylum at the border&#8221; procedure. Individuals are placed under the &#8220;asylum at the border&#8221; procedure if the recognition rate for international protection for their country of nationality or habitual residence is 20% or less (at the European level), or if they are suspected of posing a threat to public order. &lt;strong&gt;If the asylum application is denied, individuals are immediately referred to the &#8220;return at the border&#8221; procedure for removal. &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; Individuals subject to relocation (solidarity mechanism for reception) are referred to the authorities of the relevant Member States&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Individuals who have not already been &#034;screened&#034; at the external borders may be subject to &lt;strong&gt;screening within the territory&lt;/strong&gt;, for instance if they are arrested at internal Schengen borders or on the territory of a EU member state.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The &#8220;asylum at the border&#8221; procedure&lt;/strong&gt; combines two approaches: the identification and sorting process of the &lt;i&gt;hotspot&lt;/i&gt; approach, which has been in place since 2015 with hotspots on Greek and Italian islands, and the legal fiction of &#8220;non-entry&#8221; into European territory, which was already applied at the French borders.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;strong&gt;The &#8220;hotspot&#8221; approach&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-5&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See Migreurop's explanatory video (2020) &#8220;Hotspots: True Camps of Shame&#8221;: (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-5&#034;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; aims to organize the sorting at EU borders between people accepted by the European Union (on-site or via relocation to another Member State) and those deemed &#8220;undesirable&#8221; and sent back directly from the border. While the screening process is underway, people seeking protection remain at the EU's borders and are deprived of their liberty.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;strong&gt;The &#8220;fiction of non-entry&#8221;&lt;/strong&gt; consists of maintaining individuals who are physically present on the territory in a status of &#8220;non-entry,&#8221; thereby creating a zone of legal uncertainty within which discretionary power is exercised outside the ordinary legal safeguards&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-6&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;For example, detaining asylum seekers and minors in holding areas at the (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-6&#034;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. In practice, with the implementation of the Pact, &lt;strong&gt;individuals subject to the &#8220;asylum at the border&#8221; procedure will be physically present on the territory and at the disposal of the authorities for the entire duration of the accelerated review of their asylum application, but will be legally considered not to have entered the territory, which allows states to deport them more easily.&lt;/strong&gt; Territorial continuity&#8212;the principle that the same legal rules apply throughout an entire territory&#8212;is thus suspended, paving the way for the application of lower standards. Currently, the &#8220;fiction of non-entry&#8221; rule is limited to 26 days in French &#034;waiting zones&#034;&lt;i&gt; (zones d'attente)&lt;/i&gt;; but under the Pact, &lt;strong&gt;it may be applicable at the borders of the Schengen Area for a period of up to 6 months&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-7&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;To this must be added the duration of the screening procedure, which can (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-7&#034;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&#034;color: #B80000; font-size: 1.1em; font-weight;&#034;&gt;Implementation Plans for the Pact: Member States Do Not Appear Ready&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On May 8, 2026, the European Commission published &lt;a href=&#034;https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/document/download/8a0aa873-859c -48b4-9f14-29674238393a_en?filename=Communication_State%20of%20play%20on%20the%20implementation%20of%20the%20Pact%20on%20Migration%20and%20Asylum.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;a progress report on the implementation of the Pact&lt;/a&gt; at the national level. The picture painted is intended to be &#8220;reassuring&#8221; for European and national institutions: five states have reportedly already adopted the bulk of their legislation, 11 others are in the process of doing so, and 15 are said to have reception capacities deemed &#8220;adequate.&#8221; The Commission also emphasizes &#8220;preventing leaks,&#8221; with screening tests conducted by Frontex, the European Asylum Support Office (EUAA), and Europol in Lampedusa and Sicily, as well as a &#8220;toolkit&#8221; provided to Member States. However, this assessment hides another reality:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; With regard to &lt;strong&gt;France&lt;/strong&gt;, the government's intention&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-8&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Announced during Interior Minister L. Nu&#241;ez's hearing before the Law (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-8&#034;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; is to subject the majority of people arriving at the external borders to &#8220;asylum procedures at the border.&#8221; The Ministry of the Interior has even announced a provision allowing the scope of border procedures to be extended to groups other than those defined by the Convention. To date, we do not know which additional groups are involved. Nevertheless, the current capacity in holding areas and Administrative Detention Centers (CRA) in France is insufficient to detain all individuals subject to border procedures. The Minister of the Interior announced during his Senate hearing on April 29, 2026, that by the end of 2026, France will have built new detention facilities specifically designed for the border asylum procedure, based on the model of the Cergy-Pontoise center&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-9&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;The Cergy-Pontoise asylum application registration center is a &#8220;pilot site&#8221; (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-9&#034;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. The plan for implementing the Pact includes &#8220;alternatives to detention,&#8221; notably through the adoption of a provision &lt;strong&gt;for a house arrest order. &lt;/strong&gt; This would apply to asylum applications at the border, and individuals would be housed in &#8220;accommodation centers&#8221; with &#8220;adequate capacity,&#8221; with no further information provided regarding the status of these facilities.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; In the case of &lt;strong&gt;Spain&lt;/strong&gt;, the government stated in its &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.interior.gob.es/opencms/ca/servicios-al-ciudadano/pacto-europeo-de-migracion-y-asilo/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Pact Implementation Plan&lt;/a&gt; published in late 2024 that no detention centers specifically intended for border procedures would be created. To meet the capacity requirements set by the EU, Spain plans to use the CATE&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-10&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Centros de Atenci&#243;n Temporal de Extranjeros&#034; id=&#034;nh3-10&#034;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, the CIE&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-11&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Centro de Internamiento de Extranjeros&#034; id=&#034;nh3-11&#034;&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, and reception centers, stating that: &#8220;There will be no centers dedicated exclusively to border procedures.&#8221; If this guideline is followed, then border procedures will be carried out in spaces &#8220;on the mainland,&#8221; as the plan does not mention the need to change the status of these spaces. However, these statements date from late 2024, but the Spanish plan may have changed, as &lt;strong&gt;the Canary Islands government says it fears the archipelago will become &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.eldiario.es/canariasahora/sociedad/canarias-reclama-pacto-europeo-migracion-asilo-no-convierta-islas-gran-centro-retencion_1_13193808.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;a large detention center&#8221;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&#8221;&lt;/strong&gt;. It should be noted that, with less than a month to go before the Pact takes effect, the Canary Islands government has still not been included in the discussions, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www3.gobiernodecanarias.org/noticias/canarias-alerta-a-bruselas-de-que-continua-sin-recibir-ninguna-informacion-sobre-el-pacto-migratorio/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;according to Octavio Caraballo&lt;/a&gt; (Deputy Advisor to the Presidency of the Canary Islands Government), who states: &#8220;We know nothing; we haven't even been informed about matters within our jurisdiction, such as those concerning minors.&#8221;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; In &lt;strong&gt;Italy&lt;/strong&gt;, border procedures will not be limited to the existing border detention facilities, as Italy does not have sufficient infrastructure to place all individuals subject to border procedure &#8220;at the disposal of the authorities&#8221;. Consequently, &lt;strong&gt;this country will use alternatives to detention such as house arrest&lt;/strong&gt; with a restricted perimeter around the home, or &lt;strong&gt;reporting to reception centers&lt;/strong&gt; several times a day. If individuals do not accept these terms, they could lose their material reception conditions.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;At this stage, we have little information about other European countries. However, &lt;strong&gt;the logic of control and the permanent &#8220;availability&#8221; of migrants appears to be the common denominator across all planned procedures.&lt;/strong&gt; Nevertheless, the concrete details of how these procedures will be implemented (facilities and management of detention centers) remain largely unknown. This lack of transparency is partly due to the considerable delay on the part of most Member States in transposing the Pact into national law.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;Externalization: A Reshaping of Relations Between the EU and &#8220;Third&#8221; Countries&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;For the past six months, one priority has consistently dominated the agenda of member states: ensuring that deportations are carried out. Deporting someone requires that the country of origin agree to &#8220;take back&#8221; its nationals, which entails issuing a consular laissez-passer. When this document is missing, the procedure is halted. It is from this impasse that, since the 2000s, an increasingly explicit political response has emerged: making relations with third countries contingent on their level of cooperation regarding readmission.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;We observe that the European Union is shifting from a logic of reward, where cooperative countries benefit from advantages (granting of visas, preferential access to its market, and development aid), to a &lt;strong&gt;logic of sanction, where non-cooperative countries lose existing benefits/agreements. &lt;/strong&gt; This approach is taking shape in three distinct types of instruments, either already adopted or currently under negotiation:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; The first is commercial. On April 28, 2026, the European Parliament adopted the &lt;a href=&#034;https://euobserver.com/213825/meps-vote-to-slap-tariffs-on-countries-that-refuse-to-take-back-migrants/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;reform of the Generalized System of Preferences&lt;/a&gt; with 459 votes in favor and 127 against. This mechanism, which since 1971 has allowed countries in the Global South to export to the EU at reduced tariffs, includes a &lt;strong&gt;&#8220;readmission conditionality&#8221;&lt;/strong&gt;: a country deemed uncooperative in the readmission of its nationals may have its tariff benefits revoked. The link between cooperation on deportations and access to the European market is now explicit. &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.eunews.it/en/2026/04/29/ eu-trade-reform-generalised-system-of-preferences-approved-but-clashes-erupt-over-repatriation-and-rice/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Cristina Guarda (Greens, Italy) denounced a mechanism&lt;/a&gt; which she describes as &#8220;neo-colonial,&#8221; arguing that Europe is subordinating its development aid to migration imperatives at the expense of its values.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; The second lever is budgetary. In &lt;a href=&#034;https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/eu-budget/long-term-eu-budget/eu-budget-2028-2034_en&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;the negotiations on the 2028&#8211;2034 multiannual financial framework&lt;/a&gt;, the Commission is proposing &#8364;81 billion for home affairs&#8212;three times more than in the previous period&#8212;including &#8364;34 billion specifically allocated to strengthening external borders. Beyond the amount, it is the logic of allocation that is significant: &lt;strong&gt;funding for third countries would be conditional not on respect for human rights, but on the level of cooperation on readmission.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; The third tool is &lt;strong&gt;visa policy&lt;/strong&gt;. The Commission's &lt;a href=&#034;https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/fr/qanda_26_218&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;roadmap&lt;/a&gt; calls for stricter oversight of visa waiver programs and the introduction of new restrictive measures: suspension or reduction of visas granted to nationals of &#8220;non-cooperative&#8221; countries, increased costs, and prioritization of procedures for individuals with &#8220;high added value.&#8221;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Underlying these measures is a fundamental trend: &lt;strong&gt;negative migration conditionality&lt;/strong&gt;, which is evident in all these changes&#8212;whether already adopted or still to come&#8212;that will significantly influence diplomatic relations with non-EU countries, extending far beyond migration issues.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;Europol and Frontex Under Construction: Toward an Increasingly Security-Focused Europe&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Little is known about the new reforms to the mandates of Frontex and Europol, other than their timeline.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;For &lt;strong&gt;Europol&lt;/strong&gt;, the &lt;strong&gt;Commission's proposal is scheduled for June 2026&lt;/strong&gt;. Magnus Brunner, the European Commissioner for Home Affairs and Migration, addressed the LIBE Committee on March 19, 2026. He wants to strengthen Europol's data-sharing capabilities with other European agencies and the private sector. He aims to make this agency a &#8220;truly operational&#8221; player, to fill information gaps by making data sharing the default option, to win what he calls the &#8220;technological arms race,&#8221; and to strengthen cooperation with non-EU states. To achieve this, he aims to double Europol's budget to 3 billion. During this hearing before the parliamentary committee, Fabrice Leggeri (PfE, France) expressed a desire for Europol to be less constrained by &#8220;administrative burdens and excessive regulations&#8221; and voiced concern that the European Data Protection Supervisor might &#8220;block cooperation&#8221; between agencies. Sophie Wilm&#232;s (Renew, Belgium) would like Europol to make greater use of AI &#8220;because criminals are already using it.&#8221; We learn from the Greens that an impact assessment will normally be published alongside the proposal for the new regulation.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;As for Frontex, the reform of its mandate is scheduled for September 2026. Given that the European agency has continued to expand since its creation, the next mandate is unlikely to be an exception. Of the 81 billion euros that the 2028&#8211;2034 multiannual financial framework allocates to migration, border management, and internal security, &lt;a href=&#034;https://emnbelgium.be/fr/nouvelles/lue-alloue-81-milliards-deuros-pour-la-migration-la-gestion-des-frontieres-et-la-securite&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;nearly 12 billion is earmarked for Frontex&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. This is a considerable sum, confirming the European agency's status as a central pillar of European security policies. This reform is expected to make Frontex increasingly indispensable for &lt;strong&gt;carrying out deportations&lt;/strong&gt;, currently from EU member states, but likely soon also &lt;strong&gt;between third countries,&lt;/strong&gt; which would be a new development. Thus, the agency continues to expand its influence over migration management, well beyond European borders.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;hr /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_notes'&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-1&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 3-1&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Parliamentary Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice, and Home Affairs&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-2&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 3-2&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Right to respect for private and family life: 1. Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home, and his correspondence. 2. There shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right except such as is in accordance with the law and is necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security, public safety, the economic well-being of the country, the maintenance of law and order, the prevention of criminal offenses, the protection of health or morals, or the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-3&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 3-3&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Lina SANKARI &#8220;In Italy, Giorgia Meloni Launches a Hunt for Judges,&#8221; L'Humanit&#233;, November 20, 2024&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-4&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 3-4&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;For more information, see the ANAFE analysis: &#8220;Border Controls and Detention: Tools of an Unabashedly Racist Policy: The Implementation of the European Pact on Migration and Asylum and the Reform of the Schengen Borders Code at French Borders&#8221; by Anaf&#233;, January 2026.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-5&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-5&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 3-5&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See Migreurop's explanatory video (2020) &#8220;Hotspots: True Camps of Shame&#8221;: &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article2979.html?lang_article=fr&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;https://migreurop.org/article2979.h...&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-6&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-6&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 3-6&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;For example, detaining asylum seekers and minors in holding areas at the border is possible thanks to this fiction.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-7&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-7&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 3-7&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;To this must be added the duration of the screening procedure, which can last up to a maximum of 7 days&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-8&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-8&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 3-8&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Announced during Interior Minister L. Nu&#241;ez's hearing before the Law Commission on April 29, 2026.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-9&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-9&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 3-9&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;The Cergy-Pontoise asylum application registration center is a &#8220;pilot site&#8221; where the OFII and OFPRA intervene on the same day to determine reception conditions, assess vulnerability, and file the asylum application. See the Gisti document warning of the abuses of this model: &#8220;Opening of the first &#8216;France Asile' regional hub in Cergy-Pontoise: risks of violations of the right to asylum&#8221;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-10&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-10&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 3-10&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Centros de Atenci&#243;n Temporal de Extranjeros&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-11&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-11&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 3-11&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Centro de Internamiento de Extranjeros&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		</content:encoded>


		

	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Actualit&#233;s de l'Union europ&#233;enne - Mars/Mai 2026</title>
		<link>http://migreurop.org/article3596.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">http://migreurop.org/article3596.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2026-06-11T09:28:17Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		


		<dc:subject>Union Europ&#233;enne</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Pacte europ&#233;en sur la migration et l'asile</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>r&#232;glement retour</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Renvois forc&#233;s</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Hotspot</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Frontex</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Externalisation</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Enfermement</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Asile</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Dans le cadre de sa mission de volontariat avec Migreurop en partenariat avec Euromed Droits &#224; Bruxelles (2025-2026), Jeanne Olivet publie une chronique trimestrielle dans laquelle elle r&#233;sume les actualit&#233;s des politiques migratoires europ&#233;ennes. Voici les actualit&#233;s pour la p&#233;riode de mars &#224; mai 2026. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt; Vers une adoption imminente du r&#232;glement &#171; retour &#187; &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Le 26 mars 2026, le Parlement europ&#233;en a confirm&#233; en pl&#233;ni&#232;re le mandat de n&#233;gociation sur la r&#233;forme de la directive &#171; retour &#187; de (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/rubrique460.html" rel="directory"&gt;Travaux des volontaires&lt;/a&gt;

/ 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot208.html" rel="tag"&gt;Union Europ&#233;enne&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot204.html" rel="tag"&gt;Pacte europ&#233;en sur la migration et l'asile&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot227.html" rel="tag"&gt;r&#232;glement retour&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot176.html" rel="tag"&gt;Renvois forc&#233;s&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot167.html" rel="tag"&gt;Hotspot&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot173.html" rel="tag"&gt;Frontex&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot168.html" rel="tag"&gt;Externalisation&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot169.html" rel="tag"&gt;Enfermement&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot203.html" rel="tag"&gt;Asile&lt;/a&gt;

		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L150xH99/beymedias_brightspotcdn-4-03b3e.jpg?1781170108' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='150' height='99' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_chapo'&gt;&lt;p&gt;Dans le cadre de sa mission de volontariat avec Migreurop en partenariat avec Euromed Droits &#224; Bruxelles (2025-2026), Jeanne Olivet publie une chronique trimestrielle dans laquelle elle r&#233;sume les actualit&#233;s des politiques migratoires europ&#233;ennes. Voici les actualit&#233;s pour la p&#233;riode de mars &#224; mai 2026.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;Vers une adoption imminente du r&#232;glement &#171; retour &#187;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le 26 mars 2026, le Parlement europ&#233;en a confirm&#233; en pl&#233;ni&#232;re le mandat de n&#233;gociation sur la r&#233;forme de la directive &#171; retour &#187; de 2008 adopt&#233; par la Commission parlementaire LIBE le 9 mars), ouvrant la voie aux n&#233;gociations en trilogue. Avec 389 voix pour, 206 voix contre et 32 abstentions, et sous l'impulsion d'une alliance entre la droite et l'extr&#234;me droite, &lt;strong&gt;le texte du Parlement durcit davantage la proposition de la Commission europ&#233;enne&lt;/strong&gt; qui constituait d&#233;j&#224; un net recul des droits des personnes exil&#233;es. Comme le montre &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article3560.html?lang_article=fr&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;l'analyse de Migreurop&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;le texte syst&#233;matise l'enfermement des personnes migrantes&lt;/strong&gt; avec une dur&#233;e de d&#233;tention administrative port&#233;e &#224; 24 mois (prolongeable dans certains cas), la l&#233;galisation de la gestion migratoire externalis&#233;e, ou encore la suppression du caract&#232;re automatiquement suspensif des recours contre les expulsions.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les n&#233;gociations se sont tenues, et le 1er juin 2026 &#224; l'issue du dernier trilogue, un compromis final a &#233;t&#233; adopt&#233;. Un vote de la Commission LIBE&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Commission parlementaire des libert&#233;s civiles de la justice et des affaires (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-1&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; devrait avoir lieu le 24 juin, avant un vote en pl&#233;ni&#232;re pour l'adoption officielle du texte, attendue d&#233;but juillet 2026.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;Attaques contre la Convention europ&#233;enne des droits de l'Homme (CEDH), les &#201;tats europ&#233;ens pr&#234;ts &#224; tout pour expulser &lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&#034;color: #B80000; font-size: 1.1em; font-weight;&#034;&gt;R&#233;former ou contourner ? Les &#201;tats membres &#224; l'offensive contre la Cour europ&#233;enne des Droits de l'Homme&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Depuis un an, les &#201;tats membres de l'UE remettent en cause de fa&#231;on r&#233;p&#233;t&#233;e la jurisprudence de la Cour europ&#233;enne des droits de l'Homme (Cour-EDH). C'est &lt;a href=&#034;https://eclj.org/asylum/echr/lexpulsion-des-etrangers-delinquants-et-criminels-a-lepreuve-de-la-jurisprudence-europeenne?lng=fr&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;la deuxi&#232;me fois&lt;/a&gt; dans l'histoire de la Cour qu'une telle offensive contre le pouvoir judiciaire europ&#233;en a lieu.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;En mai 2025, neuf &#201;tats membres avaient sign&#233; une lettre ouverte exigeant une r&#233;vision de la jurisprudence de la Cour-EDH,&lt;/strong&gt; en ciblant notamment les articles 3 (pr&#233;cisant que nul ne peut &#234;tre soumis &#224; la torture, aux traitements inhumains et d&#233;gradants) et 8 (qui prot&#232;ge la vie priv&#233;e et familiale des individus&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Droit au respect de la vie priv&#233;e et familiale : 1. Toute personne a droit (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-2&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;). Ces &#201;tats pr&#233;tendent que la Convention-EDH est un frein &#224; leurs politiques migratoires, dans la mesure o&#249; ces articles 3 et 8 bloquent les expulsion d'&#233;tranger&#183;e&#183;s condamn&#233;&#183;e&#183;s. Ils r&#233;clament une interpr&#233;tation plus laxiste qui leur permettrait d'appliquer une politique d'expulsion plus rapide, moins protectrice du droit des personnes concern&#233;es gr&#226;ce &#224; des garde-fous amoindris.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le 10 d&#233;cembre 2025, 46 ministres du Conseil de l'Europe ont par ailleurs adopt&#233; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.coe.int/fr/web/portal/-/migration-challenges-council-of-europe-ministers-call-for-political-declaration-on-rights&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;une s&#233;rie de conclusions&lt;/a&gt; appelant &#224; &#171; &lt;strong&gt;r&#233;&#233;quilibrer droits fondamentaux et imp&#233;ratifs s&#233;curitaires &lt;/strong&gt; &#187; dans l'interpr&#233;tation de la Convention, en amont du sommet du Conseil de l'Europe, le 15 mai 2026 &#224; Chisinau (voir ci-dessous).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le Danemark va encore plus loin dans cette logique de rupture assum&#233;e. La Premi&#232;re ministre Mette Frederiksen a annonc&#233; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/69643/le-danemark-veut-accelerer-les-expulsions-detrangers-condamnes-par-la-justice&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;un projet de loi pour l'&#233;t&#233; 2026&lt;/a&gt;pr&#233;voyant l'expulsion automatique de tout &#233;tranger&#183;e condamn&#233;&#183;e &#224; au moins un an de prison. Le gouvernement danois reconna&#238;t lui-m&#234;me que cette loi sort du cadre de la Convention-EDH mais l'assume. C'est une &lt;strong&gt;strat&#233;gie de la transgression d&#233;lib&#233;r&#233;e&lt;/strong&gt; : bafouer les droits individuels, puis modifier le droit national/europ&#233;en pour l&#233;galiser ce qui &#233;tait auparavant ill&#233;gal.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&#034;color: #B80000; font-size: 1.1em; font-weight;&#034;&gt;La d&#233;claration de Chisinau : une pression &#224; peine voil&#233;e sur la Cour europ&#233;enne des droits de l'Homme&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le 15 mai 2026, r&#233;uni en Moldavie, le Conseil de l'Europe a adopt&#233; une d&#233;claration politique exprimant ses attentes vis-&#224;-vis de la Cour-EDH. Le texte est profond&#233;ment contradictoire : il proclame d'un c&#244;t&#233; l'attachement &#224; la Convention et &#224; la Cour, tout en enjoignant de l'autre c&#244;t&#233; cette derni&#232;re de &#171; relever les d&#233;fis &#187; li&#233;s aux migrations. lut&#244;t que de s'interroger sur leur propre obsession &#224; expulser, &lt;strong&gt;les &#201;tats signataires ont choisi de faire pression sur les juges europ&#233;ens au d&#233;triment des garanties conventionnelles.&lt;/strong&gt; Le Paragraphe 16 de la d&#233;claration avertit ainsi que l'absence de prise en compte des attentes des &#201;tats parties &#224; la Cour &#171; pourrait fragiliser la confiance du public dans le syst&#232;me de la Convention &#187;. Une menace &#224; peine voil&#233;e, qui r&#233;v&#232;le la strat&#233;gie de d&#233;cr&#233;dibilisation que les &#201;tats sont pr&#234;ts &#224; mobiliser contre la Cour si sa jurisprudence ne s'assouplit pas.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La d&#233;claration reprend par ailleurs des &#233;l&#233;ments de langage d&#233;j&#224; pr&#233;sents dans le Pacte europ&#233;en sur la migration et l'asile, notamment celles d'&#171; arriv&#233;es massives &#187; et d'&#171; instrumentalisation des migrants par un &#201;tat ou un acteur hostile &#187; (&#167;&#167; 34-40). Ces concepts ouvrent la voie &#224; une &lt;strong&gt;d&#233;gradation accrue des droits des personnes exil&#233;es, pouvant aller jusqu'&#224; la suspension temporaire de l'enregistrement des demandes d'asile &lt;/strong&gt; (ce que certains &#201;tats europ&#233;ens pratiquent d&#233;j&#224;, comme la Gr&#232;ce ou la Pologne).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Enfin, le texte fait l'&#233;loge de &#171; solutions innovantes &#187;, parmi lesquelles les &lt;i&gt;return hubs&lt;/i&gt; (pays tiers transform&#233;s en plateformes d'expulsion, camps externalis&#233;s) et la volont&#233; d'externaliser le traitement des demandes d'asile, deux m&#233;canismes qui &#233;loignent toujours davantage les &#201;tats de leurs obligations li&#233;es &#224; la Convention.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ainsi, &lt;strong&gt;les &#201;tats ont de plus en plus recours &#224; des mesures autoritaires pour faire passer leurs r&#233;formes migratoires &lt;/strong&gt; et voient la justice comme un obstacle &#224; la mise en &#339;uvre de mesures attentatoires aux droits fondamentaux. C'est le cas par exemple de l'Italie, qui accuse les juges &#171; rouges &#187; d'ing&#233;rence dans les affaires politiques du pays&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Lina SANKARI &#171; En Italie, Giorgia Meloni lance la chasse aux juges &#187;, (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-3&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;Entr&#233;e en application du Pacte europ&#233;en sur l'asile et la migration : des changements radicaux aux fronti&#232;res de l'UE&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&#034;color: #B80000; font-size: 1.1em; font-weight;&#034;&gt;L'instauration d'un tri aux fronti&#232;res et la mise en &#339;uvre de proc&#233;dures d'asile d&#233;grad&#233;es&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le Pacte europ&#233;en sur l'asile et la migration, applicable dans les &#201;tats membres &#224; partir du 12 juin 2026, cr&#233;e des changements profonds dans les espaces frontaliers. Le &lt;a href=&#034;https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/FR/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:L_202401356&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;r&#232;glement &#171; filtrage &#187;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; et sa proc&#233;dure associ&#233;e sont une cr&#233;ation toute particuli&#232;re au Pacte&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Pour plus d'informations consulter l'analyse de l'Anaf&#233; : &#171; Contr&#244;les et (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-4&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Ce filtrage pr&#233;voit &lt;strong&gt;une proc&#233;dure de contr&#244;le et de tri &lt;/strong&gt; pour les personnes ne remplissant pas les conditions d'entr&#233;e dans l'UE, ou bien d&#233;barqu&#233;es &#224; la suite d'une op&#233;ration de recherche et de sauvetage, ou encore qui auraient demand&#233; une protection internationale &#224; un point de passage frontalier.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La proc&#233;dure de filtrage comprend : un contr&#244;le sanitaire, un contr&#244;le de vuln&#233;rabilit&#233;, l'identification ou la v&#233;rification d'identit&#233;, l'enregistrement des donn&#233;es biom&#233;triques, un contr&#244;le de s&#233;curit&#233;, puis le renvoi vers la proc&#233;dure appropri&#233;e :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Le filtrage aux fronti&#232;res ext&#233;rieures :&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; Les personnes qui n'ont pas introduit de demande d'asile sont consid&#233;r&#233;es comme n'&#233;tant pas entr&#233;es sur le territoire pour faciliter l'expulsion : elles se voient appliqu&#233;es les proc&#233;dures de la directive &#034;retour&#034; ;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; Les personnes en demande de protection sont tri&#233;es entre celles qui sont autoris&#233;es &#224; entrer sur le territoire pour y d&#233;poser une demande d'asile ou de protection au titre de la minorit&#233; (mineurs non accompagn&#233;s), et celles qui rel&#232;vent de la proc&#233;dure proc&#233;dure &#034;asile &#224; la fronti&#232;re&#034;. Les personnes sont plac&#233;es en proc&#233;dure &#034;asile &#224; la fronti&#232;re&#034; si le taux de reconnaissance d'une protection internationale pour leur pays de nationalit&#233; ou de r&#233;sidence habituel est inf&#233;rieur ou &#233;gal &#224; 20% (&#224; l'&#233;chelle europ&#233;enne), ou elles sont suspect&#233;es de constituer un danger pour l'ordre public. &lt;strong&gt;Si la demande d'asile est refus&#233;e, les personnes sont orient&#233;es imm&#233;diatement en proc&#233;dure de &#034;retour &#224; la fronti&#232;re&#034; pour &#234;tre expuls&#233;es. &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; Les personnes qui font l'objet d'une relocalisation (m&#233;canisme de solidarit&#233; pour l'accueil) sont renvoy&#233;es vers les autorit&#233;s des &#201;tats membres concern&#233;s&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les personnes qui ont &#233;chapp&#233; au filtrage aux fronti&#232;res ext&#233;rieures peuvent &#234;tre soumises au &lt;strong&gt;filtrage sur le territoire&lt;/strong&gt;, par exemple si elles sont interpell&#233;es aux fronti&#232;res int&#233;rieures ou sur le territoire d'un pays europ&#233;en.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;La proc&#233;dure &#034;asile &#224; la fronti&#232;re&#034;&lt;/strong&gt; rassemble deux approches : l'identification et le tri de l'approche &lt;i&gt;hotspot&lt;/i&gt;, qui existe depuis 2015, avec des hotspots sur les &#238;les grecques et italiennes, et la fiction juridique de &#171; non-entr&#233;e &#187; sur le territoire europ&#233;en, appliqu&#233;e aux fronti&#232;res fran&#231;aises.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;strong&gt;L'approche &#171; hotspot &#187;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-5&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir la vid&#233;o de d&#233;cryptage de Migreurop (2020) &#171; Les hotspots, v&#233;ritables (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-5&#034;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; vise &#224; organiser le tri aux fronti&#232;res de l'UE entre les personnes accueillies par l'Union Europ&#233;enne (sur place ou via la relocalisation vers un autre Etat membre), et celles jug&#233;es &#171; ind&#233;sirables &#187; renvoy&#233;es directement depuis la fronti&#232;re. Le temps de la proc&#233;dure de tri, les personnes en demande de protection restent aux fronti&#232;res de l'UE et sont priv&#233;es de libert&#233;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;strong&gt;La &#171; fiction de non-entr&#233;e &#187;&lt;/strong&gt; consiste &#224; maintenir des personnes physiquement pr&#233;sentes sur le territoire dans un statut de &#171; non-entr&#233;e &#187;, cr&#233;ant ainsi une zone d'ind&#233;termination juridique au sein de laquelle s'exerce un pouvoir discr&#233;tionnaire soustrait aux garanties ordinaires du droit&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-6&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Par exemple, enfermer &#224; la fronti&#232;re des demandeur&#183;euse&#183;s d'asile et des (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-6&#034;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Concr&#232;tement, avec l'entr&#233;e en application du Pacte, &lt;strong&gt;des personnes plac&#233;es en proc&#233;dure &#034;asile &#224; la fronti&#232;re&#034; se trouveront physiquement sur le territoire et &#224; disposition des autorit&#233;s pendant toute la dur&#233;e de l'examen acc&#233;l&#233;r&#233; de leur demande d'asile, mais seront consid&#233;r&#233;es juridiquement comme n'&#233;tant pas entr&#233;e sur le territoire, ce qui permet aux &#201;tats de les expulser plus facilement.&lt;/strong&gt; La continuit&#233; territoriale, principe selon lequel les m&#234;mes r&#232;gles de droit s'appliquent sur l'ensemble d'un territoire, se trouve ainsi suspendue, ouvrant la voie &#224; l'application de standards d&#233;grad&#233;s. Actuellement, la &#171; fiction de non-entr&#233;e &#187; est limit&#233;e &#224; 26 jours en zone d'attente en droit fran&#231;ais ; mais dans le cadre du Pacte, &lt;strong&gt;elle pourra &#234;tre applicable aux fronti&#232;res de l'espace Schengen pour une dur&#233;e allant jusqu'&#224; 6 mois&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-7&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;A cela, il faut ajouter la dur&#233;e de la proc&#233;dure de filtrage, qui peut durer (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-7&#034;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&#034;color: #B80000; font-size: 1.1em; font-weight;&#034;&gt;Plans de mise en application du Pacte : les &#201;tats membres ne semblent pas pr&#234;ts&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le 8 mai 2026, la Commission europ&#233;enne a publi&#233; &lt;a href=&#034;https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/document/download/8a0aa873-859c-48b4-9f14-29674238393a_en?filename=Communication_State%20of%20play%20on%20the%20implementation%20of%20the%20Pact%20on%20Migration%20and%20Asylum.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;un &#233;tat des lieux de la mise en &#339;uvre du Pacte&lt;/a&gt; &#224; l'&#233;chelle nationale. Le tableau dress&#233; se veut &#171; rassurant &#187; pour les institutions europ&#233;ennes et nationales : cinq &#201;tats auraient d&#233;j&#224; adopt&#233; l'essentiel de leur l&#233;gislation, 11e autres seraient en cours, et 15 disposeraient de capacit&#233;s d'accueil jug&#233;es &#171; ad&#233;quates &#187;. La Commission insiste &#233;galement sur la &#171; pr&#233;vention des fuites &#187;, avec des tests de filtrage men&#233;s par Frontex, l'agence europ&#233;enne pour l'asile (EUAA), et Europol &#224; Lampedusa et en Sicile, ainsi qu'une &#171; bo&#238;te &#224; outils &#187; transmise aux &#201;tats membres. Pourtant, cet &#233;tat des lieux cache une autre r&#233;alit&#233; :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; En ce qui concerne la &lt;strong&gt;France&lt;/strong&gt;, la volont&#233; de l'&#201;tat&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-8&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Annonc&#233;e dans l'audition du Ministre de l'Int&#233;rieur L.Nu&#241;ez &#224; la commission (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-8&#034;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; est de mettre la majorit&#233; des personnes arrivant aux fronti&#232;res ext&#233;rieures en &#171; proc&#233;dure d'asile &#224; la fronti&#232;re &#187;. Le minist&#232;re de l'Int&#233;rieur annonce m&#234;me une disposition permettant d'&#233;tendre le champ d'application des proc&#233;dures &#224; la fronti&#232;re &#224; d'autres groupes que ceux d&#233;finis par le Pacte. &#192; ce jour, nous ne connaissons pas ces groupes suppl&#233;mentaires. N&#233;anmoins, la capacit&#233; actuelle en zone d'attente et en Centres de R&#233;tention Administrative (CRA) en France est insuffisante pour enfermer toutes les personnes en proc&#233;dures &#224; la fronti&#232;re. Le ministre de l'Int&#233;rieur a annonc&#233; lors de son audition au S&#233;nat le 29 avril 2026, que la France aura &#224; la fin 2026 construit de nouveaux lieux d'enfermement sp&#233;cialement pr&#233;vus pour la proc&#233;dure asile &#224; la fronti&#232;re en se basant sur le mod&#232;le du centre de Cergy-Pontoise&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-9&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Le centre d'enregistrement des demandes d'asile de Cergy-Pontoise est un &#171; (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-9&#034;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Ce qui est pr&#233;vu pour l'entr&#233;e en application du Pacte sont des &#171; alternatives &#224; l'enfermement &#187; notamment avec l'adoption d'une disposition &lt;strong&gt;d'arr&#234;t&#233; d'assignation &#224; r&#233;sidence. &lt;/strong&gt; Cela concernerait les proc&#233;dures de demandes d'asile &#224; la fronti&#232;re, et les personnes seraient h&#233;berg&#233;es dans des &#171; centres d'h&#233;bergement &#187; disposant d'une &#171; capacit&#233; ad&#233;quate &#187;, sans plus d'informations sur le statut de ces lieux.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; Dans le cas de l'&lt;strong&gt;Espagne&lt;/strong&gt;, le gouvernement a d&#233;clar&#233; dans son &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.interior.gob.es/opencms/ca/servicios-al-ciudadano/pacto-europeo-de-migracion-y-asilo/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;plan de mise en &#339;uvre du Pacte&lt;/a&gt; publi&#233; fin 2024 qu'il n'y aurait pas de cr&#233;ation de centres d'enfermement sp&#233;cialement destin&#233;s aux proc&#233;dures &#224; la fronti&#232;re. Pour r&#233;pondre aux capacit&#233;s calcul&#233;es par l'UE, l'Espagne compte utiliser les CATE&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-10&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Centros de Atenci&#243;n Temporal de Extranjeros&#034; id=&#034;nh4-10&#034;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, les CIE&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-11&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Centro de Internamiento de Extranjeros&#034; id=&#034;nh4-11&#034;&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; et les centres d'accueil, affirmant que : &#171; Il n'y aura aucun centre d&#233;di&#233; exclusivement aux proc&#233;dures frontali&#232;res &#187;. Si cette ligne directrice est suivie, alors les proc&#233;dures &#224; la fronti&#232;re seront appliqu&#233;es dans des espaces &#171; sur le territoire &#187;, le plan ne mentionnant pas la n&#233;cessit&#233; de changer le statut de ces espaces. Toutefois, ces affirmations datent de fin 2024, mais le plan espagnol pourrait avoir chang&#233;, puisque &lt;strong&gt;le gouvernement des Canaries dit craindre que l'archipel devienne &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.eldiario.es/canariasahora/sociedad/canarias-reclama-pacto-europeo-migracion-asilo-no-convierta-islas-gran-centro-retencion_1_13193808.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;un grand centre d'enfermement&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &#187;&lt;/strong&gt;. Il est &#224; souligner qu'&#224; moins d'un mois de l'entr&#233;e en application du Pacte, le gouvernement des Canaries n'a toujours pas &#233;t&#233; inclus dans les discussions, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www3.gobiernodecanarias.org/noticias/canarias-alerta-a-bruselas-de-que-continua-sin-recibir-ninguna-informacion-sobre-el-pacto-migratorio/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;selon Octavio Caraballo&lt;/a&gt;, vice-conseiller de la Pr&#233;sidence du Gouvernement des Canaries, qui affirme : &#171; Nous ne savons rien ; nous n'avons m&#234;me pas &#233;t&#233; inform&#233;s des aspects qui rel&#232;vent de notre comp&#233;tence, comme ceux concernant les mineurs &#187;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; En &lt;strong&gt;Italie&lt;/strong&gt;, les proc&#233;dures &#224; la fronti&#232;re ne seront pas limit&#233;es aux lieux d'enfermement &#224; la fronti&#232;re actuellement existants, l'Italie n'ayant pas de structures suffisantes pour &#171; mettre &#224; disposition des autorit&#233;s &#187; toutes les personnes concern&#233;es par les proc&#233;dures &#224; la fronti&#232;re. D&#232;s lors, &lt;strong&gt;ce pays utilisera des alternatives &#224; la d&#233;tention comme l'assignation &#224; r&#233;sidence&lt;/strong&gt; avec un p&#233;rim&#232;tre d&#233;limit&#233; autour du domicile, ou&lt;strong&gt; le pointage dans les centres d'accueil &lt;/strong&gt; plusieurs fois par jour. Si les personnes n'acceptent pas ces termes, elles pourraient perdre leur conditions mat&#233;rielles d'accueil.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Nous disposons &#224; ce stade de peu d'informations sur les autres pays europ&#233;ens. Toutefois,&lt;strong&gt; la logique de contr&#244;le et de &#171; mise &#224; disposition &#187; permanente des personnes exil&#233;es appara&#238;t comme le d&#233;nominateur commun &#224; l'ensemble des proc&#233;dures pr&#233;vues.&lt;/strong&gt; Pour autant, les modalit&#233;s concr&#232;tes de mise en &#339;uvre de ces proc&#233;dures (espaces et gestion des lieux d'enfermement) demeurent largement inconnues. Cette opacit&#233; tient en partie au retard consid&#233;rable pris par la majorit&#233; des &#201;tats membres dans les plans de mise en &#339;uvre du Pacte en droit national.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;Externalisation : une recomposition des relations entre l'UE et les pays &#171; tiers &#187;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Depuis six mois, une priorit&#233; s'impose de mani&#232;re constante dans l'agenda des &#201;tats membres : rendre effectives les expulsions. Expulser quelqu'un suppose en effet que le pays d'origine accepte de &#171; reprendre &#187; ses ressortissant&#183;e&#183;s, ce qui implique la d&#233;livrance d'un laissez-passer consulaire. Lorsque ce document fait d&#233;faut, la proc&#233;dure est interrompue. C'est de ce blocage qu'est n&#233;e, depuis les ann&#233;es 2000, une r&#233;ponse politique de plus en plus assum&#233;e : conditionner les relations avec les pays tiers &#224; leur niveau de coop&#233;ration en mati&#232;re de r&#233;admissions.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On observe que l'Union europ&#233;enne passe d'une logique de r&#233;compense, o&#249; les pays coop&#233;ratifs b&#233;n&#233;ficient d'avantages (octroi de visas, acc&#232;s pr&#233;f&#233;rentiel &#224; son march&#233;, et aide au d&#233;veloppement), &#224; une &lt;strong&gt;logique de sanction, o&#249; les pays non coop&#233;ratifs perdent des acquis/accords existants. &lt;/strong&gt; Cette orientation se mat&#233;rialise dans trois types d'instruments distincts, d&#233;j&#224; adopt&#233;s ou actuellement en cours de n&#233;gociation :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; Le premier est commercial. Le 28 avril 2026, le Parlement europ&#233;en a adopt&#233; la &lt;a href=&#034;https://euobserver.com/213825/meps-vote-to-slap-tariffs-on-countries-that-refuse-to-take-back-migrants/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;r&#233;forme du Syst&#232;me de Pr&#233;f&#233;rences G&#233;n&#233;ralis&#233;es&lt;/a&gt; avec 459 voix pour et 127 contre. Ce m&#233;canisme, qui permet depuis 1971 aux pays du Sud global d'exporter vers l'UE &#224; tarifs r&#233;duits, int&#232;gre une &lt;strong&gt;&#034;conditionnalit&#233; de r&#233;admission&#034;&lt;/strong&gt; : un pays jug&#233; non coop&#233;ratif dans la r&#233;admission de ses ressortissant&#183;e&#183;s peut se voir retirer ses avantages tarifaires. Le lien est d&#233;sormais explicite entre coop&#233;ration aux expulsions et acc&#232;s au march&#233; europ&#233;en. &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.eunews.it/en/2026/04/29/eu-trade-reform-generalised-system-of-preferences-approved-but-clashes-erupt-over-repatriation-and-rice/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Cristina Guarda (les Verts, Italie) a d&#233;nonc&#233; un m&#233;canisme&lt;/a&gt;qu'elle qualifie de &#171; n&#233;o-colonial &#187;, estimant que l'Europe subordonne son aide au d&#233;veloppement &#224; des imp&#233;ratifs migratoires au d&#233;triment de ses valeurs.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; Le deuxi&#232;me levier est budg&#233;taire. Dans &lt;a href=&#034;https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/eu-budget/long-term-eu-budget/eu-budget-2028-2034_en&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;les n&#233;gociations sur le cadre financier multi annuel 2028-2034&lt;/a&gt;, la Commission propose 81 milliards d'euros pour les affaires int&#233;rieures, soit trois fois plus que lors de la p&#233;riode pr&#233;c&#233;dente, dont 34 milliards sp&#233;cifiquement allou&#233;s au renforcement des fronti&#232;res ext&#233;rieures. Au-del&#224; du volume, c'est la logique d'allocation qui est significative : &lt;strong&gt;les financements destin&#233;s aux pays tiers seraient conditionn&#233;s non pas au respect des droits humains, mais au niveau de coop&#233;ration en mati&#232;re de r&#233;admissions.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; Le troisi&#232;me instrument est la &lt;strong&gt;politique des visas&lt;/strong&gt;. La &lt;a href=&#034;https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/fr/qanda_26_218&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;feuille de route&lt;/a&gt; de la Commission pr&#233;voit un contr&#244;le renforc&#233; des r&#233;gimes d'exemption et la cr&#233;ation de nouvelles mesures restrictives : suspension ou r&#233;duction des visas accord&#233;s aux ressortissant&#183;e&#183;s de pays &#171; non coop&#233;ratifs &#187;, augmentation des co&#251;ts, et priorisation des proc&#233;dures pour les personnes pr&#233;sentant une &#171; forte valeur ajout&#233;e &#187;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A travers ces instruments se une tendance de fond : la &lt;strong&gt;conditionnalit&#233; migratoire n&#233;gative&lt;/strong&gt;, qui se retrouve dans tous ces changements adopt&#233;s ou &#224; venir qui influenceront fortement les relations diplomatiques au-del&#224; des questions migratoires avec les pays hors-UE.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;Europol et Frontex en chantier : vers une Europe de plus en plus s&#233;curitaire &lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On sait peu de choses sur les nouvelles r&#233;formes des mandats de Frontex et d'Europol, si ce n'est leur calendrier.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pour &lt;strong&gt;Europol&lt;/strong&gt;, la &lt;strong&gt;proposition de la Commission est pr&#233;vue pour juin 2026&lt;/strong&gt;. Magnus Brunner, le Commissaire europ&#233;en aux Affaires int&#233;rieures et &#224; la Migration, s'est exprim&#233; devant la Commission parlementaire LIBE le 19 mars 2026. Il souhaite un renforcement d'Europol dans le partage des donn&#233;es avec les autres agences europ&#233;ennes et dans le secteur priv&#233;. Il aspire &#224; faire de cette agence un acteur &#171; v&#233;ritablement op&#233;rationnel &#187;, &#224; combler les lacunes informationnelles en faisant du partage de donn&#233;es l'option par d&#233;faut, &#224; remporter ce qu'il appelle la &#171; course aux armements technologiques &#187;, et &#224; renforcer la coop&#233;ration avec des &#201;tats hors-UE. Pour ce faire, il ambitionne de doubler le budget d'Europol, pour atteindre les 3 milliards. Lors de cette audition &#224; la Commission parlementaire, Fabrice Leggeri (PfE, France) souhaite qu'Europol soit moins limit&#233; par les &#171; charges administratives et les r&#233;glementations excessives &#187; et s'inqui&#232;te du fait que le Contr&#244;leur europ&#233;en de la protection des donn&#233;es ne vienne &#171; bloquer la coop&#233;ration &#187; entre agences. Sophie Wilm&#232;s (Renew, Belgique) aimerait qu'Europol puisse utiliser davantage l'IA &#171; car les criminels l'utilisent d&#233;j&#224; &#187;. Nous apprenons gr&#226;ce aux Verts qu'il y aura normalement une &#233;tude d'impact publi&#233;e avec la proposition du nouveau r&#232;glement.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pour &lt;strong&gt;Frontex&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;la r&#233;forme du mandat est pr&#233;vue pour septembre 2026&lt;/strong&gt;. &#201;tant donn&#233; que l'agence europ&#233;enne n'a cess&#233; de s'&#233;largir depuis sa cr&#233;ation, le prochain mandat ne devrait pas faire exception. Sur les 81 milliards d'euros que le cadre financier pluriannuel 2028-2034 consacre &#224; la migration, la gestion des fronti&#232;res et la s&#233;curit&#233; int&#233;rieure, &lt;a href=&#034;https://emnbelgium.be/fr/nouvelles/lue-alloue-81-milliards-deuros-pour-la-migration-la-gestion-des-frontieres-et-la-securite&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;pr&#232;s de 12 milliards sont fl&#233;ch&#233;s vers Frontex&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Une part consid&#233;rable, qui confirme le statut de l'agence europ&#233;enne comme pilier central des politiques europ&#233;ennes s&#233;curitaires. Cette r&#233;forme devrait rendre Frontex de plus en plus incontournable pour &lt;strong&gt;mettre en &#339;uvre les expulsions&lt;/strong&gt;, pour l'instant depuis les &#201;tats membres de l'UE, mais sans doute bient&#244;t &#233;galement&lt;strong&gt; entre pays tiers,&lt;/strong&gt; ce qui constituerait une nouveaut&#233;. Ainsi, l'agence continue d'&#233;tendre son emprise sur la gestion des migrations, bien au-del&#224; des fronti&#232;res europ&#233;ennes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;hr /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_notes'&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-1&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-1&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Commission parlementaire des libert&#233;s civiles de la justice et des affaires int&#233;rieures&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-2&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-2&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Droit au respect de la vie priv&#233;e et familiale : 1. Toute personne a droit au respect de sa vie priv&#233;e et familiale, de son domicile et de sa correspondance. 2. Il ne peut y avoir ing&#233;rence d'une autorit&#233; publique dans l'exercice de ce droit que pour autant que cette ing&#233;rence est pr&#233;vue par la loi et qu'elle constitue une mesure qui, dans une soci&#233;t&#233; d&#233;mocratique, est n&#233;cessaire &#224; la s&#233;curit&#233; nationale, &#224; la s&#251;ret&#233; publique, au bien-&#234;tre &#233;conomique du pays, &#224; la d&#233;fense de l'ordre et &#224; la pr&#233;vention des infractions p&#233;nales, &#224; la protection de la sant&#233; ou de la morale, ou &#224; la protection des droits et libert&#233;s d'autrui.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-3&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-3&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Lina SANKARI &#171; En Italie, Giorgia Meloni lance la chasse aux juges &#187;, L'Humanit&#233;, 20 novembre 2024&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-4&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-4&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Pour plus d'informations consulter l'analyse de l'Anaf&#233; : &#171; Contr&#244;les et enfermement aux fronti&#232;res : outils d'une politique raciste d&#233;complex&#233;e La mise en &#339;uvre du Pacte europ&#233;en sur la migration et l'asile et de la r&#233;forme du code fronti&#232;res Schengen aux fronti&#232;res fran&#231;aises &#187; de l'Anaf&#233;, janvier 2026.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-5&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-5&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-5&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir la vid&#233;o de d&#233;cryptage de Migreurop (2020) &#171; Les hotspots, v&#233;ritables camps de la honte &#187; : &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article2979.html?lang_article=fr&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;https://migreurop.org/article2979.h...&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-6&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-6&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-6&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Par exemple, enfermer &#224; la fronti&#232;re des demandeur&#183;euse&#183;s d'asile et des mineur&#183;e&#183;s en zone d'attente est possible gr&#226;ce &#224; cette fiction.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-7&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-7&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-7&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;A cela, il faut ajouter la dur&#233;e de la proc&#233;dure de filtrage, qui peut durer jusqu'&#224; 7 jours maximum&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-8&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-8&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-8&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Annonc&#233;e dans l'audition du Ministre de l'Int&#233;rieur L.Nu&#241;ez &#224; la commission des lois le 29 avril 2026.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-9&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-9&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-9&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Le centre d'enregistrement des demandes d'asile de Cergy-Pontoise est un &#171; site pilote &#187; o&#249; l'OFII et l'OFPRA interviennent le m&#234;me jour, pour attribuer les conditions d'accueil, &#233;valuer la vuln&#233;rabilit&#233; et d&#233;poser la demande d'asile. Voir le document du Gisti qui alerte sur les d&#233;rives de ce mod&#232;le : &#171; Ouverture du 1er p&#244;le territorial &#171; France Asile &#187; &#224; Cergy-Pontoise : des risques d'atteintes au droit d'asile &#187;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-10&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-10&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-10&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Centros de Atenci&#243;n Temporal de Extranjeros&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-11&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-11&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-11&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Centro de Internamiento de Extranjeros&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		</content:encoded>


		

	</item>
<item xml:lang="en">
		<title>Press review April 2026</title>
		<link>http://migreurop.org/article3589.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">http://migreurop.org/article3589.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2026-05-11T09:26:18Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>en</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Camille</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>Afghanistan</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Tunisia</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Belgium</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Algeria</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Greece</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Italy</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Albania</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Pays-Bas</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Pologne</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Royaume-Uni</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>France</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Union Europ&#233;enne</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Asile</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Detention</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Externalisation</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Frontex</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Militarisation of borders</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Pays s&#251;rs</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Migration policies </dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Racisme</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>r&#232;glement retour</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Forced returns</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Revolts and mobilisations</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Monitoring and control </dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Tunisia Business News, Taking the streets to break the silence: citizen mobilisation against racism in Tunis, 11 April 2026 &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Following a citizens' petition launched on 7 April and shared on social media, a solidarity march against racism took place in Tunis on Saturday 11 April. Slogans were chanted to denounce racist online discourse, discriminatory remarks by certain Tunisian MPs, and the crackdown on migrants and human rights defenders in Tunisia. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Racism against migrants from (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/rubrique461.html" rel="directory"&gt;Press review&lt;/a&gt;

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&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot189.html" rel="tag"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot187.html" rel="tag"&gt;Tunisia&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot22.html" rel="tag"&gt;Belgium&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot64.html" rel="tag"&gt;Algeria&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot33.html" rel="tag"&gt;Greece&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot20.html" rel="tag"&gt;Italy&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot182.html" rel="tag"&gt;Albania&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot210.html" rel="tag"&gt;Pays-Bas&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot47.html" rel="tag"&gt;Pologne&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot202.html" rel="tag"&gt;Royaume-Uni&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot21.html" rel="tag"&gt;France&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot208.html" rel="tag"&gt;Union Europ&#233;enne&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot203.html" rel="tag"&gt;Asile&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot169.html" rel="tag"&gt;Detention&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot168.html" rel="tag"&gt;Externalisation&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot173.html" rel="tag"&gt;Frontex&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot174.html" rel="tag"&gt;Militarisation of borders&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot214.html" rel="tag"&gt;Pays s&#251;rs&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot194.html" rel="tag"&gt;Migration policies &lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot206.html" rel="tag"&gt;Racisme&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot227.html" rel="tag"&gt;r&#232;glement retour&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot176.html" rel="tag"&gt;Forced returns&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot175.html" rel="tag"&gt;Revolts and mobilisations&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot195.html" rel="tag"&gt;Monitoring and control &lt;/a&gt;

		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L150xH150/16-2-c6781.png?1778491587' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='150' height='150' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
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&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;United Kingdom/France&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_9'&gt;United Kingdom/France&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_0&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Tunisia&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Business News, &lt;a href=&#034;https://businessnews.com.tn/2026/04/11/la-rue-pour-briser-le-silence-mobilisation-citoyenne-contre-le-racisme-a-tunis/1396088/#https://businessnews.com.tn/2026/04/11/la-rue-pour-briser-le-silence-mobilisation-citoyenne-contre-le-racisme-a-tunis/1396088/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Taking the streets to break the silence: citizen &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;mobilisation&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; against racism in Tunis&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;, 11 April 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Following a &lt;a href=&#034;https://tunisiansolidarity.org/en/racisme/#https://tunisiansolidarity.org/en/racisme/#&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;citizens' petition&lt;/a&gt; launched on 7 April and shared on social media, a solidarity march against racism took place in Tunis on Saturday 11 April. Slogans were chanted to denounce racist online discourse, discriminatory remarks by certain Tunisian MPs, and the crackdown on migrants and human rights defenders in Tunisia.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Racism against migrants from sub-Saharan Africa and Black Tunisians is intensifying in the country. Disinformation and hate campaigns orchestrated by Ka&#239;s Sa&#239;ed's government, arbitrary arrests and prosecutions based on false accusations against anti-racist activists&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See Migreurop, &#8220;Press Review: March 2026&#8221;, 8 April 2026&#034; id=&#034;nh5-1&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, as well as growing pressure on civil society organisations showing solidarity, are shaping the reality in Tunisia today. This situation is partly a result of the role of &#8216;border guard' that Tunisia has assumed on behalf of Italy and the European Union, particularly since 2023, under the &lt;a href=&#034;https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/pt/ip_23_3887#https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/pt/ip_23_3887&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;EU-Tunisia Memorandum of Understanding&lt;/a&gt;, which is strongly supported by the Italian government and aims to deter and hinder departures to Europe.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Despite this widespread repression, citizen mobilisation demonstrates that civil society is not wavering andcontinues to resist and mobilise in defence of human rights, the violations of which place responsibility on the EU and its externalisation policies.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_1&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Judgement of the Permanent Peoples' Tribunal&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Lebrief.ma, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.lebrief.ma/tribunal-permanent-des-peuples-les-etats-du-maghreb-et-lunion-europeenne-responsables-de-violations-systematiques-des-droits-des-migrants-100147142/#https://www.lebrief.ma/tribunal-permanent-des-peuples-les-etats-du-maghreb-et-lunion-europeenne-responsables-de-violations-systematiques-des-droits-des-migrants-100147142/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;Permanent Peoples' Tribunal: Maghreb states and the European Union responsible for systematic violations of migrants'&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;rights&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8221;, 6 April 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On 31 March in Rabat, the jury of the56thsession of the Permanent Peoples' Tribunal (PPT) delivered its &lt;a href=&#034;https://permanentpeoplestribunal.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/TPP_Migrazione_Maghreb_Sentenza_FR_30-marzo-2026.pdf#https://permanentpeoplestribunal.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/TPP_Migrazione_Maghreb_Sentenza_FR_30-marzo-2026.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;final judgement&lt;/a&gt;. Following an indictment drafted by a coalition of civil society organisations, the PPT found the Maghreb states, the EU and several of its member states guilty of systematic and systemic violations of international law (failure to provide assistance to persons in danger, arbitrary detention, torture, refoulement, racial discrimination and human rights violations). During the hearings held in October 2025 in Palermo (Italy), evidence was presented regarding the existence in Libya of a system of refoulement, detention, trafficking and exploitation; refoulement, abandonment in the desert and racist violence in Tunisia; a continuum of violence ranging from arbitrary detention in Libya to the criminalisationof migrants and their supporters in Europe; relentless attacks on civilian sea rescue operations... The EU and its Member States have been deemed complicit in these human rights violations for having financed and encouraged these crimes, notably through their border externalisation policies.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Beyond the states' violations of international law, the TPP also mentions the possible classification of these acts as crimes against humanity, insofar as the documented facts result from deliberate choices made by individuals and acts carried out in full awareness.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This judgement, which has no legally binding force, nevertheless represents a symbolic step forward in securing recognition, by a citizens' court, of the crimes committed against migrants. It is a first step towards mobilising public opinion and breaking down the barriers of silence, hatred and marginalisation surrounding migration issues&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See Migreurop, &#8220;Maghreb and European Union states guilty of systematic (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-2&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_2&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Belgium&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;RTL info, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.rtl.be/actu/belgique/politique/il-ne-peut-plus-sagir-dun-sujet-tabou-le-gouvernement-donne-son-feu-vert-une/2026-04-03/article/784710#https://www.rtl.be/actu/belgique/politique/il-ne-peut-plus-sagir-dun-sujet-tabou-le-gouvernement-donne-son-feu-vert-une/2026-04-03/article/784710&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;&#8216;This can no longer be a taboo subject': government gives green light to controversial measure&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8221;, 3 April 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The Belgian government has approved, at second reading, the draft bill authorising &#8220;home visits&#8221; (2025), which would allow the police, with a judge's authorisation, to carry out searches at the home of a person without a residence permit who is deemed to pose &#8220;a threat to public order or national security&#8221;, with the aim of arresting and deporting them.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The proposal raises serious concerns regarding fundamental rights, such as the right to respect for private and family life (Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights), as well as the principle of the inviolability of the home (Article 15 of the Belgian Constitution). These rights are threatened by the undefined concept of &#8216;danger to public order', which opens the door to arbitrariness. Furthermore, no legal remedy is provided for challengingthe legality of the &#8216;visit', which violates the right to an effective remedy&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See on this subject Myria, &#8220;Law on home visits: vague conditions and few (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-3&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; . Several civil society organisations and public institutions denounced the draft law as soon as it was tabled last year, considering it to be inconsistent with the criteria of necessity and proportionality&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Ibid.&#034; id=&#034;nh5-4&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; . If approved by Parliament, it would constitute a further step in the construction of a surveillance regime for migrants that European governments are attempting to establish in Europe&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-5&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See on this subject Migreurop, &#8220;Press review February 2026&#8221;, 10 March 2026, (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-5&#034;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_3&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Belgium/Algeria&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;InfoMigrants, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/70707/la-belgique-conclut-un-accord-avec-lalgerie-pour-accelerer-les-expulsions-dalgeriens-en-situation-irreguliere#https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/70707/la-belgique-conclut-un-accord-avec-lalgerie-pour-accelerer-les-expulsions-dalgeriens-en-situation-irreguliere&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;Belgium concludes an agreement with Algeria to speed up the deportation of irregular Algerian&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; migrants&#8221;, 2 April 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Belgium and Algeria have concluded an agreement on the deportation of Algerian nationals. The agreement, which still requires approval by the Belgian Parliament, stipulates that Algeria undertakes to identify its nationals subject to a deportation order within 15 days, as well as to accept the possibility of organising their group deportation on dedicated flights, with the participation of Algerian escorts. However, the legality of group deportations of people of the same nationality is questionable in light of human rights legislation (the European Convention on Human Rights, the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union) which prohibits collective deportations. In return, Belgium grants visa-free access to its territory to holders of Algerian diplomatic passports.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This is yet another example of agreements - whether formal or informal - concluded with the aim of speeding up the deportation of foreign nationals from Europe in exchange for financial, commercial or political benefits. It amounts to a diplomacy of deportation, in defiance of fundamental rights.Many voices are therefore speaking out to denounce a systematic violation of rights in Algeria: the shrinking of civil society space , severe repression of freedom of expression, infringements on the right to peaceful assembly and association, andallegations of torture and other ill-treatment are some examples of this&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-6&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See in particular Amnesty International, &#8220;The State of Human Rights in the (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-6&#034;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; . Furthermore, severe penalties are provided for in cases of &#8216;illegal' departure from or assistance with departure from Algerian territory, carrying a sentence of up to five years' imprisonment&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-7&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Ibid&#034; id=&#034;nh5-7&#034;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; , which is contrary to international law (Art. 12(2) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: &#8216;Everyone shall be free to leave any country, including his own').&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_4&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Greece&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;BBC, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c86vpq42dl0o#https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c86vpq42dl0o&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; hreflang=&#034;en&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;Greek police using masked migrants to forcibly push other migrants back across&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; border&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8221;, 14 April 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;New evidence has been gathered regarding the recruitment, by the Greek authorities, of migrants to push other migrants back at the border with Turkey (Evros River region). In return, they are reportedly given money, as well as administrative documents allowing them to remain in Greece for 25 days.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This practice is not new and has been documented by several organisations and investigations since at least 2020&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-8&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See on this subject Lighthouse Reports, &#8220;We were slaves&#8221;, 28 June 2022; or (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-8&#034;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; . The recruitment of migrants as &#8220;mercenaries&#8221; is reportedly carried out under duress, after they have crossed the border between Turkey and Greece. Wearing masks, these individuals are reportedly tasked with carrying out pushbacks and committing other acts of violence, such as forced stripping, beatings and theft of personal belongings. In exchange for documents allowing them to remain in European territory for a time. A form of exploitation of migrantsfor the &#8216;control' of borders, onto whom the Greek and European authorities are attempting to shift responsibility for violent practices that violate human rights. In a familiar exercise in denial, both Greece and Frontex claim to have no knowledge of these events.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_5&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Italy&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Il Post, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.ilpost.it/2026/04/23/cosa-sono-rimpatri-volontari-assistiti-patrocinio-gratuito-migranti-decreto-sicurezza/?utm_campaign=leggi_anche&amp;utm_medium=leggi_anche&amp;utm_source=ilpost#https://www.ilpost.it/2026/04/23/cosa-sono-rimpatri-volontari-assistiti-patrocinio-gratuito-migranti-decreto-sicurezza/?utm_campaign=leggi_anche&amp;utm_medium=leggi_anche&amp;utm_source=ilpost&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;A better understanding of the two migrant issues that have been in the news for&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; days&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8221;, 23 April 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Il Post&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.ilpost.it/2026/04/24/governo-decreto-sicurezza-modifica-incentivi-rimpatri/#https://www.ilpost.it/2026/04/24/governo-decreto-sicurezza-modifica-incentivi-rimpatri/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;The government has patched up the rule on voluntary&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; repatriation&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8221;, 24 April 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On 24 April, the Italian government approved a bill aimed at amending a migration-related measure contained in the &#8220;security decree&#8221;, which was adopted by Parliament on the same day. The measure provided for the payment of a &#8364;615 bonus to lawyers handling so-called &#8220;voluntary&#8221; return procedures in the event that the return was successful, but it had been blocked by the President of the Republic on grounds of unconstitutionality. Under this hastily introduced amendment, the bonus will now be paid to lawyers and other parties involved in the implementation of &#8220;voluntary returns&#8221;, regardless of the outcome. The bill still needs to be approved by the Italian Parliament.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A second measure, which came into force as part of the adopted &#8220;security decree&#8221;, removes the automatic provision of legal aid for migrants challenging deportation proceedings. They will now have to prove that they meet the means-testing criteria by providing documents (notably a consular certificate) that are often very difficult to obtain within the time limits set by law.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In the name of an &#8216;urgency' to deport people more quickly and efficiently, Italy is undermining its obligations to guarantee rights by attempting to undermine the independence and autonomy of lawyers, and by introducing administrative constraints that make access to legal aid virtually impossible for certain migrant individuals. Although the initial version of the first measure was not adopted, recent developments point to a growing and serious threat to migrants' right to a defence, which should nevertheless be &#8220;full, free and effectively accessible&#8221;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-9&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See in particular the press release from the National Association of Italian (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-9&#034;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_6&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Italy/Albania&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Politico, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.politico.eu/article/italy-migrant-detention-hubs-albania-not-against-eu-law-says-top-eu-court-adviser/#https://www.politico.eu/article/italy-migrant-detention-hubs-albania-not-against-eu-law-says-top-eu-court-adviser/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;Italy's migrant detention hubs in Albania not against EU law, says top EU court adviser&#8221;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;, 23 April 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An Advocate General at the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) has ruled that the Italy-Albania Memorandum of Understanding (2023)&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-10&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;For further information, see the Migreurop press release, &#8220;Italy-Albania (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-10&#034;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; is, in principle, in line with European law. The agreement would not prevent Member States from setting up detention camps outside their territory for the purposes of expulsion procedures and/or the processing of asylum applications, provided that the third country concerned complies with EU law and respects the rights of migrants.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This is a non-binding opinion, yet it contributes to the political legitimisation of the latest iteration of the European externalisation policy, initiated by Italy, and which has inspired new European regulations (see the 2026 &#8216;Return' Regulation).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In this regard, the Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights noted in 2023 that &#8220;the possibility of lodging an asylum application and having it examined on the territory of Member States remains an indispensable component of a reliable system that respects human rights&#8221;, adding that &#8220;the Memorandum of Understanding creates an ad hoc extraterritorial asylum regime, characterised by numerous legal ambiguities&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-11&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See the statement by the Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights, (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-11&#034;&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; . We must now await the final decision of the CJEU.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_7&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Netherlands&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;DutchNews&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.dutchnews.nl/2026/04/senate-rejects-law-to-criminalise-living-in-nl-without-papers/#https://www.dutchnews.nl/2026/04/senate-rejects-law-to-criminalise-living-in-nl-without-papers/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;Senate rejects bill to &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;criminalise&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; living in the Netherlands without&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; papers&#8221;, 21 April 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;InfoMigrants, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/61881/les-paysbas-adoptent-le-double-statut-pour-les-demandeurs-dasile#https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/61881/les-paysbas-adoptent-le-double-statut-pour-les-demandeurs-dasile&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;The Netherlands adopts dual status for asylum&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; seekers&#8221;, 23 April 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On 21 April, the Senate rejected a bill aimed at criminalising so-called &#8216;irregular' residence, which would have led to an increased risk of social exclusion for migrants, as well as exposing those providing humanitarian aid &#8211; particularly by supplying food, shelter or any other form of support &#8211; to legal risks.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This rejection follows a widespread mobilisation of Dutch civil society. Around 120 organisations joined the &lt;i&gt;&#8220;Stop de &lt;/i&gt;asielwetten&#8221; (Stop the asylum laws) campaign, highlighting the potential negative effects of the law on effective access to fundamental rights such as education, healthcare and legal aid, which must be guaranteed regardless of a person's administrative status. Municipalities, including Amsterdam, also voiced their opposition, demonstrating that the local level can act as a counterweight to the state.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;However, this victory was described as &#8220;bittersweet&#8221; by the campaign coalition&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-12&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See in particular Stop de Asielwetten, &#8220;A bittersweet victory: (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-12&#034;&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; , as the Senate approved a &#8220;dual status&#8221; system for migrant asylum seekers, which will grant different rights to those fleeing individual persecution &#8211; who would benefit from so-called &#8220;full&#8221; protection as refugees &#8211; and those fleeing wars or natural disasters, who would have limited rights, particularly regarding family reunification. This distinction already exists in many European countries (refugee status and subsidiary protection). Its introduction in the Netherlands, where until now the rights of both categories of asylum seekers were the same, is raising concerns within civil society regarding respect for human dignity. The coalition therefore says it is ready to continue its fight against the Dutch government's repressive migration policies. A struggle that appears increasingly urgent in the current European context, dominated by racist ideologies and legislation that infringes upon the rights of migrants.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_8&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Poland&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;InfoMigrants, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/70764/baisse-des-passages-a-la-frontiere-entre-pologne-et-bielorussie--les-itineraires-dangereux-seront-plus-frequentes#https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/70764/baisse-des-passages-a-la-frontiere-entre-pologne-et-bielorussie--les-itineraires-dangereux-seront-plus-frequentes&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;Drop in crossings at the Poland-Belarus border: &#8216;Dangerous routes will be used more frequently'&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8221;, 10 April 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The Polish government recently reported a sharp decline in attempts to cross the border between Poland and Belarus over the past four years, which it attributes to the increased militarisation of the border and the temporary suspension of the registration of asylum applications. Organisations assisting refugees warn that, in reality, these policies have merely forced refugees to cross the border via underground tunnels under extremely dangerous conditions.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Poland &#8211; like other European countries, citing a rise in asylum applications and arrivals on their territory &#8211; has decided to suspend the registration of asylum applications at its borders in 2024. This breach of its international obligations was carried out with the EU's approval, which allows for the restriction of asylum applications under so-called &#8216;exceptional' circumstances, particularly for Member States facing a &#8216;crisis situation', a &#8216;mass influx' or the &#8216;exploitation of migration flows'. Since 2021, Warsaw has accused Minsk of coordinating with Moscow to facilitate the arrival of migrants in order to &#8220;destabilise&#8221; the EU's territory&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-13&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;The suspension of the right to asylum was subsequently extended four times (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-13&#034;&gt;13&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Among the consequences of this suspension are the 14,754 illegal pushbacks to Belarus carried out by the Polish authorities between January and December 2025, which violated the rights of those affected and exposed them to inhuman and degrading conditions&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-14&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See in particular the joint report &#8220;Beaten back at Europe's borders &#8211; 2025 (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-14&#034;&gt;14&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; . However, the increase in border crossings via tunnels and other alternative routes demonstrates once again that repressive and security-focused migration policies do not put an end to migration flows: they make the journeys more dangerous and longer, and force migrants to turn to facilitators who have become necessary in the context of closed borders&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-15&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;According to the report by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-15&#034;&gt;15&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_9&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;United Kingdom/France&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Le Monde, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2026/04/23/nouvel-accord-franco-britannique-pour-endiguer-les-traversees-de-migrants-en-manche_6682464_3210.html?search-type=classic&amp;ise_click_rank=2#https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2026/04/23/nouvel-accord-franco-britannique-pour-endiguer-les-traversees-de-migrants-en-manche_6682464_3210.html?search-type=classic&amp;ise_click_rank=2&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;New Franco-British agreement to stem migrant crossings of the English Channel&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8221;, 23 April 2025&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;France and the United Kingdom have reached an agreement to extend the cooperation agreement aimed at preventing so-called &#8220;irregular&#8221; crossings of the English Channel (&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.gisti.org/IMG/pdf/accord_france-royaumeuni_2018.pdf#https://www.gisti.org/IMG/pdf/accord_france-royaumeuni_2018.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Sandhurst Treaty&lt;/a&gt;, 2018)&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-16&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;The Sandhurst Treaty provides that the United Kingdom shall fund part of the (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-16&#034;&gt;16&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; . The United Kingdom will provide funding of up to &#8364;766 million over three years, including a &#8220;flexible component&#8221; (&#8364;186 million), conditional on the effectiveness of measures taken to &#8220;prevent attempted crossings&#8221;. This decision comes after months of tension, during which the UK had insisted that France increase at-sea interceptions of &lt;i&gt;&#8220;small &lt;/i&gt;boats&#8221; (small vessels used for Channel crossings), failing which it would not have renewed its funding&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-17&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See on this subject InfoMigrants, &#8220;Crossings of the English Channel: London (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-17&#034;&gt;17&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;France had initially opposed this, with the Secretary of State for the Sea, Xavier Ducept, emphasising that the interception practices demanded by the UK risked violating international law and &#8220;endangering the lives of migrants and French officers&#8221;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-18&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Ibid.&#034; id=&#034;nh5-18&#034;&gt;18&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; . Indeed, interceptions by French law enforcement agencies to return migrantsto the French coast (&lt;i&gt;pullback&lt;/i&gt;) &#8211; on behalf of the United Kingdom &#8211; constitute a form of refoulement, a practice contrary to international law and an infringement of the right to asylum.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;However, numerous violent &lt;i&gt;pushbacks &lt;/i&gt;have already been documented in connection with the UK-funded French &#8216;surveillance' operations in the English Channel&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-19&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See The Guardian, &#8220;Revealed: UK-funded French forces putting migrants' lives (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-19&#034;&gt;19&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; . Furthermore, police operations carried out against migrants on the French coast, with the aim of preventing departures to the UK (violent dismantling of camps, use of tear gas, seizure of personal belongings, physical assaults), constantly endanger the safety, rights and lives of migrants&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-20&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See the report by the Human Rights Network, &#8220;You can't stay but you can't go (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-20&#034;&gt;20&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; . France is therefore setting aside its &#8216;concerns' regarding the lives of migrants and respect for the law in favour of a deadly cooperation&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-21&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See InfoMigrants, &#8220;Tighter police controls make crossing the Channel more (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-21&#034;&gt;21&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; that has gone from strength to strength over the last twenty years (the Le Touquet agreements, the &#8216;One In, One Out' agreement).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_10&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Negotiations between the EU and the Taliban&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Euractiv&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://euractiv.fr/news/exclusif-bruxelles-devrait-accueillir-les-talibans-pour-des-discussions-sur-les-expulsions-dafghans/#https://euractiv.fr/news/exclusif-bruxelles-devrait-accueillir-les-talibans-pour-des-discussions-sur-les-expulsions-dafghans/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;Brussels set to host the Taliban for talks on the deportation of Afghans&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, 21 April 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The European Union is preparing to host a Taliban delegation to continue discussions on the deportation of Afghan nationals from European territory (January 2026)&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-22&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See on this subject Euractiv, &#8220;Migration: European Commission announces that (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-22&#034;&gt;22&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; , particularly regarding the cooperation of the Afghan authorities in the process of identification and the issuance of travel documents.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;These talks take place against a backdrop of growing pressure from Member State governments to establish a European mechanism to coordinate the deportation of Afghans without the right to reside or who have been convicted by the courts. In October 2025, 20 Member States, at Belgium's initiative, had asked the European Commission to establish this mechanism, and in February 2026 Germany became the first European country, since the Taliban took power (2021), to carry out a direct deportation to Afghanistan&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-23&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See also InfoMigrants, &#8220;Germany deports 20 Afghan criminals to Kabul&#8221;, 27 (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-23&#034;&gt;23&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Whilst the EU had hitherto hidden behind the fiction of &#8216;safe countries of origin or third countries' to carry out deportations of migrants, it is now taking a further step with the proposed &#8216;return' regulation, which provides for deportations to any third country that has concluded a formal or informal agreement with a Member State or with the Union. However, the compromise text adopted by the European Parliament on 26 March 2026 further stipulates that&#8220;any communication [&lt;i&gt;with third countries for the purposes of readmission&lt;/i&gt;] shall in no way prejudice the Union's position on the status of the territories or entities concerned and shall not be considered as recognition, support or validation of their authority or legitimacy &#8221; (Art. 37). Presented under a supposedly &#8220;technical&#8221; guise, these discussions with the Taliban, whose regime the EU itself acknowledges has led to a &#8220;significant deterioration (&#8230;) in human rights for the Afghan population&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-24&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See in particular the European Council's factsheet on Afghanistan&#034; id=&#034;nh5-24&#034;&gt;24&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; , could lead to the institutionalisation of the violation of the principle of non-refoulement and expose the individuals concerned to torture, inhuman and degrading treatment, arbitrary executions, and other serious human rights violations in Afghanistan.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_6042 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_file spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;25&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt;
&lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/pdf/press_review_april_2026.pdf' class=&#034; spip_doc_lien&#034; title='PDF - 574.4 KiB' type=&#034;application/pdf&#034;&gt;&lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH500/16-2-01222.png?1778491587' width='500' height='500' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Press review April 2026
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;hr /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_notes'&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-1&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-1&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See Migreurop, &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article3571.html?lang_article=fr#https://migreurop.org/article3571.html?lang_article=fr&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Press Review: March 2026&#8221;&lt;/a&gt;, 8 April 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-2&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-2&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See Migreurop, &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article3565.html?lang_article=fr#https://migreurop.org/article3565.html?lang_article=fr&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Maghreb and European Union states guilty of systematic violations of international law and crimes against&lt;/a&gt; humanity&#8221;, 7 April 2026.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-3&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-3&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See on this subject Myria, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.myria.be/fr/publications/loi-sur-les-visites-domiciliaires-des-conditions-vagues-et-peu-de-garanties#https://www.myria.be/fr/publications/loi-sur-les-visites-domiciliaires-des-conditions-vagues-et-peu-de-garanties&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Law on home visits: vague conditions and few&lt;/a&gt; safeguards&#8221;, 30 July 2025 and Cir&#233;, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.cire.be/ceci-nest-pas-une-fiction/#https://www.cire.be/ceci-nest-pas-une-fiction/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;This is not fiction, it is a draft law!&lt;/a&gt;&#8221;, 27 November 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-4&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-4&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Ibid.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-5&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-5&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-5&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See on this subject Migreurop, &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article3551.html?lang_article=fr#outil_sommaire_9&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Press review February&lt;/a&gt; 2026&#8221;, 10 March 2026, on the &#8220;return&#8221; regulation&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-6&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-6&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-6&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See in particular Amnesty International, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.amnesty.fr/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/aA83DvIqRLdaBqIx_RapportAnnuelAI2024-2025.pdf#https://www.amnesty.fr/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/aA83DvIqRLdaBqIx_RapportAnnuelAI2024-2025.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;The State of Human Rights in the&lt;/a&gt; World&#8221;, April 2025, pages 91&#8211;94&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-7&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-7&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-7&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Ibid&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-8&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-8&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-8&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See on this subject Lighthouse Reports, &#8220;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.lighthousereports.com/investigation/we-were-slaves/#https://www.lighthousereports.com/investigation/we-were-slaves/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;We were&lt;/a&gt; slaves&#8221;, 28 June 2022; or Human Rights Watch, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.hrw.org/report/2022/04/07/their-faces-were-covered/greeces-use-migrants-police-auxiliaries-pushbacks#https://www.hrw.org/report/2022/04/07/their-faces-were-covered/greeces-use-migrants-police-auxiliaries-pushbacks&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Their Faces Were Covered&#8221;. Greece's Use of Migrants as Police Auxiliaries in Pushbacks&lt;/a&gt;, 7 April 2022&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-9&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-9&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-9&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See in particular the press release from the National Association of Italian Magistrates (ANM), &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.associazionemagistrati.it/doc/5077/sicurezza-sconcerto-per-attacco-a-diritto-di-difesa.htm#https://www.associazionemagistrati.it/doc/5077/sicurezza-sconcerto-per-attacco-a-diritto-di-difesa.htm&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Security Decree: dismay at attack on the right to&lt;/a&gt; defence&#8221;, 18 April 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-10&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-10&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-10&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;For further information, see the Migreurop press release, &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article3230.html#https://migreurop.org/article3230.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Italy-Albania Memorandum of Understanding on Migration: Cross-Border Cooperation Contrary to International&lt;/a&gt; Law&#8221;, 13 February 2024&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-11&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-11&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-11&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See the statement by the Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.coe.int/fr/web/commissioner/-/italy-albania-agreement-adds-to-worrying-european-trend-towards-externalising-asylum-procedures#https://www.coe.int/fr/web/commissioner/-/italy-albania-agreement-adds-to-worrying-european-trend-towards-externalising-asylum-procedures&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;The agreement between Italy and Albania confirms the worrying European trend towards externalising asylum&lt;/a&gt; procedures&#8221;, 13 November 2023&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-12&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-12&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-12&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See in particular Stop de Asielwetten, &#8220;&lt;a href=&#034;https://stopdeasielwetten.nl/actueel/nieuws/strafbaarstelling-van-tafel#https://stopdeasielwetten.nl/actueel/nieuws/strafbaarstelling-van-tafel&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;A bittersweet victory: Criminalisation off the table&lt;/a&gt;&#8221;, 21 April 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-13&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-13&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-13&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;13&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;The suspension of the right to asylum was subsequently extended four times in 2025 and once in 2026.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-14&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-14&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-14&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;14&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See in particular the joint report &lt;a href=&#034;file:///C:/Users/admin/Downloads/Pushbacks Report 2025.pdf#file:///C:/Users/admin/Downloads/Pushbacks Report 2025.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034;&gt;&#8220;Beaten back at Europe's borders &#8211; 2025 annual report on&lt;/a&gt; pushbacks&#8221;,February 2026, pages 11&#8211;13.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-15&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-15&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-15&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;15&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;According to the report by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/glosom/GLOSOM_2018_web_small.pdf#https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/glosom/GLOSOM_2018_web_small.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Global study on smuggling of&lt;/a&gt; migrants&#8221;, June 2018, the demand for facilitation services is determined primarily by the limitation of so-called &#8220;legal&#8221; routes of access to certain territories.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-16&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-16&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-16&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;16&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;The Sandhurst Treaty provides that the United Kingdom shall fund part of the measures taken by France to &#8220;secure&#8221; French beaches, as the Franco-British border is situated on French soil. Since its signing in 2018 and to date, the United Kingdom has paid approximately &#8364;540 million to France.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-17&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-17&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-17&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;17&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See on this subject InfoMigrants, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/70665/traversees-de-la-manche--londres-et-paris-prolongent-de-deux-mois-seulement-leur-accord-pour-securiser-la-frontiere#https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/70665/traversees-de-la-manche--londres-et-paris-prolongent-de-deux-mois-seulement-leur-accord-pour-securiser-la-frontiere&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Crossings of the English Channel: London and Paris extend their agreement to secure the border by just two&lt;/a&gt; months&#8221;, 1 April 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-18&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-18&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-18&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;18&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Ibid.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-19&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-19&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-19&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;19&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See The Guardian, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2024/mar/23/uk-funding-french-migrants-small-boat-border-forces#https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2024/mar/23/uk-funding-french-migrants-small-boat-border-forces&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Revealed: UK-funded French forces putting migrants' lives at risk with small-boat&lt;/a&gt; tactics&#8221;, 23 March 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-20&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-20&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-20&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;20&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See the report by the Human Rights Network, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.humansforrights.org/state-violence#https://www.humansforrights.org/state-violence&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;You can't stay but you can't go &#8211; State violence at the UK-France&lt;/a&gt; border&#8221;, December 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-21&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-21&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-21&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;21&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See InfoMigrants, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/70616/le-renforcement-des-controles-policiers-rend-la-traversee-de-la-manche-plus-mortelle-selon-des-chercheurs#https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/70616/le-renforcement-des-controles-policiers-rend-la-traversee-de-la-manche-plus-mortelle-selon-des-chercheurs&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Tighter police controls make crossing the Channel more deadly, say&lt;/a&gt; researchers&#8221;, 31 March 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-22&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-22&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-22&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;22&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See on this subject Euractiv, &lt;a href=&#034;https://euractiv.fr/news/migrations-la-commission-europeenne-annonce-que-des-discussions-avec-les-talibans-sur-les-retours-sont-en-cours/#https://euractiv.fr/news/migrations-la-commission-europeenne-annonce-que-des-discussions-avec-les-talibans-sur-les-retours-sont-en-cours/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Migration: European Commission announces that discussions with the Taliban on returns are&lt;/a&gt; underway&#8221;, 20 October 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-23&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-23&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-23&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;23&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See also InfoMigrants, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/70091/lallemagne-expulse-20-criminels-afghans-vers-kaboul#https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/70091/lallemagne-expulse-20-criminels-afghans-vers-kaboul&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Germany deports 20 Afghan criminals to Kabul&lt;/a&gt;&#8221;, 27 February 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-24&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-24&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 5-24&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;24&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See in particular the European Council's &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.consilium.europa.eu/fr/policies/afghanistan-eu-response/#https://www.consilium.europa.eu/fr/policies/afghanistan-eu-response/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;factsheet on Afghanistan&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		</content:encoded>


		

	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Revue de presse avril 2026</title>
		<link>http://migreurop.org/article3588.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">http://migreurop.org/article3588.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2026-05-11T08:33:35Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Camille</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>Belgique</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Tunisie</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Alg&#233;rie</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Gr&#232;ce</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Italie</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Albanie</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Pays-Bas</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Pologne</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Royaume-Uni</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>France</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Afghanistan</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Externalisation</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Surveillance et contr&#244;le</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>R&#233;voltes et mobilisations</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Renvois forc&#233;s</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Racisme</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>r&#232;glement retour</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Politiques migratoires</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Pays s&#251;rs</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Militarisation des fronti&#232;res</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Enfermement</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Asile</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Frontex</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Union Europ&#233;enne</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Tunisie Business News, &#171; La rue pour briser le silence : mobilisation citoyenne contre le racisme &#224; Tunis &#187;, le 11 avril 2026 &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
&#192; la suite d'une p&#233;tition citoyenne lanc&#233;e le 7 avril et diffus&#233;e sur les r&#233;seaux sociaux, une marche de solidarit&#233; contre le racisme s'est tenue &#224; Tunis le samedi 11 avril. Des slogans ont &#233;t&#233; scand&#233;s pour d&#233;noncer les discours racistes en ligne, les propos discriminatoires de certain&#183;e&#183;s d&#233;put&#233;&#183;e&#183;s tunisien&#183;ne&#183;s, ainsi que la r&#233;pression visant les migrant&#183;e&#183;s et (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


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&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_0&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Tunisie&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Business News, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://businessnews.com.tn/2026/04/11/la-rue-pour-briser-le-silence-mobilisation-citoyenne-contre-le-racisme-a-tunis/1396088/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;La rue pour briser le silence : mobilisation citoyenne contre le racisme &#224; Tunis&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 11 avril 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#192; la suite d'une &lt;a href=&#034;https://tunisiansolidarity.org/en/racisme/#&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;p&#233;tition citoyenne&lt;/a&gt; lanc&#233;e le 7 avril et diffus&#233;e sur les r&#233;seaux sociaux, une marche de solidarit&#233; contre le racisme s'est tenue &#224; Tunis le samedi 11 avril. Des slogans ont &#233;t&#233; scand&#233;s pour d&#233;noncer les discours racistes en ligne, les propos discriminatoires de certain&#183;e&#183;s d&#233;put&#233;&#183;e&#183;s tunisien&#183;ne&#183;s, ainsi que la r&#233;pression visant les migrant&#183;e&#183;s et les d&#233;fenseur&#183;e&#183;s des droits en Tunisie.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le racisme envers les migrant&#183;e&#183;s d'Afrique subsaharienne et les Tunisien&#183;ne&#183;s noir&#183;e&#183;s s'intensifie dans le pays. Des campagnes de d&#233;sinformation et de haine orchestr&#233;es par le gouvernement de Ka&#239;s Sa&#239;ed, des arrestations arbitraires et des poursuites fond&#233;es sur de fausses accusations contre les militant&#183;e&#183;s antiracistes&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb6-1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet Migreurop, &#171; Revue de presse mars 2026 &#187;, 8 avril 2026&#034; id=&#034;nh6-1&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, ainsi que des pressions croissantes sur la soci&#233;t&#233; civile solidaire fa&#231;onnent aujourd'hui la r&#233;alit&#233; tunisienne. Cette situation s'inscrit en partie dans le r&#244;le de &#171; garde-fronti&#232;re &#187; que la Tunisie a endoss&#233; pour le compte de l'Italie et de l'Union europ&#233;enne, surtout depuis 2023, dans le cadre du &lt;a href=&#034;https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/pt/ip_23_3887&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;m&#233;morandum d'entente UE-Tunisie&lt;/a&gt;, fortement soutenu par le gouvernement italien et visant &#224; dissuader et entraver les d&#233;parts vers l'Europe.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Malgr&#233; cette r&#233;pression g&#233;n&#233;ralis&#233;e, la mobilisation citoyenne d&#233;montre que la soci&#233;t&#233; civile ne faiblit pas, et continue de r&#233;sister et de se mobiliser pour la d&#233;fense des droits humains, dont les violations engagent la responsabilit&#233; de l'UE et de ses politiques d'externalisation.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_1&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Jugement du Tribunal Permanent des Peuples&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Lebrief&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;.ma, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.lebrief.ma/tribunal-permanent-des-peuples-les-etats-du-maghreb-et-lunion-europeenne-responsables-de-violations-systematiques-des-droits-des-migrants-100147142/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Tribunal permanent des peuples : les &#201;tats du Maghreb et l'Union europ&#233;enne responsables de violations syst&#233;matiques des droits des migrants&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 6 avril 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le 31 mars &#224; Rabat, le jury de la 56e session du Tribunal permanent des peuples (TPP) a rendu son&lt;a href=&#034;https://permanentpeoplestribunal.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/TPP_Migrazione_Maghreb_Sentenza_FR_30-marzo-2026.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;jugement d&#233;finitif&lt;/a&gt;. &#192; la suite d'un acte d'accusation r&#233;dig&#233; par une coalition d'organisations de la soci&#233;t&#233; civile, le TPP a reconnu les &#201;tats du Maghreb, l'UE et plusieurs de ses &#201;tats membres coupables de violations syst&#233;matiques et syst&#233;miques du droit international (non-assistance &#224; personnes en danger, d&#233;tentions arbitraires, torture, refoulements, discriminations raciales, violations des droits). Lors des audiences qui se sont tenues en octobre 2025 &#224; Palerme (Italie), des &#233;l&#233;ments de preuve ont &#233;t&#233; pr&#233;sent&#233;s tels que l'existence en Libye d'un syst&#232;me de refoulement, de d&#233;tention, de traite et d'exploitation ; des refoulements, abandons dans le d&#233;sert et des violences racistes en Tunisie ; un continuum de violences allant de la d&#233;tention arbitraire en Libye jusqu'&#224; la criminalisation des exil&#233;&#183;e&#183;s et de leurs soutiens en Europe ; des attaques incessantes contre les op&#233;rations civiles de sauvetage en mer...L'UE et ses &#201;tats membres ont &#233;t&#233; consid&#233;r&#233;s complices de ces violations des droits pour avoir financ&#233; et encourag&#233; ces crimes, notamment &#224; travers leurs politiques d'externalisation des fronti&#232;res.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Au-del&#224; des violations du droit international par les &#201;tats, le TPP mentionne &#233;galement la possible qualification de crimes contre l'Humanit&#233;, dans la mesure o&#249; les faits document&#233;s r&#233;sultent de choix d&#233;lib&#233;r&#233;s d'individus et d'actes effectu&#233;s en pleine conscience.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ce jugement, qui n'a pas de valeur juridique contraignante, repr&#233;sente toutefois une avanc&#233;e symbolique permettant la reconnaissance, par une juridiction citoyenne, des crimes perp&#233;tr&#233;s contre les personnes migrantes. C'est une premi&#232;re &#233;tape visant &#224; mobiliser l'opinion publique et &#224; d&#233;passer les barri&#232;res du silence, de la haine et de la marginalisation qui entourent les questions migratoires&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb6-2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet Migreurop, &#171; Les &#201;tats du Maghreb et de l'Union europ&#233;enne (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh6-2&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_2&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Belgique&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;RTL info, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.rtl.be/actu/belgique/politique/il-ne-peut-plus-sagir-dun-sujet-tabou-le-gouvernement-donne-son-feu-vert-une/2026-04-03/article/784710&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Il ne peut plus s'agir d'un sujet tabou &#187; : le gouvernement donne son feu vert &#224; une mesure controvers&#233;e&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 3 avril 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le gouvernement belge a approuv&#233; en deuxi&#232;me lecture le projet de loi autorisant les &#171; visites domiciliaires &#187; (2025), qui permettrait &#224; la police, avec l'autorisation d'un juge, d'effectuer des perquisitions au domicile d'une personne sans titre de s&#233;jour, qui repr&#233;senterait &#171; un danger pour l'ordre public ou la s&#233;curit&#233; nationale &#187;, dans le but de proc&#233;der &#224; son arrestation et &#224; son expulsion.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le projet suscite de graves inqui&#233;tudes au regard des droits fondamentaux, tels que le droit au respect de la vie priv&#233;e et familiale (art. 8 de la Convention europ&#233;enne des droits de l'Homme), ainsi que du principe de l'inviolabilit&#233; du domicile (art. 15 de la Constitution belge). Ces droits sont menac&#233;s par la notion non d&#233;finie de &#171; danger pour l'ordre public &#187;, qui ouvre la porte &#224; l'arbitraire. En outre, aucun recours n'est pr&#233;vu pour contester la l&#233;galit&#233; de la &#171; visite &#187;, ce qui viole le droit &#224; un recours effectif&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb6-3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet Myria, &#171; Loi sur les visites domiciliaires : des (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh6-3&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Plusieurs organisations de la soci&#233;t&#233; civile, et des institutions publiques, ont d&#233;nonc&#233; le projet de loi d&#232;s son d&#233;p&#244;t l'ann&#233;e derni&#232;re, en l'estimant non conforme aux crit&#232;res de n&#233;cessit&#233; et de proportionnalit&#233;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb6-4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Ibidem&#034; id=&#034;nh6-4&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;S'il est approuv&#233; par le Parlement, il constituerait une nouvelle pierre dans la construction d'un r&#233;gime de surveillance des personnes exil&#233;es que les gouvernements europ&#233;ens tentent de mettre en place en Europe&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb6-5&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet Migreurop, &#171; Revue de presse f&#233;vrier 2026 &#187;, 10 mars 2026, (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh6-5&#034;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_3&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Belgique/Alg&#233;rie&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;InfoMigrants&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/70707/la-belgique-conclut-un-accord-avec-lalgerie-pour-accelerer-les-expulsions-dalgeriens-en-situation-irreguliere&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;La Belgique conclut un accord avec l'Alg&#233;rie pour acc&#233;l&#233;rer les expulsions d'Alg&#233;riens en situation irr&#233;guli&#232;re&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 2 avril 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La Belgique et l'Alg&#233;rie ont conclu un accord sur l'expulsion des ressortissant&#183;e&#183;s alg&#233;rien&#183;ne&#183;s. L'accord, qui doit encore &#234;tre approuv&#233; par le Parlement belge, pr&#233;voit que l'Alg&#233;rie s'engage &#224; identifier ses ressortissant&#183;e&#183;s faisant l'objet d'une mesure d'expulsion dans un d&#233;lai de 15 jours , ainsi qu'&#224; accepter la possibilit&#233; de pr&#233;voir leur expulsion group&#233;e dans des vols d&#233;di&#233;s,avec la participation d'escortes alg&#233;riennes. Pourtant, la l&#233;galit&#233; des renvois group&#233;s de personnes d'une m&#234;me nationalit&#233; est contestable au regard des textes prot&#233;geant les droits humains (Convention europ&#233;enne des droits de l'Homme, Charte europ&#233;enne des droits fondamentaux) qui prohibent les expulsions collectives. En contrepartie, la Belgique accorde un acc&#232;s sans visa &#224; son territoire aux titulaires de passeports diplomatiques alg&#233;riens.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Il s'agit de l'&#233;ni&#232;me exemple d'accords, formels ou informels, conclu afin d'acc&#233;l&#233;rer les expulsions de personnes &#233;trang&#232;res depuis l'Europe, en contrepartie d'avantages financiers, commerciaux ou politiques. Une diplomatie du renvoi, au m&#233;pris des droits fondamentaux. Nombreuses sont ainsi les voix qui s'&#233;l&#232;vent pour d&#233;noncer une violation syst&#233;matique des droits en Alg&#233;rie : r&#233;tr&#233;cissement de l'espace de la soci&#233;t&#233; civile, r&#233;pression s&#233;v&#232;re de la libert&#233; d'expression, atteintes au droit de r&#233;union pacifique et d'association, et all&#233;gations de torture et autres mauvais traitements en sont certaines des illustrations&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb6-6&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir notamment Amnesty International, &#171; La situation des droits humains (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh6-6&#034;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Par ailleurs, des sanctions s&#233;v&#232;res sont pr&#233;vues en cas de sortie et d'aide &#224; la sortie &#171; ill&#233;gale &#187; du territoire alg&#233;rien, pouvant aller jusqu'&#224; cinq ans d'emprisonnement&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb6-7&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Ibidem&#034; id=&#034;nh6-7&#034;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, ce qui est contraire au droit international (art.12-2 Pacte international relatif aux droits civils et politiques &#171; Toute personne est libre de quitter n'importe quel pays, y compris le sien &#187;).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_4&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Gr&#232;ce&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;BBC&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c86vpq42dl0o&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Greek police using masked migrants to forcibly push other migrants back across border&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 14 avril 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;De nouvelles preuves ont &#233;t&#233; recueillies concernant le recrutement, par les autorit&#233;s grecques, de personnes migrantes pour refouler d'autres exil&#233;&#183;e&#183;s &#224; la fronti&#232;re avec la Turquie (r&#233;gion du fleuve Evros). En contrepartie, celles-ci recevraient de l'argent, ainsi que des documents administratifs leur permettant de demeurer en Gr&#232;ce pendant 25 jours.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cette pratique n'est pas in&#233;dite et est document&#233;e par plusieurs organisations et enqu&#234;tes depuis au moins 2020&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb6-8&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet Lighthouse Reports, &#171; &#8220;We were slaves&#8221; &#187;, 28 juin 2022 ; ou (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh6-8&#034;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Le recrutement d'exil&#233;&#183;e&#183;s en tant que &#171; mercenaires &#187; se ferait sous la contrainte, apr&#232;s leur franchissement de la fronti&#232;re entre la Turquie et la Gr&#232;ce. Masqu&#233;es, ces personnes seraient charg&#233;es de proc&#233;der &#224; des refoulements et d'exercer d'autres formes de violences, telles que des d&#233;shabillages forc&#233;s, des passages &#224; tabac et des vols d'effets personnels. En &#233;change de documents leur permettant de se maintenir un temps sur le territoire europ&#233;en.Une forme d'exploitation des migrant&#183;e&#183;s pour le &#171; contr&#244;le &#187; des fronti&#232;res, &#224; qui les autorit&#233;s grecques et europ&#233;ennes tenteraient de transf&#233;rer la responsabilit&#233; de pratiques violentes et attentatoires aux droits humains. Dans un exercice bien connu de d&#233;ni, la Gr&#232;ce comme Frontex d&#233;clarent ne pas avoir connaissance de ces faits.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_5&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Italie&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Il Post, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.ilpost.it/2026/04/23/cosa-sono-rimpatri-volontari-assistiti-patrocinio-gratuito-migranti-decreto-sicurezza/?utm_campaign=leggi_anche&amp;utm_medium=leggi_anche&amp;utm_source=ilpost&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Capire meglio le due questioni sui migranti di cui si parla da giorni&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 23 avril 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Il &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;Post&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.ilpost.it/2026/04/24/governo-decreto-sicurezza-modifica-incentivi-rimpatri/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; hreflang=&#034;fr&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Il governo ha messo una pezza alla norma sui rimpatri volontari&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 24 avril 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le 24 avril, le gouvernement italien a approuv&#233; un projet de loi visant &#224; modifier une mesure relative aux migrations contenue dans le &#171; d&#233;cret s&#251;ret&#233; &#187;, adopt&#233; le m&#234;me jour par le Parlement . La mesure pr&#233;voyait l'octroi d'une prime de 615 euros aux avocat&#183;e&#183;s charg&#233;&#183;e&#183;s des proc&#233;dures de retour dit &#171; volontaire &#187; dans le cas o&#249; ce retour aboutirait, mais elle avait &#233;t&#233; bloqu&#233;e par le Pr&#233;sident de la R&#233;publique pour motif d'inconstitutionnalit&#233;. Dans cette modification pr&#233;cipit&#233;e, la prime sera d&#233;sormais vers&#233;e aux avocat&#183;e&#183;s et &#224; d'autres acteur&#183;rice&#183;s impliqu&#233;&#183;e&#183;s dans la mise en &#339;uvre des &#171; retours volontaires &#187;, ind&#233;pendamment de l'issue. Le projet de loi doit encore &#234;tre approuv&#233; par le Parlement italien.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Une deuxi&#232;me mesure, entr&#233;e en vigueur dans le cadre du &#171; d&#233;cret s&#251;ret&#233; &#187; adopt&#233;, supprime l'octroi automatique de l'aide juridictionnelle pour les personnes migrantes contestant une proc&#233;dure d'expulsion. Celles-ci devront d&#233;sormais prouver qu'elles remplissent les conditions de ressources en fournissant des documents (notamment une attestation consulaire) souvent tr&#232;s difficiles &#224; obtenir dans les d&#233;lais pr&#233;vus par la loi.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Au nom d'une pr&#233;tendue urgence &#224; expulser plus rapidement et plus efficacement, l'Italie porte atteinte &#224; ses obligations en mati&#232;re de garantie des droits, en tentant de fragiliser l'ind&#233;pendance et l'autonomie des avocat&#183;e&#183;s, et en introduisant des contraintes administratives qui rendent l'acc&#232;s &#224; l'aide juridictionnelle pour certaines personnes exil&#233;es quasiment impossible. M&#234;me si la version initiale de la premi&#232;re mesure n'a pas &#233;t&#233; adopt&#233;e, les &#233;volutions r&#233;centes t&#233;moignent d'une menace croissante et grave sur le droit &#224; la d&#233;fense des personnes migrantes, qui devrait pourtant &#234;tre &#171; plein, libre et concr&#232;tement accessible &#187;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb6-9&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir notamment le communiqu&#233; de presse de l'association nationale des (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh6-9&#034;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_6&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Italie/Albanie&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Politico&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.politico.eu/article/italy-migrant-detention-hubs-albania-not-against-eu-law-says-top-eu-court-adviser/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Italy's migrant detention hubs in Albania not against EU law, says top EU court adviser &#187; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;, le 23 avril 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Un avocat g&#233;n&#233;ral &#224; la Cour de justice de l'Union europ&#233;enne (CJUE) a estim&#233; que le protocole d'accord Italie-Albanie (2023)&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb6-10&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Pour en savoir plus, lire le communiqu&#233; de Migreurop, &#171; Protocole d'accord (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh6-10&#034;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; est, en principe, conforme au droit europ&#233;en. Ce dernier n'emp&#234;cherait pas les &#201;tats membres de mettre en place, en dehors de leur territoire, des camps de d&#233;tention d&#233;di&#233;s aux proc&#233;dures d'expulsion et/ou au traitement des demandes d'asile, &#224; condition que l'&#201;tat tiers concern&#233; respecte le droit de l'Union, et les droits des migrant&#183;e&#183;s.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Il s'agit d'un avis non contraignant, qui contribue pourtant &#224; la l&#233;gitimation politique du nouvel avatar de la politique d'externalisation europ&#233;enne , initi&#233; par l'Italie, et qui a inspir&#233; les nouvelles r&#233;glementations europ&#233;ennes (cf. r&#232;glement &#171; retour &#187;2026).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La Commissaire aux droits de l'Homme du Conseil de l'Europe a dans ce sens rappel&#233; en 2023 que &#171; la possibilit&#233; de d&#233;poser une demande d'asile et de la faire examiner sur le territoire des &#201;tats membres reste une composante indispensable d'un syst&#232;me fiable et respectueux des droits humains &#187;, ajoutant que &#171; le protocole d'accord cr&#233;e un r&#233;gime d'asile extraterritorial ad hoc, caract&#233;ris&#233; par de nombreuses ambigu&#239;t&#233;s juridiques&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb6-11&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir la d&#233;claration du Commissaire aux droits de l'Homme du Conseil de (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh6-11&#034;&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Il reste d&#233;sormais &#224; attendre la d&#233;cision d&#233;finitive de la CJUE.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_7&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pays-Bas&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;DutchNews, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.dutchnews.nl/2026/04/senate-rejects-law-to-criminalise-living-in-nl-without-papers/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; hreflang=&#034;fr&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt; Senate &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;rejects bill to criminalise living in NL without papers&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 21 avril 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;InfoMigrants, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/61881/les-paysbas-adoptent-le-double-statut-pour-les-demandeurs-dasile&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; hreflang=&#034;fr&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Les Pays-Bas adoptent le double statut pour les demandeurs d'asile&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 23 avril 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le 21 avril, le S&#233;nat a rejet&#233; une proposition de loi visant &#224; criminaliser le s&#233;jour dit &#171; irr&#233;gulier &#187;, qui aurait entra&#238;n&#233; un risque accru d'exclusion sociale des personnes exil&#233;es, ainsi que l'exposition &#224; des risques juridiques pour les personnes apportant une aide humanitaire, notamment en fournissant de la nourriture, un abri ou toute autre forme de soutien.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ce rejet arrive suite &#224; une large mobilisation de la soci&#233;t&#233; civile n&#233;erlandaise. Environ 120 organisations ont rejoint la campagne &#171; &lt;i&gt;Stop de asielwetten&lt;/i&gt; &#187; (Halte aux lois sur l'asile), en soulignant les effets n&#233;gatifs potentiels de la loi sur l'acc&#232;s effectif aux droits fondamentaux tels que l'&#233;ducation, les soins de sant&#233; et l'assistance juridique, qui doivent &#234;tre garantis ind&#233;pendamment du statut administratif des personnes. Des municipalit&#233;s, dont Amsterdam, ont &#233;galement manifest&#233; leur opposition, montrant que l'&#233;chelon local peut constituer un contre-pouvoir face &#224; l'&#201;tat.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cependant, cette victoire a &#233;t&#233; qualifi&#233;e de &#171; douce-am&#232;re &#187; par la coalition de la campagne&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb6-12&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir notamment Stop de Asielwetten, &#171; Een bitterzoete overwinning : (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh6-12&#034;&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, car le S&#233;nat a approuv&#233; un syst&#232;me de &#171; double statut &#187; pour les migrant&#183;e&#183;s demandeur&#183;euses d'asile, qui accordera des droits diff&#233;rents &#224; celles et ceux qui fuient des pers&#233;cutions individuelles &#8211; qui b&#233;n&#233;ficieraient d'une protection dite &#171; compl&#232;te &#187; en tant que r&#233;fugi&#233;&#183;es &#8211; et celles et ceux qui fuient des guerres ou des catastrophes naturelles, qui auraient des droits limit&#233;s, notamment en mati&#232;re de regroupement familial. Cette distinction existe d&#233;j&#224; dans de nombreux pays europ&#233;ens (statut de r&#233;fugi&#233;&#183;e et protection subsidiaire). Son introduction aux Pays-Bas, o&#249; jusqu'ici les droits des deux cat&#233;gories de demandeur&#183;euse&#183;s d'asile &#233;taient les m&#234;mes&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb6-13&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet Refugee Help, &#171; House of Representatives agrees to stricter (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh6-13&#034;&gt;13&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, suscite des pr&#233;occupations au sein de la soci&#233;t&#233; civile quant au respect de la dignit&#233; humaine. La coalition se dit donc pr&#234;te &#224; poursuivre sa bataille contre les politiques migratoires r&#233;pressives du gouvernement n&#233;erlandais. Une lutte qui appara&#238;t de plus en plus urgente dans le contexte europ&#233;en actuel, domin&#233; par les id&#233;ologies racistes et les l&#233;gislations attentatoires aux droits des personnes migrantes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_8&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pologne&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;InfoMigrants&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/70764/baisse-des-passages-a-la-frontiere-entre-pologne-et-bielorussie--les-itineraires-dangereux-seront-plus-frequentes&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Baisse des passages &#224; la fronti&#232;re entre Pologne et Bi&#233;lorussie : 'Les itin&#233;raires dangereux seront plus fr&#233;quent&#233;s&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 10 avril 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le gouvernement polonais a r&#233;cemment communiqu&#233; une forte baisse des tentatives de franchissement de la fronti&#232;re entre la Pologne et la Bi&#233;lorussie en quatre ans, qu'il attribue au renforcement de la militarisation de la fronti&#232;re et &#224; la suspension temporaire de l'enregistrement des demandes d'asile. Les organisations d'aide aux personnes exil&#233;es alertent sur le fait qu'en r&#233;alit&#233;, ces politiques n'ont fait que contraindre les personnes exil&#233;es &#224; traverser la fronti&#232;re via des tunnels souterrains dans des conditions tr&#232;s risqu&#233;es.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La Pologne &#8211; comme d'autres pays europ&#233;ens, arguant d'une hausse des demandes d'asile et des arriv&#233;es sur leurs territoire &#8211; a d&#233;cid&#233; de suspendre l'enregistrement des demandes d'asile &#224; ses fronti&#232;res en 2024. Cette violation de ses obligations internationales a &#233;t&#233; faite avec l'aval de l'UE, qui permet de limiter l'enregistrement des demandes d'asile dans des circonstances dites &#171; exceptionnelles &#187;, notamment pour les &#201;tats membres confront&#233;s &#224; une &#171; situation de crise &#187;, d'&#171; afflux massif &#187; ou &#224; une &#171; instrumentalisation des mouvements migratoires &#187;. Depuis 2021, Varsovie accuse en effet Minsk de coorganiser avec Moscou l'arriv&#233;e de personnes migrantes afin de &#171; d&#233;stabiliser &#187; le territoire de l'UE&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb6-14&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;La suspension du droit d'asile a ensuite &#233;t&#233; prolong&#233;e quatre fois en 2025 e (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh6-14&#034;&gt;14&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Parmi les effets de cette suspension, figurent les 14 754 refoulements vers la Bi&#233;lorussie op&#233;r&#233;s de fa&#231;on ill&#233;galepar les autorit&#233;s polonaises entre janvier et d&#233;cembre 2025, violant leurs droits et exposant les personnes exil&#233;es &#224; des conditions inhumaines et d&#233;gradantes&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb6-15&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir notamment le rapport conjoint &#171; Beaten back at Europe's borders - 2025 (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh6-15&#034;&gt;15&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La multiplication des franchissements de la fronti&#232;re par des tunnels et autres voies alternatives d&#233;montre une fois de plus que les politiques migratoires r&#233;pressives et s&#233;curitaires ne mettent pas fin aux mouvements migratoires : elles rendent les itin&#233;raires plus dangereux et plus longs, et poussent les personnes exil&#233;es &#224; recourir &#224; des facilitateurs devenus n&#233;cessaires dans le contexte de fermeture des fronti&#232;res&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb6-16&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Selon le rapport de l'Office des Nations Unies contre la drogue et le (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh6-16&#034;&gt;16&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_9&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Royaume-Uni/France&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Le Monde, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2026/04/23/nouvel-accord-franco-britannique-pour-endiguer-les-traversees-de-migrants-en-manche_6682464_3210.html?search-type=classic&amp;ise_click_rank=2&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Nouvel accord franco-britannique pour endiguer les travers&#233;es de migrants en Manche&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187;, le 23 avril 2025&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La France et le Royaume-Uni ont trouv&#233; un terrain d'entente pour prolonger l'accord de coop&#233;ration visant &#224; emp&#234;cher les travers&#233;es dites &#171; irr&#233;guli&#232;res &#187; de la Manche (&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.gisti.org/IMG/pdf/accord_france-royaumeuni_2018.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;trait&#233; de Sandhurst&lt;/a&gt;, 2018)&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb6-17&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Le trait&#233; de Sandhurst pr&#233;voit que le Royaume-Uni finance une partie des (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh6-17&#034;&gt;17&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Le Royaume-Uni fournira un financement qui pourra aller jusqu'&#224; 766 millions d'euros sur trois ans et qui comprend &#171; une partie flexible &#187;(186 millions d'euros), conditionn&#233;e &#224; l'efficacit&#233; des dispositions prises pour &#171; pr&#233;venir les tentatives de travers&#233;es &#187;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cette d&#233;cision intervient apr&#232;s des mois de tensions, durant lesquels le Royaume-Uni avait insist&#233; pour que la France augmente les interceptions en mer des &#171; &lt;i&gt;small boats&lt;/i&gt; &#187; (petites embarcations utilis&#233;es pour les travers&#233;es de la Manche), faute de quoi il n'aurait pas renouvel&#233; ses financements&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb6-18&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet InfoMigrants, &#171; Travers&#233;es de la Manche : Londres et Paris (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh6-18&#034;&gt;18&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La France s'y &#233;tait oppos&#233;e au d&#233;part,le Secr&#233;taire d'&#201;tat charg&#233; de la Mer, Xavier Ducept ayant soulign&#233; que les pratiques d'interception exig&#233;es par le Royaume-Uni risqueraient de violer le droit international et de mettre &#171; en danger la vie des personnes exil&#233;es et des agents fran&#231;ais &#187;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb6-19&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Ibidem&#034; id=&#034;nh6-19&#034;&gt;19&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En effet, les interceptions par les forces de l'ordre fran&#231;aises pour ramener les exil&#233;.e.s vers le littoral fran&#231;ais (&lt;i&gt;pullback&lt;/i&gt;) - pour le compte du Royaume-Uni - constituent une forme de refoulement, une pratique contraire au droit international et attentatoire au droit d'asile. Mais de nombreux et violents &lt;i&gt;pullba&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;ck&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;s&lt;/i&gt; ont d&#233;j&#224; &#233;t&#233; document&#233;sdans le cadre des op&#233;rations fran&#231;aises de &#171; surveillance &#187; dans la Manche financ&#233;es par le Royaume-Uni&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb6-20&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet The Guardian, &#171; Revealed : UK-funded French forces putting (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh6-20&#034;&gt;20&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. De plus, les op&#233;rations polici&#232;res men&#233;es &#224; l'encontre des exil&#233;&#183;e&#183;s sur les c&#244;tes fran&#231;aises, dans le but d'entraver les d&#233;parts vers le R.U. (d&#233;mant&#232;lement violent de campements, utilisation de gaz lacrymog&#232;ne, saisie de biens personnels, agressions physiques), mettent en danger constant la s&#233;curit&#233;, les droits et la vie des exil&#233;&#183;e&#183;s&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb6-21&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir le report de Humans for Rights Network, &#171; You can't stay but you can't (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh6-21&#034;&gt;21&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La France met donc de cot&#233; ses &#171; pr&#233;occupations &#187; concernant la vie des migrant&#183;e&#183;s et le respect du droit, au profit d'une coop&#233;ration meurtri&#232;re&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb6-22&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet InfoMigrants, &#171; Le renforcement des contr&#244;les policiers rend (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh6-22&#034;&gt;22&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; qui n'a cess&#233; de se renforcer au cours des vingt derni&#232;res ann&#233;es (accords du Touquet, accord &#171; One In, One Out &#187;).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_10&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;N&#233;gociations entre l'UE et les talibans&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Euractiv, &#171; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://euractiv.fr/news/exclusif-bruxelles-devrait-accueillir-les-talibans-pour-des-discussions-sur-les-expulsions-dafghans/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Bruxelles devrait accueillir les talibans pour des discussions sur les expulsions d'Afghans&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#187; , le 21 avril 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;L'Union europ&#233;enne s'appr&#234;te &#224; accueillir une d&#233;l&#233;gation de talibans afin de poursuivre les discussions sur l'expulsion de ressortissant&#183;e&#183;s afghan&#183;e&#183;s depuis le territoire europ&#233;en (janvier 2026)&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb6-23&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet Euractiv, &#171; Migrations : la Commission europ&#233;enne annonce (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh6-23&#034;&gt;23&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, notamment en ce qui concerne la coop&#233;ration des autorit&#233;s afghanes dans le processus d'identification et la d&#233;livrance de documents de voyage.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ces &#233;changes s'inscrivent dans un contexte de pressions croissantes de la part des gouvernements des &#201;tats membres en faveur de la mise en place d'un m&#233;canisme europ&#233;en visant &#224; coordonner les expulsions des Afghan&#183;e&#183;s d&#233;pourvu&#183;e&#183;s de droit au s&#233;jour ou condamn&#233;&#183;e&#183;s par la justice. En octobre 2025, 20 &#201;tats membres, &#224; l'initiative de la Belgique, avaient demand&#233; &#224; la Commission europ&#233;enne d'instaurer ce m&#233;canisme, et en f&#233;vrier 2026 l'Allemagne a &#233;t&#233; le premier pays europ&#233;en, depuis la prise de pouvoir des talibans (2021), &#224; proc&#233;der &#224; une expulsion directe vers l'Afghanistan&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb6-24&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir &#224; ce sujet InfoMigrants, &#171; L'Allemagne expulse 20 criminels afghans (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh6-24&#034;&gt;24&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Si l'UE s'&#233;tait jusqu'ici abrit&#233;e derri&#232;re la fiction des &#171; pays d'origine ou tiers s&#251;rs &#187; pour proc&#233;der &#224; des expulsions de personnes exil&#233;es, elle franchit aujourd'hui une &#233;tape suppl&#233;mentaire avec la proposition de r&#232;glement &#171; retour &#187;, pr&#233;voyant des expulsions vers tout pays tiers ayant conclu un accord formel ou informel avec un &#201;tat membre ou avec l'Union. Mais le texte de compromis adopt&#233; par le Parlement europ&#233;en le 26 mars 2026 pr&#233;voit en outre que&#171; toute communication [&lt;i&gt;a&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;vec les &#201;tats tiers &#224; des fins de r&#233;admission&lt;/i&gt;] ne pr&#233;juge en rien de la position de l'Union sur le statut des territoires ou des entit&#233;s concern&#233;s et ne saurait &#234;tre consid&#233;r&#233;e comme une reconnaissance, un soutien ou une validation de leur autorit&#233; ou de leur l&#233;gitimit&#233; &#187; (art. 37).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pr&#233;sent&#233;es sous un angle pr&#233;tendument &#171; technique &#187;, ces discussions avec les talibans, dont l'UE reconna&#238;t elle-m&#234;me que le r&#233;gime a entra&#238;n&#233; une &#171; d&#233;gradation sensible (&#8230;) des droits de l'Homme pour la population afghane &#187;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb6-25&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir notamment la fiche de l'Afghanistan du Conseil de l'Union europ&#233;enne&#034; id=&#034;nh6-25&#034;&gt;25&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, pourraient conduire &#224; une institutionnalisation de la violation du principe de non-refoulement et exposer les personnes concern&#233;es &#224; la torture, &#224; des traitements inhumains et d&#233;gradants, &#224; des ex&#233;cutions arbitraires, et &#224; d'autres graves violations de droits en Afghanistan.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_6037 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_file spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;28&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt;
&lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/pdf/draft_revue_de_presse_avril_2026.pdf' class=&#034; spip_doc_lien&#034; title='PDF - 260.1 kio' type=&#034;application/pdf&#034;&gt;&lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH500/4-6-66386.png?1778488618' width='500' height='500' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Revue de presse avril 2026
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;hr /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_notes'&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb6-1&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh6-1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 6-1&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet Migreurop, &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article3571.html?lang_article=fr&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#171; Revue de presse mars 2026 &#187;&lt;/a&gt;, 8 avril 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb6-2&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh6-2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 6-2&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet Migreurop, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article3565.html?lang_article=fr&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt; Les &#201;tats du Maghreb et de l'Union europ&#233;enne coupables de violations syst&#233;matiques du droit international et de crimes contre l'humanit&#233;&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 7 avril 2026.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb6-3&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh6-3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 6-3&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet Myria, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.myria.be/fr/publications/loi-sur-les-visites-domiciliaires-des-conditions-vagues-et-peu-de-garanties&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt; Loi sur les visites domiciliaires : des conditions vagues et peu de garantie&lt;/a&gt; &#187; , 30 juillet 2025 et Cir&#233;, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.cire.be/ceci-nest-pas-une-fiction/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt; Ceci n'est pas une fiction, c'est un projet de loi !&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 27 novembre 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb6-4&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh6-4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 6-4&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Ibidem&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb6-5&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh6-5&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 6-5&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet Migreurop, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article3551.html?lang_article=fr#outil_sommaire_9&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Revue de presse f&#233;vrier 2026&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 10 mars 2026, sur le r&#232;glement &#171; retour &#187;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb6-6&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh6-6&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 6-6&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir notamment Amnesty International, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.amnesty.fr/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/aA83DvIqRLdaBqIx_RapportAnnuelAI2024-2025.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt; La situation des droits humains dans le monde &lt;/a&gt; &#187;, avril 2025, pages 91-94&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb6-7&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh6-7&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 6-7&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Ibidem&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb6-8&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh6-8&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 6-8&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet Lighthouse Reports, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.lighthousereports.com/investigation/we-were-slaves/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;We were slaves&#8221;&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 28 juin 2022 ; ou encore Human Rights Watch, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.hrw.org/report/2022/04/07/their-faces-were-covered/greeces-use-migrants-police-auxiliaries-pushbacks&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt; &#8220;Their Faces Were Covered&#8221;. Greece's Use of Migrants as Police Auxiliaries in Pushbacks&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 7 avril 2022&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb6-9&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh6-9&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 6-9&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir notamment le communiqu&#233; de presse de l'association nationale des magistrat&#183;e&#183;s italien&#183;ne&#183;s (ANM) , &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.associazionemagistrati.it/doc/5077/sicurezza-sconcerto-per-attacco-a-diritto-di-difesa.htm&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Decreto Sicurezza : sconcerto per attacco a diritto di difesa&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 18 avril 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb6-10&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh6-10&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 6-10&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Pour en savoir plus, lire le communiqu&#233; de Migreurop, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article3230.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Protocole d'accord Italie/Albanie sur les migrations : une coop&#233;ration transfronti&#232;re contraire au droit international&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 13 f&#233;vrier 2024&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb6-11&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh6-11&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 6-11&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir la d&#233;claration du Commissaire aux droits de l'Homme du Conseil de l'Europe, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.coe.int/fr/web/commissioner/-/italy-albania-agreement-adds-to-worrying-european-trend-towards-externalising-asylum-procedures&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;L'accord entre l'Italie et l'Albanie confirme l'inqui&#233;tante tendance europ&#233;enne &#224; externaliser les proc&#233;dures d'asile&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 13 novembre 2023&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb6-12&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh6-12&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 6-12&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir notamment Stop de Asielwetten, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://stopdeasielwetten.nl/actueel/nieuws/strafbaarstelling-van-tafel&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt; Een bitterzoete overwinning : Strafbaarstelling van tafel &lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 21 avril 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb6-13&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh6-13&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 6-13&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;13&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet Refugee Help, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.refugeehelp.nl/en/asylum-seeker/news/100517-house-of-representatives-agrees-to-stricter-laws-on-asylum-now-the-senate-must-decide&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;House of Representatives agrees to stricter laws on asylum : now the Senate must decide&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 23 d&#233;cembre 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb6-14&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh6-14&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 6-14&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;14&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;La suspension du droit d'asile a ensuite &#233;t&#233; prolong&#233;e quatre fois en 2025 e une fois en 2026.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb6-15&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh6-15&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 6-15&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;15&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir notamment le rapport conjoint &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;file:///C:/Users/admin/Downloads/Pushbacks Report 2025.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034;&gt;Beaten back at Europe's borders - 2025 annual report on pushbacks &lt;/a&gt; &#187;,f&#233;vrier 2026, pages 11-13.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb6-16&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh6-16&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 6-16&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;16&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Selon le rapport de l'Office des Nations Unies contre la drogue et le crime, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/glosom/GLOSOM_2018_web_small.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Global study on smuggling of migrants&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, juin 2018, la demande de services de facilitation est d&#233;termin&#233;e surtout par la limitation des voies dites &#171; l&#233;gales &#187; d'acc&#232;s &#224; certaines territoires.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb6-17&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh6-17&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 6-17&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;17&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Le trait&#233; de Sandhurst pr&#233;voit que le Royaume-Uni finance une partie des actions men&#233;es par la France pour &#171; s&#233;curiser &#187; les plages fran&#231;aises, la fronti&#232;re franco-britannique &#233;tant situ&#233;e sur le sol fran&#231;ais. Depuis sa signature en 2018 et jusqu'ici, le Royaume-Uni a vers&#233; environ 540 millions d'euros &#224; la France.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb6-18&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh6-18&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 6-18&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;18&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet InfoMigrants, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/70665/traversees-de-la-manche--londres-et-paris-prolongent-de-deux-mois-seulement-leur-accord-pour-securiser-la-frontiere&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Travers&#233;es de la Manche : Londres et Paris prolongent de deux mois seulement leur accord pour s&#233;curiser la fronti&#232;re&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 1 avril 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb6-19&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh6-19&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 6-19&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;19&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Ibidem&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb6-20&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh6-20&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 6-20&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;20&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet The Guardian, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2024/mar/23/uk-funding-french-migrants-small-boat-border-forces&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt; Revealed : UK-funded French forces putting migrants' lives at risk with small-boat tactics&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 23 mars 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb6-21&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh6-21&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 6-21&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;21&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir le report de Humans for Rights Network, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.humansforrights.org/state-violence&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;You can't stay but you can't go - State violence at the UK-France border&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, d&#233;cembre 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb6-22&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh6-22&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 6-22&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;22&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet InfoMigrants, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/70616/le-renforcement-des-controles-policiers-rend-la-traversee-de-la-manche-plus-mortelle-selon-des-chercheurs&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Le renforcement des contr&#244;les policiers rend la travers&#233;e de la Manche plus mortelle, selon des chercheurs&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 31 mars 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb6-23&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh6-23&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 6-23&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;23&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet Euractiv, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://euractiv.fr/news/migrations-la-commission-europeenne-annonce-que-des-discussions-avec-les-talibans-sur-les-retours-sont-en-cours/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Migrations : la Commission europ&#233;enne annonce que des discussions avec les talibans sur les retours sont en cours&lt;/a&gt; &#187;, 20 octobre 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb6-24&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh6-24&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 6-24&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;24&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir &#224; ce sujet InfoMigrants, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/70091/lallemagne-expulse-20-criminels-afghans-vers-kaboul&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;L'Allemagne expulse 20 criminels afghans vers Kaboul &lt;/a&gt; &#187;,27 f&#233;vrier 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb6-25&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh6-25&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 6-25&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;25&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Voir notamment la &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.consilium.europa.eu/fr/policies/afghanistan-eu-response/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;fiche de l'Afghanistan&lt;/a&gt; du Conseil de l'Union europ&#233;enne&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		</content:encoded>


		

	</item>
<item xml:lang="it">
		<title>&#034;Women State Trafficking&#034; : un rapporto mette in luce il ruolo delle autorit&#224; tunisine nel traffico di donne migranti</title>
		<link>http://migreurop.org/article3581.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">http://migreurop.org/article3581.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2026-04-21T15:08:02Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>it</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Sarah Bachellerie</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>&lt;span lang='fr'&gt;Tunisie&lt;/span&gt;</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>&lt;span lang='fr'&gt;Libye&lt;/span&gt;</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Genre</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>&lt;span lang='fr'&gt;Business migratoire&lt;/span&gt;</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Racisme</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>&lt;span lang='fr'&gt;Enfermement&lt;/span&gt;</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Un rapporto redatto dal gruppo Researchers X, con il sostegno di diverse organizzazioni tra cui l'ASGI (membro di Migreurop) e Border Forensics, guidata da Charles Heller (membro individuale della rete), nonch&#233; The Routes Journal, On/borders e MeltingPot, mette in luce l'esistenza di una rete dedita alla tratta e alla tortura che prende di mira le donne migranti subsahariane tra la Tunisia e la Libia. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt; Il rapporto &#232; stato pubblicato sul sito web statetrafficking.net. Sar&#224; presentato al (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/rubrique482.html" rel="directory"&gt;Publications des membres&lt;/a&gt;

/ 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot187.html" rel="tag"&gt;&lt;span lang='fr'&gt;Tunisie&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot39.html" rel="tag"&gt;&lt;span lang='fr'&gt;Libye&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot230.html" rel="tag"&gt;Genre&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot170.html" rel="tag"&gt;&lt;span lang='fr'&gt;Business migratoire&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot206.html" rel="tag"&gt;Racisme&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot169.html" rel="tag"&gt;&lt;span lang='fr'&gt;Enfermement&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;

		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L150xH143/capture_d_ecran_2026-04-20_165337_-_copie-2-2-bd33b.png?1776784484' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='150' height='143' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_chapo'&gt;&lt;p&gt;Un rapporto redatto dal gruppo Researchers X, con il sostegno di diverse organizzazioni tra cui l'ASGI (membro di Migreurop) e Border Forensics, guidata da Charles Heller (membro individuale della rete), nonch&#233; The Routes Journal, On/borders e MeltingPot, mette in luce l'esistenza di una rete dedita alla tratta e alla tortura che prende di mira le donne migranti subsahariane tra la Tunisia e la Libia.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;Il rapporto &#232; stato pubblicato sul sito web &lt;a href=&#034;https://statetrafficking.net/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;statetrafficking.net&lt;/a&gt;. Sar&#224; presentato al Parlamento europeo mercoled&#236; 22 aprile, dalle 18:00 alle 20:00 (Sala Spak 7C50).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Visualizza e scarica qui il rapporto&lt;a href=&#034;https://statetrafficking.net/WomenStateTrafficking_IT.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Women State Trafficking&#8221; in italiano&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_6013 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center'&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L470xH664/capture_d_ecran_2026-04-20_165337-201be.png?1776697280' width='470' height='664' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/strong&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Alcuni estratti delle testimonianze audio sono disponibili anche sul sito web &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.borderforensics.org/news/statetrafficingreport/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Border Forensics&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Si veda anche il &lt;a href=&#034;https://statetrafficking.net/StateTrafficking_IT_light.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;precedente rapporto &#8220;State Trafficking&#8221;&lt;/a&gt; (giugno 2023&#8211;novembre 2024) in italiano.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_6014 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center'&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L468xH633/capture_d_ecran_2026-04-20_165542-08b8f.png?1776697280' width='468' height='633' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;Contesto&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Dal 2023, grazie a ingenti finanziamenti europei, la Tunisia ha istituito un sistema di intercettazioni in mare, arresti e rimpatri di massa verso la Libia&lt;/strong&gt; che colpisce migliaia di rifugiati provenienti dall'Africa subsahariana, tra cui molte donne, famiglie, minori e bambini.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Questo secondo rapporto fa seguito al primo rapporto &#8220;State Trafficking&#8221;, pubblicato nel gennaio 2025. Attraverso le testimonianze delle vittime, ha ricostruito le cinque fasi di una catena logistica che si &#232; integrata e perfezionata, in particolare a seguito degli accordi tra l'UE e la Tunisia. Questa catena &#232; strutturata come segue:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; 1) arresti arbitrari in varie localit&#224; della Tunisia&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; 2) trasporto verso il confine tunisino-libico&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; 3) detenzione in campi al confine tunisino&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; 4) trasferimento e vendita a gruppi armati libici, affiliati o meno allo Stato&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; 5) detenzione nelle prigioni libiche fino al pagamento del riscatto.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Una parte significativa delle infrastrutture utilizzate per il traffico di Stato beneficia indirettamente dei fondi messi a disposizione dall'Unione Europea e dall'Italia per intercettare le partenze&lt;/strong&gt;, come documentato dall'ASGI nel suo contributo a &#8220;State Trafficking&#8221;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Tra giugno 2023 e aprile 2025, &#171;le forze del Ministero dell'Interno libico e della Guardia di frontiera libica hanno intercettato 12.750 migranti e rifugiati al confine con la Tunisia&#187; (dati tratti dal rapporto congiunto di UNSMIL e OHCHR, cfr. pag. 11). &lt;strong&gt;Si ritiene che tra giugno 2023 e dicembre 2025 circa 7.400 persone siano state vittime di tratta sponsorizzata dallo Stato in questa zona&lt;/strong&gt; (questa stima prudente si riferisce esclusivamente alle 59 operazioni di espulsione collettiva dalla Tunisia verso la Libia che gli autori del rapporto hanno documentato sulla base delle testimonianze raccolte).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Questo secondo rapporto &#8220;State Trafficking&#8221; si concentra sulla violenza di genere subita dalle donne migranti e rifugiate in Tunisia e Libia durante le operazioni di espulsione, tratta e detenzione&lt;/strong&gt;, dal dicembre 2024 al febbraio 2026. &#8220;Women State Trafficking&#8221; si basa su 33 nuove interviste alle vittime condotte a partire dal dicembre 2024.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Il rapporto mira ad affrontare le seguenti domande di ricerca:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Le operazioni di traffico di migranti condotte dall'apparato statale tunisino in collusione con le autorit&#224; libiche e i gruppi armati&lt;/strong&gt;, documentate nel precedente rapporto &#8220;State Trafficking&#8221; per il periodo compreso tra giugno 2023 e novembre 2024, &lt;strong&gt;sono ancora in corso?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Quali sono le &lt;strong&gt;forme specifiche di violenza contro le donne, le famiglie e i minori&lt;/strong&gt; durante le operazioni di espulsione e traffico condotte al confine tra Tunisia e Libia?&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Esiste un legame tra le espulsioni delle donne migranti dalla Tunisia e la rete di detenzione e sfruttamento sessuale in Libia?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;Risultati del rapporto&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le interviste alle vittime (principalmente donne rilasciate dalle carceri libiche) mettono in luce una nuova dimensione della tratta di esseri umani: da un lato, la &lt;strong&gt;violenza strutturale di genere&lt;/strong&gt; &#8212; causata dalla mancanza di assistenza medica, dai trattamenti disumanizzanti, dalle perquisizioni intime e dagli stupri &#8212; perpetrata da agenti statali (su entrambi i lati del confine tunisino-libico); d'altro canto, &lt;strong&gt;il legame tra le prigioni libiche, la prostituzione forzata e la schiavit&#249;&lt;/strong&gt; attraverso il lavoro.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_6018 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;56&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;x&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH268/capture_d_ecran_2026-04-20_165819-7c7bc.png?1776699787' width='500' height='268' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Chart of the chain of detention and trafficking, p. 50
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1. Disumanizzazione&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le testimonianze raccolte descrivono una &lt;strong&gt;serie di pratiche di arresto violente in Tunisia&lt;/strong&gt; rivolte ai migranti provenienti dall'Africa subsahariana, che minano gravemente la dignit&#224; e l'integrit&#224; delle persone coinvolte. Tali pratiche comprendono &lt;strong&gt;umiliazioni pubbliche, minacce, privazione dei beni di prima necessit&#224;, rituali degradanti, negazione delle cure mediche, nonch&#233; la privazione dell'identit&#224; giuridica e la disumanizzazione sistematica dell'individuo.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Durante il trasporto verso il confine, &lt;strong&gt;le persone vengono immobilizzate con fascette di plastica&lt;/strong&gt; alle mani e talvolta ai piedi, costrette a tenere la testa bassa sotto minaccia.&lt;strong&gt; Vengono private di acqua e cibo e impedite di soddisfare i propri bisogni fisiologici.&lt;/strong&gt; Trasportati in camion destinati al bestiame, i detenuti vengono stipati in spazi angusti e privi di finestrini, costretti a viaggiare in piedi e impossibilitati a muoversi. &lt;strong&gt;Vengono poi rinchiusi al confine libico in spazi descritti come &#8220;gabbie&#8221;&lt;/strong&gt; o recinti metallici, talvolta paragonati a gabbie per cani (p. 24).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Il lavoro di geolocalizzazione condotto da Border Forensics mette in luce la persistenza della tratta di esseri umani al confine da parte della polizia e delle forze armate tunisine&lt;/strong&gt;, nonch&#233; il legame tra le infrastrutture di respingimento e l'industria dei rapimenti nelle prigioni libiche. In particolare, il rapporto identifica la &lt;strong&gt;caserma della Guardia Nazionale tunisina a El Meguissem&lt;/strong&gt; in Tunisia e una &lt;strong&gt;complessa rete di centri di detenzione in Libia, tra cui Al Assah, Bir Al-Ghanam e Characharah (Tripoli), come i principali centri nevralgici della tratta sponsorizzata dallo Stato&lt;/strong&gt;, attraverso i quali sono passati testimoni della &#8220;Tratta di Stato&#8221; e della &#8220;Tratta di donne da parte dello Stato&#8221; (vedi pag. 15).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Durante alcune operazioni di espulsione lungo la strada che collega Medenine al valico di frontiera di Dehiba/Wazzin, hangar militari non identificati vengono utilizzati come &lt;strong&gt;luoghi di tortura, umiliazione e disumanizzazione&lt;/strong&gt;. Durante la consegna, i detenuti sono spesso sottoposti a ulteriori perquisizioni, spogliati nudi e umiliati pubblicamente. La procedura &#232; concepita come una &lt;strong&gt;transazione che trasferisce il controllo e la custodia dei corpi dalle autorit&#224; tunisine a quelle libiche&lt;/strong&gt; (p. 25).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Tra gli atti di violenza denunciati dai testimoni figurano &lt;strong&gt;numerosi casi di aborti spontanei causati dalle condizioni disumane&lt;/strong&gt; subite durante la cattura e la detenzione. I minori e i neonati sono spesso detenuti in condizioni che comportano un grave rischio per la salute. &lt;strong&gt;La negazione delle cure ostetriche e pediatriche&lt;/strong&gt; sembra essere una delle forme pi&#249; brutali di violenza di genere e generazionale, volta a &lt;strong&gt;trasformare il legame madre-figlio in un potente strumento di pressione psicologica&lt;/strong&gt;. La gravidanza rappresenta un'altra soglia critica, in cui la vulnerabilit&#224; fisiologica si intreccia con la violenza del regime carcerario (p. 26)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;La violenza &#232; utilizzata anche come mezzo per reprimere le rivolte&lt;/strong&gt;: un testimone racconta che la GNT ha sparato ai piedi delle persone e ha commesso omicidi durante i tentativi di fuga al confine al posto di blocco di Dehiba, durante la vendita (p. 30).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2. Stupri&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;La violenza fisica e sessuale, perpetrata da agenti in divisa, &#232; sistematica in ogni fase del percorso&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;strong&gt;dalla cattura in Tunisia al rilascio dalla rete di carceri &#8212; ufficiali o meno &#8212; in Libia&lt;/strong&gt;. Inoltre, tutte le forme di violenza continuano nei luoghi di sfruttamento sessuale, dopo la detenzione (p. 29). Durante la fase libica della tratta di Stato, &lt;strong&gt;lo stupro da parte delle guardie &lt;/strong&gt; diventa un'esperienza ricorrente per tutte le testimoni: le aggressioni sessuali avvengono quotidianamente sia all'interno dei centri di detenzione che all'esterno, e anche negli edifici abbandonati vicino alle prigioni, dove le donne vengono portate con la forza o con l'inganno. &lt;strong&gt;Lo stupro e la violenza di genere devono essere considerati sotto ogni aspetto come forme di tortura&lt;/strong&gt; (p. 30).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La violenza contro le donne &#232; spesso deliberatamente esercitata in spazi aperti, alla presenza di altri detenuti. &lt;strong&gt;Mariti, padri e figli sono costretti ad assistere a queste scene e, in quanto &#8220;spettatori&#8221;, diventano essi stessi bersagli di violenza indiretta e psicologica&lt;/strong&gt;, il che moltiplica l'effetto traumatico. (p. 31).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3. Prostituzione forzata&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Le donne vengono acquistate in blocco al confine tunisino e rivendute singolarmente in Libia.&lt;/strong&gt; Il prezzo al quale vengono vendute, in ogni fase del processo di tratta, &#232; sempre superiore a quello degli uomini, a conferma dell'esistenza di un mercato della prostituzione forzata in Libia (p. 37).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Le donne acquistate non vengono liberate, ma trasferite forzatamente in centri di detenzione per il lavoro forzato o in bordelli gestiti da cittadini libici o nigeriani. &lt;/strong&gt; Nella maggior parte dei casi, le donne non conoscono il prezzo al quale sono state vendute, che pu&#242; essere espresso in termini di numero di mesi di lavoro necessari per ripagare il &#8220;debito&#8221;. Le condizioni di sfruttamento sessuale sono caratterizzate dalla privazione della libert&#224;, dalla sorveglianza costante, dall'obbligo di fornire prestazioni sessuali (con la presenza quotidiana di clienti), dal pagamento diretto da parte dei clienti ai gestori, dall'assenza di remunerazione per le vittime e dall'uso sistematico di minacce e violenza per costringerle al lavoro sessuale (p. 37).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;Conclusioni&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La nuova raccolta di testimonianze, proveniente in gran parte da donne e minori sopravvissuti alla detenzione in Libia, ha permesso di &lt;strong&gt;ricostruire con maggiore precisione il ruolo della violenza sessuale all'interno del sistema complessivo della tratta&lt;/strong&gt;. Le testimonianze indicano che &lt;strong&gt;gli abusi sessuali e gli stupri si verificano ripetutamente durante le operazioni di arresto e di espulsione in Tunisia&lt;/strong&gt;, cos&#236; come durante la detenzione nelle prigioni libiche. &lt;strong&gt;Queste pratiche non sono incidenti isolati&lt;/strong&gt;, ma piuttosto &lt;strong&gt;meccanismi sistematici di controllo, subordinazione dei corpi e estrazione di valore da essi&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Come il primo, questo secondo rapporto di RR[X] contribuisce a documentare eventi e situazioni che le scienze sociali e il diritto internazionale classificano sotto il termine &#8220;crimini di Stato&#8221;. &#8220;Women State Trafficking&#8221; mira quindi a riaccendere il dibattito sulla &lt;strong&gt;responsabilit&#224; dell'Unione Europea e dei suoi vari Stati membri nell'esporre le persone in transito alla morte e alla schiavit&#249;, &lt;/strong&gt; nonch&#233; sullo &lt;strong&gt;status di &#8220;paese terzo sicuro&#8221; e &#8220;paese di origine sicuro&#8221; attribuito alla Tunisia, e sul suo ruolo, insieme alla Libia, come partner e beneficiario economico nella gestione della frontiera esterna dell'UE.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Sulla base delle testimonianze raccolte e verificate, e con l'assistenza dell'ASGI, il rapporto ha inoltre consentito a diversi testimoni e vittime della tratta di Stato di &lt;strong&gt;presentare una denuncia contro la Tunisia dinanzi alla Corte africana dei diritti dell'uomo e dei popoli. &lt;/strong&gt; Tali procedimenti si basano sulle testimonianze dirette delle vittime (RS - int. 35 e SLM - int. 36) e mirano a mettere in luce la responsabilit&#224; dello Stato tunisino per le pratiche sistematiche di detenzione arbitraria, violenza, espulsione collettiva e vendita di esseri umani a reti di sfruttamento libiche, messe in atto dal proprio apparato di sicurezza.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Tra le principali raccomandazioni del rapporto, si evidenziano le seguenti:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;strong&gt;L'immediata sospensione di ogni nuovo finanziamento destinato alle politiche di frontiera per la Tunisia e la Libia&lt;/strong&gt;, nonch&#233; di ogni forma di cooperazione operativa con le autorit&#224; coinvolte nelle pratiche documentate, fino a quando non saranno accertate le responsabilit&#224; ;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;strong&gt;La rimozione della Tunisia dagli elenchi dei paesi di origine sicuri e dei paesi terzi sicuri stabiliti dalla Commissione europea e dagli Stati membri&lt;/strong&gt;, e la garanzia che n&#233; la Tunisia n&#233; la Libia saranno considerate &#8220;luoghi sicuri&#8221; ai fini dello sbarco dei migranti in difficolt&#224; nel Mediterraneo.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
		</content:encoded>


		
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	</item>
<item xml:lang="en">
		<title> &#8220;Women State Trafficking&#8221;: A report highlights the role of Tunisian authorities in the trafficking of migrant women</title>
		<link>http://migreurop.org/article3580.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">http://migreurop.org/article3580.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2026-04-20T15:41:51Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>en</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Sarah Bachellerie</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>Tunisia</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Libya</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Genre</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Migration business</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Racisme</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Detention</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;A report authored by the group Researchers X, with the support of several organizations including ASGI (a member of Migreurop), and Border Forensics, led by Charles Heller (an individual member of the network), as well as The Routes Journal, On/borders, and MeltingPot, highlights the existence of a trafficking and torture network targeting sub-Saharan migrant women between Tunisia and Libya. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt; The report has been published on the website statetrafficking.net. It will be presented to the (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


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&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/rubrique482.html" rel="directory"&gt;Members' publications&lt;/a&gt;

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&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot187.html" rel="tag"&gt;Tunisia&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot39.html" rel="tag"&gt;Libya&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot230.html" rel="tag"&gt;Genre&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot170.html" rel="tag"&gt;Migration business&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot206.html" rel="tag"&gt;Racisme&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot169.html" rel="tag"&gt;Detention&lt;/a&gt;

		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L150xH143/capture_d_ecran_2026-04-20_165337_-_copie-2-3e1b1.png?1776699787' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='150' height='143' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_chapo'&gt;&lt;p&gt;A report authored by the group Researchers X, with the support of several organizations including ASGI (a member of Migreurop), and Border Forensics, led by Charles Heller (an individual member of the network), as well as The Routes Journal, On/borders, and MeltingPot, highlights the existence of a trafficking and torture network targeting sub-Saharan migrant women between Tunisia and Libya.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;The report has been published on the website &lt;a href=&#034;https://statetrafficking.net/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;statetrafficking.net&lt;/a&gt;. It will be presented to the European Parliament on Wednesday, April 22, from 6:00 to 8:00 p.m. (Spak Room 7C50).&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
View and download the &lt;a href=&#034;https://statetrafficking.net/WomenStateTrafficking_EN.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;report &#8220;Women State Trafficking&#8221; in English&lt;/a&gt; here&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_6013 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center'&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L470xH664/capture_d_ecran_2026-04-20_165337-201be.png?1776697280' width='470' height='664' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Excerpts from audio testimonies are also available on the &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.borderforensics.org/news/statetrafficingreport/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Border Forensics&lt;/a&gt; website.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;See also the &lt;a href=&#034;https://statetrafficking.net/StateTrafficking_EN_21012025_light.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;previous &#8220;State Trafficking&#8221; report&lt;/a&gt; (June 2023&#8211;November 2024) in English.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_6014 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center'&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L468xH633/capture_d_ecran_2026-04-20_165542-08b8f.png?1776697280' width='468' height='633' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;Context&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Since 2023, thanks to substantial European funding, Tunisia has established a system of interceptions at sea, arrests, and mass deportations to Libya&lt;/strong&gt; that affects thousands of refugees from sub-Saharan Africa, including many women, families, minors, and children.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This second report follows on the heels of the first &#8220;State Trafficking&#8221; report, published in January 2025. Through victims' accounts, it has reconstructed the five stages of a logistics chain that has become integrated and refined, particularly following agreements between the EU and Tunisia. This chain is structured as follows:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; 1) arbitrary arrests in various locations across Tunisia&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; 2) transport to the Tunisian-Libyan border&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; 3) detention in camps on the Tunisian border&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; 4) transfer and sale to Libyan armed groups, whether state-affiliated or not&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; 5) detention in Libyan prisons until the ransom is paid.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A significant portion of the infrastructure used for state-sponsored trafficking indirectly benefits from funds made available by the European Union and Italy to intercept departures, as documented by ASGI in its contribution to &#8220;State Trafficking&#8221;.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Between June 2023 and April 2025, &#8220;forces from the Libyan Ministry of the Interior and the Libyan Border Guard intercepted 12,750 migrants and refugees at the border with Tunisia&#8221;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb7-1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Data from the joint report by UNSMIL and OHCHR, see p. 11.&#034; id=&#034;nh7-1&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Between June 2023 and December 2025, approximately 7,400 people are believed to have been victims of state-sponsored trafficking in this area&lt;/strong&gt; (this conservative estimate refers exclusively to the 59 collective deportation operations from Tunisia to Libya that the report's authors documented based on collected testimonies).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;This second &#8220;State Trafficking&#8221; report focuses on gender-based violence experienced by migrant and refugee women in Tunisia and Libya during deportation, trafficking, and detention operations&lt;/strong&gt;, from December 2024 to February 2026. &#8220;Women State Trafficking&#8221; is based on 33 new interviews with victims conducted since December 2024.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The report aims to address the following research questions:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Are the migrant trafficking operations carried out by the Tunisian state apparatus in collusion with Libyan authorities and armed groups&lt;/strong&gt;, documented in the previous &#8220;State Trafficking&#8221; report for the period between June 2023 and November 2024, &lt;strong&gt;still ongoing?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; What are the &lt;strong&gt;specific forms of violence against women, families, and minors&lt;/strong&gt; during deportation and trafficking operations carried out at the border between Tunisia and Libya?&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Is there a link between the deportations of migrant women from Tunisia and the network of detention and sexual exploitation in Libya?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;Report Findings&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Interviews with victims (primarily women released from Libyan prisons) shed light on a new dimension of human trafficking: on the one hand, &lt;strong&gt;structural gender-based violence&lt;/strong&gt;&#8212;imposed by the lack of medical care, dehumanizing treatment, intimate searches, and rape&#8212;perpetrated by state agents (on both sides of the Tunisian-Libyan border); on the other hand, &lt;strong&gt;the link between Libyan prisons, forced sex work, and enslavement&lt;/strong&gt; through labor.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_6018 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;56&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;x&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH268/capture_d_ecran_2026-04-20_165819-7c7bc.png?1776699787' width='500' height='268' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Chart of the chain of detention and trafficking, p. 50
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1. Dehumanization&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The testimonies collected describe a &lt;strong&gt;range of violent arrest practices in Tunisia&lt;/strong&gt; targeting migrants from sub-Saharan Africa, which seriously undermine the dignity and integrity of those affected. These practices include &lt;strong&gt;public humiliation, threats, deprivation of basic necessities, degrading rituals, denial of medical care, as well as the destruction of legal identity and the systematic dehumanization of the individual.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;During transport to the border, &lt;strong&gt;people are restrained with plastic ties&lt;/strong&gt; on their hands and sometimes on their feet, forced to keep their heads down under threat.&lt;strong&gt; They are deprived of water and food and prevented from attending to their physiological needs.&lt;/strong&gt; Transported in trucks designed for livestock, the detainees are crammed into cramped, windowless spaces, forced to travel standing up and unable to move. &lt;strong&gt;They are then locked up at the Libyan border in spaces described as &#8220;cages&#8221;&lt;/strong&gt; or metal enclosures, sometimes compared to dog cages (p. 24).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The geolocation work conducted by Border Forensics highlights the persistence of human trafficking at the border by Tunisian police and military forces&lt;/strong&gt;, as well as the link between the pushback infrastructure and the kidnapping industry in Libyan prisons. In particular, the report identifies the &lt;strong&gt;Tunisian National Guard barracks in El Meguissem&lt;/strong&gt; in Tunisia and a &lt;strong&gt;complex network of detention centers in Libya, including Al Assah, Bir Al-Ghanam, and Characharah (Tripoli), as the main hubs of state-sponsored trafficking&lt;/strong&gt;, through which witnesses of &#8220;State Trafficking&#8221; and &#8220;Women State Trafficking&#8221; have passed (see p. 15).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;During certain deportation operations along the road connecting Medenine to the Dehiba/Wazzin border crossing, unidentified military hangars are used as &lt;strong&gt;places of torture, humiliation, and dehumanization&lt;/strong&gt;. During the sale, detainees are often subjected to further searches, stripped naked, and publicly humiliated. The procedure is designed as a &lt;strong&gt;transaction that transfers control and custody of the bodies from Tunisian authorities to those of Libya&lt;/strong&gt; (p. 25)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Among the acts of violence reported by witnesses are &lt;strong&gt;numerous cases of miscarriages caused by the harsh conditions&lt;/strong&gt; endured during capture and detention. Minors and newborns are often detained in conditions that pose a serious health risk. &lt;strong&gt;The denial of obstetric and pediatric care&lt;/strong&gt; appears to be one of the most brutal forms of gender-based and generational violence, aimed at &lt;strong&gt;turning the mother-child bond into a powerful tool of psychological pressure&lt;/strong&gt;. Pregnancy represents another critical threshold, where physiological vulnerability intersects with the violence of the prison regime (p. 26)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Violence is also used as a means of suppressing revolts&lt;/strong&gt;: a witness recounts that the GNT shot at people's feet and committed murders during escape attempts at the border at the Dehiba checkpoint, during the sale (p. 30)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2. Rapes&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Physical and sexual violence, perpetrated by uniformed officers, is systemic at every stage of the journey&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;strong&gt;from capture in Tunisia to release from the network of prisons&#8212;official or otherwise&#8212;in Libya&lt;/strong&gt;. Furthermore, all forms of violence continue in the places of sexual exploitation, following detention (p. 29). During the Libyan phase of state-sanctioned trafficking, &lt;strong&gt;rape by guards &lt;/strong&gt; becomes a recurring experience for all witnesses: sexual assaults occur daily both inside detention centers and outside, such as in abandoned buildings near prisons, where women are taken by force or through deception. &lt;strong&gt;Rape and gender-based violence must be considered in every respect as forms of torture&lt;/strong&gt; (p. 30).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Violence against women is often deliberately staged in open spaces, in the presence of other detainees. &lt;strong&gt;Husbands, fathers, and sons are forced to witness these scenes and, as &#8220;spectators,&#8221; become themselves the targets of indirect and psychological violence&lt;/strong&gt;, which multiplies the traumatic effect. (p. 31).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3. Forced prostitution&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Women are bought in bulk at the Tunisian border and resold individually in Libya.&lt;/strong&gt; The price at which they are sold, at every stage of the trafficking process, is consistently higher than that of men, reflecting the existence of a forced sex work market in Libya (p. 37)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The women who are bought are not released, but transferred to detention centers for forced labor or to brothels run by Libyan or Nigerian nationals. &lt;/strong&gt; In most cases, the women sold do not know the price at which they were sold, which may be expressed in terms of the number of months of work required to repay the &#8220;debt.&#8221; The conditions of sexual exploitation are characterized by deprivation of liberty, constant surveillance, the obligation to provide sexual services (with the daily presence of clients), direct payment by clients to the managers, the absence of remuneration for the victims, and the systematic use of threats and violence to force them into sex work (p. 37).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;Conclusions&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The new collection of testimonies, consisting largely of women and minors who survived detention in Libya, has made it possible to &lt;strong&gt;reconstruct more accurately the role of sexual violence within the overall trafficking system&lt;/strong&gt;. The testimonies indicate that &lt;strong&gt;sexual abuse and rape occur repeatedly during arrest and deportation operations in Tunisia&lt;/strong&gt;, as well as during detention in Libyan prisons. &lt;strong&gt;These practices are not isolated incidents&lt;/strong&gt;, but rather &lt;strong&gt;systematic mechanisms of control, subordination of bodies, and extraction of value from them&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Like the first, this second RR[X] report helps document events and situations that the social sciences and international law classify under the term &#8220;state crimes.&#8221; &#8220;Women State Trafficking&#8221; thus aims to reignite the debate on &lt;strong&gt;the responsibility of the European Union and its various member states for exposing people in transit to death and slavery, &lt;/strong&gt; as well as on &lt;strong&gt;the &#8220;safe third country&#8221; and &#8220;safe country of origin&#8221; status attributed to Tunisia, and on its role, alongside Libya, as a partner and economic beneficiary in the management of the EU's external border.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Based on the testimonies collected and verified, and with the assistance of ASGI, the report also enabled several witnesses and victims of state-sponsored trafficking to &lt;strong&gt;file a complaint against Tunisia with the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights. &lt;/strong&gt; These proceedings are based on the direct testimonies of the victims (RS - int. 35 and SLM - int. 36) and aim to highlight the Tunisian state's responsibility for the systematic practices of arbitrary detention, violence, collective expulsion, and the sale of human beings to Libyan exploitation networks, carried out by its own security apparatus.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Among the various recommendations made by the report, the following are noteworthy:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;strong&gt;The immediate suspension of all new funding for border policies intended for Tunisia and Libya&lt;/strong&gt;, as well as any form of operational cooperation with the authorities involved in the documented practices, until responsibilities are established.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;strong&gt;The removal of Tunisia from the lists of safe countries of origin and safe third countries established by the European Commission and the Member States&lt;/strong&gt;, and the assurance that neither Tunisia nor Libya will be considered &#8220;places of safety&#8221; for the purpose of disembarking migrants in distress in the Mediterranean.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;hr /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_notes'&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb7-1&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh7-1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 7-1&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Data from the joint report by UNSMIL and OHCHR, see p. 11.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		</content:encoded>


		
		<enclosure url="http://migreurop.org/IMG/pdf/womenstatetrafficking_en.pdf" length="6242905" type="application/pdf" />
		

	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>&#034;Women State Trafficking&#034; : un rapport met en lumi&#232;re le r&#244;le des autorit&#233;s tunisiennes dans la traite des femmes migrantes</title>
		<link>http://migreurop.org/article3579.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">http://migreurop.org/article3579.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2026-04-20T15:41:43Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Sarah Bachellerie</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>Tunisie</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Libye</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Genre</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Business migratoire</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Racisme</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Enfermement</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Maghreb</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Un rapport r&#233;dig&#233; par le groupe Researchers X, avec l'appui de plusieurs organisations dont l'ASGI, membre de Migreurop, et Border Forensics, dirig&#233;e par Charles Heller (membre individuel du r&#233;seau), ainsi que The routes journal, On/borders, et MeltingPot, met en lumi&#232;re l'existence d'une cha&#238;ne de traite et de torture des femmes migrantes subsaharienne entre la Tunisie et la Libye. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt; Le rapport a &#233;t&#233; publi&#233; sur le site statetrafficking.net. Il sera pr&#233;sent&#233; au Parlement europ&#233;en le (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


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&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot187.html" rel="tag"&gt;Tunisie&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot39.html" rel="tag"&gt;Libye&lt;/a&gt;, 
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&lt;a href="http://migreurop.org/mot218.html" rel="tag"&gt;Maghreb&lt;/a&gt;

		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L150xH143/capture_d_ecran_2026-04-20_165337_-_copie-f64d3.png?1776699713' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='150' height='143' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_chapo'&gt;&lt;p&gt;Un rapport r&#233;dig&#233; par le groupe Researchers X, avec l'appui de plusieurs organisations dont l'ASGI, membre de Migreurop, et Border Forensics, dirig&#233;e par Charles Heller (membre individuel du r&#233;seau), ainsi que The routes journal, On/borders, et MeltingPot, met en lumi&#232;re l'existence d'une cha&#238;ne de traite et de torture des femmes migrantes subsaharienne entre la Tunisie et la Libye.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;Le rapport a &#233;t&#233; publi&#233; sur le site &lt;a href=&#034;https://statetrafficking.net/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;statetrafficking.net&lt;/a&gt;. Il sera pr&#233;sent&#233; au Parlement europ&#233;en le mercredi 22 avril de 18 &#224; 20h (Salle SPAAK 7C50).&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Voir et t&#233;l&#233;charger ici &lt;a href=&#034;https://statetrafficking.net/WomenStateTrafficking_FR.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;le rapport &#034;Women State Trafficking&#034; en fran&#231;ais.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_6013 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center'&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L470xH664/capture_d_ecran_2026-04-20_165337-201be.png?1776697280' width='470' height='664' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Des extraits de t&#233;moignages sonores sont &#233;galement pr&#233;sent&#233;s sur le site de &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.borderforensics.org/news/statetrafficingreport/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Border Forensics&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Consulter &#233;galement ici le &lt;a href=&#034;https://statetrafficking.net/StateTrafficking_FR_21012025_light.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;pr&#233;c&#233;dent rapport &#034;State Trafficking&#034;&lt;/a&gt; (juin 2023-novembre 2024) en fran&#231;ais.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_6014 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center'&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L468xH633/capture_d_ecran_2026-04-20_165542-08b8f.png?1776697280' width='468' height='633' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;Contexte&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Depuis 2023, gr&#226;ce &#224; l'utilisation de fonds europ&#233;ens consid&#233;rables, la Tunisie a mis en place un syst&#232;me d'interceptions en mer, d'arrestations et d'expulsions collectives vers la Libye&lt;/strong&gt; qui touche des milliers d'exil&#233;&#183;e&#183;s originaires d'Afrique subsaharienne, parmi lesquels de nombreuses femmes, des familles, des mineur&#183;e&#183;s et des enfants.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ce second rapport se situe dans le sillage du premier rapport &#034;State Trafficking&#034; sur la traite d'&#201;tat, publi&#233; en janvier 2025. &#192; travers les r&#233;cits des victimes, il a reconstitu&#233; les cinq &#233;tapes d'une cha&#238;ne logistique qui s'est int&#233;gr&#233;e et affin&#233;e, notamment &#224; la suite des accords entre l'UE et la Tunisie. Cette cha&#238;ne est structur&#233;e comme suit :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; 1) les arrestations arbitraires dans divers endroits de Tunisie&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; 2) le transport vers la fronti&#232;re tuniso-libyenne&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; 3) la d&#233;tention dans des camps &#224; la fronti&#232;re tunisienne&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; 4) le transfert et la vente &#224; des groupes arm&#233;s libyens, &#233;tatiques ou non&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; 5) la d&#233;tention dans des prisons libyennes jusqu'au paiement de la ran&#231;on.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Une partie significative de l'infrastructure utilis&#233;e pour la traite d'&#201;tat b&#233;n&#233;ficie indirectement des fonds que l'Union europ&#233;enne et l'Italie ont mis &#224; disposition pour intercepter les d&#233;parts, comme l'a document&#233; l'ASGI dans sa contribution &#224; &#034;State Trafficking&#034;.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Entre juin 2023 et avril 2025 &#171; les forces du minist&#232;re libyen de l'Int&#233;rieur et de la Garde des fronti&#232;res libyenne ont intercept&#233; 12 750 migrants et r&#233;fugi&#233;s &#224; la fronti&#232;re avec la Tunisie &#187;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb8-1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Donn&#233;es issues du rapport conjoint de la UNSMIL et du OHCHR, voir p. 11.&#034; id=&#034;nh8-1&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;strong&gt;Entre juin 2023 et d&#233;cembre 2025, environ 7 400 personnes auraient &#233;t&#233; &#233;t&#233; victimes de traite d'&#201;tat dans cette zone&lt;/strong&gt; (cette estimation prudente se r&#233;f&#232;re exclusivement aux 59 op&#233;rations d'expulsion collective de la Tunisie vers la Libye que les auteur&#183;ice&#183;s du rapport ont document&#233;es &#224; partir des t&#233;moignages recueillis).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ce deuxi&#232;me rapport de &#034;State Trafficking&#034; se concentre sur les violences de genre subies par les femmes migrantes et r&#233;fugi&#233;es, en Tunisie et en Libye, lors d'op&#233;rations d'expulsion, de traite et de d&#233;tention&lt;/strong&gt;, de d&#233;cembre 2024 &#224; f&#233;vrier 2026. &#034;Women State Trafficking&#034; s'appuie sur 33 nouveaux entretiens men&#233;s aupr&#232;s de victimes, r&#233;alis&#233;es depuis d&#233;cembre 2024.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le rapport entend r&#233;pondre aux questions de recherche suivantes :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Les op&#233;rations de traite des migrant&#183;e&#183;s men&#233;es par l'appareil d'&#201;tat tunisien en complicit&#233; avec les autorit&#233;s et des groupes arm&#233;s libyens&lt;/strong&gt;, document&#233;es par le rapport pr&#233;c&#233;dent &#034;State Trafficking&#034; pour la p&#233;riode comprise entre juin 2023 et novembre 2024, &lt;strong&gt;sont-elles toujours en vigueur &lt;/strong&gt; ?&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Quelles sont les &lt;strong&gt;formes sp&#233;cifiques de violence &#224; l'encontre des femmes, des familles et des mineur&#183;e&#183;s&lt;/strong&gt;, au cours des op&#233;rations d'expulsion et de traite men&#233;es &#224; la fronti&#232;re entre la Tunisie et la Libye ?&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Existe-t-il un lien entre les expulsions des femmes migrantes depuis la Tunisie et l'archipel de d&#233;tention et d'exploitation sexuelle en Libye ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;R&#233;sultats du rapport&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les entretiens avec les victimes (principalement des femmes sorties des prisons libyennes) permettent de documenter une nouvelle dimension de la traite : d'une part, &lt;strong&gt;la violence structurelle de genre&lt;/strong&gt; &#8211; impos&#233;e par l'absence de soins m&#233;dicaux, les traitements d&#233;shumanisants, les fouilles intimes et les viols &#8211; perp&#233;tr&#233;e par des agents de l'&#201;tat (de part et d'autre de la fronti&#232;re tuniso-libyenne) ; d'autre part, &lt;strong&gt;le lien entre les prisons libyennes, le travail sexuel forc&#233; et la r&#233;duction en esclavage&lt;/strong&gt; par le travail.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_6015 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center spip_document_avec_legende' data-legende-len=&#034;63&#034; data-legende-lenx=&#034;x&#034;
&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='http://migreurop.org/IMG/png/capture_d_ecran_2026-04-20_165804.png' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/png&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH257/capture_d_ecran_2026-04-20_165804-913af.png?1776699713' width='500' height='257' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;figcaption class='spip_doc_legende'&gt; &lt;div class='spip_doc_titre '&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Infographie issue du rapport &#034;Women State Trafficking&#034;, p. 60
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1. D&#233;shumaniser&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les t&#233;moignages recueillis d&#233;crivent un &lt;strong&gt;ensemble de pratiques violentes d'arrestation en Tunisie &lt;/strong&gt; ciblant les migrant&#183;e&#183;s originaires d'Afrique subsaharienne, qui portent gravement atteinte &#224; la dignit&#233; et &#224; l'int&#233;grit&#233; des personnes concern&#233;es. Ces pratiques consistent notamment en des &lt;strong&gt;humiliations publiques, des menaces, des privations mat&#233;rielles, des rituels d&#233;gradants, des refus de soins m&#233;dicaux, ainsi que la destruction de l'identit&#233; juridique et la d&#233;shumanisation syst&#233;matique de la personne.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pendant le transport vers la fronti&#232;re, l&lt;strong&gt;es personnes sont immobilis&#233;es &#224; l'aide d'attaches&lt;/strong&gt; en plastique aux mains et parfois aux pieds, oblig&#233;es de garder la t&#234;te baiss&#233;e sous la menace.&lt;strong&gt; Elles sont priv&#233;es d'eau et de nourriture et emp&#234;ch&#233;es de satisfaire leurs besoins physiologiques.&lt;/strong&gt; Transport&#233;es dans des camions destin&#233;s au transport de b&#233;tail, les personnes d&#233;tenues sont entass&#233;es dans des espaces exigus, d&#233;pourvus de fen&#234;tres, contraintes de voyager debout et sans possibilit&#233; de bouger. &lt;strong&gt;Elles sont enuite enferm&#233;es &#224; la fronti&#232;re libyenne dans des espaces qualifi&#233;s de &#171; cages &#187;&lt;/strong&gt; ou d'enclos m&#233;talliques, parfois compar&#233;s &#224; des cages &#224; chiens (p. 24).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Le travail de g&#233;olocalisation r&#233;alis&#233; par Border Forensics met en lumi&#232;re la persistance du syst&#232;me de vente d'&#234;tres humains &#224; la fronti&#232;re par les forces de police et l'arm&#233;e tunisiennes&lt;/strong&gt;, ainsi que l'interconnexion entre l'infrastructure des refoulements et l'industrie de l'enl&#232;vement dans les prisons libyennes. En particulier, le rapport identifie la &lt;strong&gt;caserne de la Garde nationale tunisienne d'El Meguissem&lt;/strong&gt; en Tunisie et un &lt;strong&gt;r&#233;seau complexe de centres de d&#233;tention en Libye, dont Al Assah, Bir Al-Ghanam et Characharah (Tripoli), comme les principaux n&#339;uds de la traite d'&#201;tat&lt;/strong&gt;, par lesquels sont pass&#233;s les t&#233;moins de &#034;State Trafficking&#034; et de &#034;Women State Trafficking&#034; (voir p. 15).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Lors de certaines op&#233;rations d'expulsion le long de la route reliant Medenine au poste-fronti&#232;re de Dehiba/Wazzin, des hangars militaires non identifi&#233;s sont utilis&#233;s comme &lt;strong&gt;lieux de torture, d'humiliation et de d&#233;shumanisation&lt;/strong&gt;. Au cours de la vente, les d&#233;tenu&#183;e&#183;s sont souvent soumis &#224; de nouvelles fouilles, d&#233;shabill&#233;&#183;e&#183;s et humili&#233;&#183;e&#183;s publiquement. La proc&#233;dure est con&#231;ue comme une &lt;strong&gt;transaction qui transf&#232;re le contr&#244;le et la garde des corps des autorit&#233;s tunisiennes &#224; celles de la Libye&lt;/strong&gt; (p. 25)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Parmi les actes de violence rapport&#233;s par les t&#233;moins, on signale de &lt;strong&gt;nombreux cas d'avortements provoqu&#233;s par les conditions de privation&lt;/strong&gt; subies au cours de la capture et de la d&#233;tention. Les mineur&#183;e&#183;s et les nouveau-n&#233;&#183;e&#183;s sont souvent d&#233;tenu&#183;e&#183;s dans des conditions d'hygi&#232;ne extr&#234;mement dangereuses pour la sant&#233;. &lt;strong&gt;Le refus de soins obst&#233;triques et p&#233;diatriques&lt;/strong&gt; appara&#238;t comme l'une des formes les plus brutales de violence de genre et g&#233;n&#233;rationnelle, visant &#224; &lt;strong&gt;faire du lien m&#232;re-enfant un puissant instrument de pression psychologique&lt;/strong&gt;. La grossesse repr&#233;sente un autre seuil critique, o&#249; la vuln&#233;rabilit&#233; physiologique se m&#234;le &#224; la violence du r&#233;gime carc&#233;ral (p. 26)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;L&lt;strong&gt;es violences sont &#233;galement utilis&#233;es comme un moyen de r&#233;primer les r&#233;voltes&lt;/strong&gt; : une t&#233;moin raconte que la GNT a tir&#233; sur les pieds et commis des meurtres lors de tentatives d'&#233;vasion &#224; la fronti&#232;re au poste de Dehiba, pendant la vente (p. 30)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2. Violer&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;La violence physique et sexuelle, perp&#233;tr&#233;e par des agents en uniforme, est structurelle &#224; chaque &#233;tape du parcours &lt;/strong&gt; : &lt;strong&gt;de la capture en Tunisie jusqu'&#224; la sortie de l'archipel des prisons &#8211; officielles ou non &#8211; en Libye&lt;/strong&gt;. De plus, toutes les violences se poursuivent dans les lieux d'exploitation sexuelle, apr&#232;s la d&#233;tention (p. 29). Au cours de la phase libyenne de la traite d'&#201;tat, &lt;strong&gt;le viol par les gardes &lt;/strong&gt; devient une exp&#233;rience r&#233;currente pour toutes les t&#233;moins : les agressions sexuelles ont lieu quotidiennement tant &#224; l'int&#233;rieur des centres de d&#233;tention qu'&#224; l'ext&#233;rieur, comme dans des b&#226;timents abandonn&#233;s pr&#232;s des prisons, o&#249; les femmes sont emmen&#233;es de force ou par la ruse. &lt;strong&gt;Les viols et les violences fond&#233;es sur le genre, doivent &#234;tre consid&#233;r&#233;s &#224; tous &#233;gards comme des formes de torture&lt;/strong&gt; (p. 30).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La violence &#224; l'&#233;gard des femmes est souvent d&#233;lib&#233;r&#233;ment mise en sc&#232;ne dans des espaces ouverts, en pr&#233;sence d'autres d&#233;tenus. &lt;strong&gt;Les maris, les p&#232;res et les fils sont contraints d'assister &#224; ces sc&#232;nes et, en tant que &#171; spectateurs &#187;, deviennent eux-m&#234;mes la cible d'une violence indirecte et psychologique&lt;/strong&gt; qui en multiplie l'effet traumatisant. (p. 31).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3. Contraindre &#224; la prostitution&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Les femmes sont achet&#233;es en gros &#224; la fronti&#232;re tunisienne et revendues au d&#233;tail en Libye.&lt;/strong&gt; Le prix de leur vente, &#224; chaque &#233;tape de la traite, est syst&#233;matiquement plus &#233;lev&#233; que celui des hommes, refl&#233;tant ainsi l'existence d'un march&#233; du travail sexuel forc&#233; en Libye (p. 37)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Les femmes achet&#233;es ne sont pas lib&#233;r&#233;es, mais transf&#233;r&#233;es dans des centres de d&#233;tention pour travail forc&#233; ou dans des maisons de prostitution g&#233;r&#233;es par des citoyens libyens ou nig&#233;rians. &lt;/strong&gt; Dans la plupart des cas, les femmes vendues ne connaissent pas le montant de leur propre vente, qui peut &#234;tre exprim&#233; en termes de mois de travail &#224; effectuer pour rembourser la &#171; dette &#187;. Les conditions d'exploitation sexuelle sont caract&#233;ris&#233;es par la privation de libert&#233;, une surveillance continue, l'obligation de prestations sexuelles (avec la pr&#233;sence quotidienne de clients), le paiement direct des clients aux g&#233;rants, l'absence de r&#233;mun&#233;ration pour les victimes, le recours syst&#233;matique aux menaces et &#224; la violence pour les contraindre au travail du sexe (p. 37).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;Conclusions&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le nouveau corpus de t&#233;moignages, compos&#233; en grande partie de femmes et de mineur&#183;e&#183;s ayant surv&#233;cu &#224; la d&#233;tention en Libye, a permis de &lt;strong&gt;reconstituer avec plus de pr&#233;cision le r&#244;le de la violence sexuelle au sein de l'ensemble du syst&#232;me de traite&lt;/strong&gt;. Les t&#233;moignages indiquent que &lt;strong&gt;des abus sexuels et des viols ont lieu de mani&#232;re r&#233;p&#233;t&#233;e lors des op&#233;rations d'arrestation et d'expulsion en Tunisie&lt;/strong&gt;, ainsi que pendant la d&#233;tention dans les prisons libyennes.&lt;strong&gt; Ces pratiques ne sont pas des incidents isol&#233;s&lt;/strong&gt;, mais plut&#244;t des &lt;strong&gt;m&#233;canismes syst&#233;matiques de contr&#244;le, de subordination des corps et d'extraction de valeur de ceux-ci&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Tout comme le premier, ce deuxi&#232;me rapport de RR[X] contribue &#224; documenter des &#233;v&#233;nements et des situations que les sciences sociales et le droit international classent sous le terme de &#171; crimes d'&#201;tat &#187;. &#034;Women State Trafficking&#034; entend ainsi relancer le d&#233;bat sur &lt;strong&gt;la responsabilit&#233; de l'Union europ&#233;enne et des diff&#233;rents &#201;tats membres dans l'exposition &#224; la mort et &#224; l'esclavage des personnes en transit, &lt;/strong&gt; ainsi que sur&lt;strong&gt; le statut de &#171; pays tiers s&#251;r &#187; et de &#171; pays d'origine s&#251;r &#187; attribu&#233; &#224; la Tunisie, et sur son r&#244;le, aux c&#244;t&#233;s de la Libye, de partenaire et de b&#233;n&#233;ficiaire &#233;conomique dans la gestion de la fronti&#232;re ext&#233;rieure de l'UE.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Sur la base des t&#233;moignages recueillis et v&#233;rifi&#233;s, et gr&#226;ce &#224; l'ASGI, le rapport a &#233;galement permis &#224; plusieurs t&#233;moins et victimes de la traite d'&#201;tat de &lt;strong&gt;d&#233;poser un recours contre la Tunisie devant la Cour Africaine des Droits de l'Homme et des Peuples. &lt;/strong&gt; Ces proc&#233;dures s'appuient sur les t&#233;moignages directs des victimes (RS - int. 35 et SLM - int. 36) et visent &#224; mettre en &#233;vidence les responsabilit&#233;s de l'&#201;tat tunisien concernant les pratiques syst&#233;matiques de d&#233;tention arbitraire, de violence, d'expulsion collective et de vente d'&#234;tres humains &#224; des r&#233;seaux d'exploitation libyens, men&#233;es par ses propres appareils de s&#233;curit&#233;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Parmi les diff&#233;rentes recommandations formul&#233;es par le rapport, on peut noter :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;strong&gt;La suspension imm&#233;diate de tout nouveau financement des politiques frontali&#232;res destin&#233; &#224; la Tunisie et &#224; la Libye&lt;/strong&gt;, ainsi que toute forme de coop&#233;ration op&#233;rationnelle avec les autorit&#233;s impliqu&#233;es dans les pratiques document&#233;es, jusqu'&#224; ce que les responsabilit&#233;s soient &#233;tablies.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;strong&gt;La suppression de la Tunisie de la liste des pays d'origine s&#251;rs et de celle des pays tiers s&#251;rs &#233;tablies par la Commission europ&#233;enne et les &#201;tats membres&lt;/strong&gt;, et l'assurance que ni la Tunisie ni la Libye ne soient consid&#233;r&#233;es comme des &#171; lieux s&#251;rs &#187; (place of safety) aux fins du d&#233;barquement des migrants en situation de danger en M&#233;diterran&#233;e.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;hr /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_notes'&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb8-1&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh8-1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 8-1&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Donn&#233;es issues du rapport conjoint de la UNSMIL et du OHCHR, voir p. 11.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		</content:encoded>


		
		<enclosure url="http://migreurop.org/IMG/pdf/womenstatetrafficking_fr.pdf" length="6253903" type="application/pdf" />
		

	</item>
<item xml:lang="en">
		<title>Press Review March 2026</title>
		<link>http://migreurop.org/article3572.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">http://migreurop.org/article3572.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2026-04-08T15:12:53Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>en</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Camille</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>Libya</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Tunisia</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>German</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Belgium</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Croatia</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Bosnia and Herzegovina</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Spain</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Portugal</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Su&#232;de</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Royaume-Uni</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Nigeria</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Union Europ&#233;enne</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Asile</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Criminalisation of solidarities</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Detention</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Externalisation</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Frontex</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Migration policies </dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Racisme</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Forced returns</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Monitoring and control </dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>r&#232;glement retour</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Libya InfoMigrants, &#8216;Mediterranean: 2,500 migrants intercepted at sea and forcibly returned to Libya since the start of 2026', 12 March 2026 &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Since the beginning of 2026, more than 2,500 migrants have been intercepted in the Mediterranean by the Libyan coastguard and forcibly returned to Libya. These interceptions are carried out on the basis of an agreement concluded in 2017 between Italy and Libya, which provides for logistical and financial support from Italy and the European Union to (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


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		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='http://migreurop.org/local/cache-vignettes/L150xH150/visuel_rp_1_-2-df049.png?1775661276' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='150' height='150' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;div class=&#034;cs_sommaire cs_sommaire_avec_fond&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire&#034;&gt; &lt;div class=&#034;cs_sommaire_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;div class=&#034;cs_sommaire_titre_avec_fond&#034;&gt; Sommaire &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#034;cs_sommaire_corps&#034;&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Libya&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_0'&gt;Libya&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Tunisia&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_1'&gt;Tunisia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Germany&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_2'&gt;Germany&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Belgium&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_3'&gt;Belgium&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Croatia/Bosnia and Herzegovina&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_4'&gt;Croatia/Bosnia and Herzegovina&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Spain&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_5'&gt;Spain&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Portugal&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_6'&gt;Portugal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sweden&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_7'&gt;Sweden&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;United Kingdom&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_8'&gt;United Kingdom&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;United Kingdom/Nigeria&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_9'&gt;United Kingdom/Nigeria&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Adoption of the Return Regulation&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_10'&gt;Adoption of the Return Regulat&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;EU/Nigeria agreement&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_11'&gt;EU/Nigeria agreement&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Frontex&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_12'&gt;Frontex&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_0&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Libya&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;InfoMigrants, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/70330/mediterranee--2-500-migrants-interceptes-en-mer-et-ramenes-de-force-en-libye-depuis-le-debut-de-lannee-2026&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8216;Mediterranean: 2,500 migrants intercepted at sea and forcibly returned to Libya since the start of&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; 2026', 12 March 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Since the beginning of 2026, more than 2,500 migrants have been intercepted in the Mediterranean by the Libyan coastguard and forcibly returned to Libya. These interceptions are carried out on the basis of an agreement concluded in 2017 between Italy and Libya, which provides for logistical and financial support from Italy and the European Union to the Libyan authorities in order to prevent departures to Europe. An informal agreement that has effectively established a mechanism of systematic &#8216;pullbacks'&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb9-1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;These operations aim to &#8220;physically prevent migrants from leaving the (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh9-1&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; : interceptions at sea, coordinated by the European agency Frontex, followed by the forced return of people to the Libyan coast by local authorities, who are formally responsible for the search and rescue (SAR) zone. Migrants are then detained in Libyan camps. It is against this backdrop that the European Commission's recent decision to fund the construction of a Maritime Rescue Coordination Centre (MRCC) in Benghazi&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb9-2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See on this subject InfoMigrants, &#8220;Mediterranean: EU to fund opening of (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh9-2&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; has been taken. The project, promoted by the Italian government, extends the &#8216;pullback' mechanism to eastern Libya, complementing the centre already operational in Tripoli. Furthermore, the management of the new centre could be linked to the Tareq Ben Zayed militia, which controls the territory and is suspected of being involved in the attack on the humanitarian vessel Ocean Viking in August 2025&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb9-3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See on this subject Migreurop, &#8220;European Union News &#8211; December 2025/February (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh9-3&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Over the years, the cooperation between the European Union and Libya has facilitated the refoulement, arbitrary detention and torture of thousands of people&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb9-4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See in particular the press release from Mediterranea, &#8220;More millions of (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh9-4&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. A confidential European Union report from 2022&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb9-5&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See in particular AP, &#8220;Migrant abuses continue in Libya. So does EU border (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh9-5&#034;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; also notes &#8220;excessive use of force, disproportionate acts and armed violence&#8221; during interceptions at sea by the Libyan authorities. Furthermore, the conditions of detention for migrants in Libya have been the subject of numerous alerts due to serious human rights violations&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb9-6&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See, for example, the latest report by the OHCHR and UNSMIL, &#8220;Business as (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh9-6&#034;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; . Libya offers no guarantee of protection in line with international standards on protection and asylum. Despite this, European and Italian funding, aimed at outsourcing the management of migration to this unsafe country, continues to pour in.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_1&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Tunisia&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;BBC N&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;ews &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;Africa&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.bbc.com/afrique/articles/czexg1nklkwo&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8216;Prominent anti-racism activist in Tunisia sentenced to eight years in prison'&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;, 21 March 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The Tunis Court of First Instance has sentenced anti-racism activist Saadia Mosbah to eight years in prison and a heavy fine for &#8220;money laundering&#8221; and &#8220;illicit enrichment&#8221;. This verdict comes against a backdrop of increasing criminalisation of migrant rights defenders in Tunisia. In recent years, Mosbah, president of the Mn&#232;mty association, has been at the forefront of defending the rights of migrants from sub-Saharan Africa, against President Ka&#239;s Sa&#239;ed's racist rhetoric and policies. For the past two years, Mn&#232;mty and many other organisations supporting migrants have been targeted by a wave of repression: government-orchestrated smear campaigns on social media, and the arrest and prosecution of activists. &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The criminalisation of Tunisian civil society continues with the tacit consent of the European Union, which has granted over &#8364;100 million in funding to Tunisia under a migration deal concluded in 2023, aimed at preventing migrants from crossing the Mediterranean. Mosbah and the convicted activists are now paying the price for this arrangement&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb9-7&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See in particular the joint statement &#8220;For the release of activist Saadia (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh9-7&#034;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; : by supporting Sa&#239;ed's migration policy with the aim of deterring departures, the EU bears responsibility for the arbitrary arrests of human rights defenders in Tunisia and for the violations of their fundamental rights.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_2&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Germany&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Info&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;Migrants&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;,&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/70638/allemagne--apres-la-visite-dalcharaa-merz-espere-un-retour-massif-des-refugies-syriens&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8216;Germany: following al-Charaa's visit, Merz hopes for a mass return of Syrian refugees'&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;', 31 March 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;During a visit by Syrian President Ahmed al-Charaa to Berlin on Monday 30 March, German Chancellor Friedrich Merz stated his intention to deport, in the medium term, 80% of Syrian refugees currently in Germany. According to him, there would no longer be any reason for these people to remain on German soil following the fall of the Assad regime.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The idea of deporting such a large number of people reveals a xenophobic and racist approach, aimed at getting rid of those considered &#8216;undesirable' on German soil as quickly as possible and at any cost&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb9-8&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;As demonstrated by recent agreements with the Taliban in Afghanistan (2025) (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh9-8&#034;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; . Furthermore, Syria remains a deeply unstable country, marked by the destruction of essential infrastructure. In October 2025, the German Foreign Minister stated during a visit to the country that it was &#8220;practically impossible for people to live there with dignity in the short term&#8221;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb9-9&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See on this subject Migreurop, Press Review December 2025, 5 January 2025&#034; id=&#034;nh9-9&#034;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; . Serious human rights violations also continue to be documented in the country. On 12 March, the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic presented its latest report to the United Nations Human Rights Council, revealing that the political transition remains undermined by human rights violations such as extrajudicial executions, acts of torture and ill-treatment, as well as enforced disappearances&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb9-10&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;United Nations Human Rights Council, &#8216;Report of the Independent (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh9-10&#034;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Under these circumstances, the safety of the deported nationals cannot be guaranteed, and Germany risks becoming complicit in such human rights violations.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_3&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Belgium&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Politi&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;co&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.politico.eu/article/belgium-migration-asylum-seeker-court-suspension-anneleen-van-bossuyt/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8216;Belgium to press ahead with restriction on asylum-seekers despite court decision'&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;, 4 March 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The Belgian Constitutional Court has temporarily suspended a measure aimed at restricting access to material reception conditions for migrants who have already been granted protection in another EU Member State. The Court emphasised that this provision could cause &#8220;serious and difficult-to-repair harm&#8221; by exposing people to precarious circumstances&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb9-11&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Constitutional Court, Judgment No. 23/2026, 26 February 2026&#034; id=&#034;nh9-11&#034;&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Despite this suspension, the Belgian government has stated its intention to continue applying this measure in order to &#8220;avoid overburdeningthe reception system&#8221;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Since 2021, the Belgian authorities have refused to adapt this system to the increase in asylum applications, exposing many migrants to undignified living conditions, without access to healthcare or appropriate accommodation. More than 12,000 rulings by national and international courts have ordered Belgium to provide dignified reception. Yet these rulings have been systematically ignored and circumvented, particularly since the new government came to power in 2023, adopting a more restrictive migration policy&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb9-12&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See on this subject Amnesty International &#8220;Belgium. Persistent shortcomings (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh9-12&#034;&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. This disregard for Belgian court rulings is part of a broader context of challenges to national, European and international law on migration: it comes as no surprise that the country features on the list of states that signed an open letter in 2025 calling for a more flexible interpretation of the European Convention on Human Rights, in particular Article 3 (prohibition of inhuman or degrading treatment) and Article 8 (protection of private and family life)&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb9-13&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See the open letter signed by the Heads of State of Italy, Denmark, Austria, (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh9-13&#034;&gt;13&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Belgium has thus chosen to protect its borders from an imagined migration threat, in defiance of human rights.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_4&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Croatia/Bosnia and Herzegovina&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;In&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;foM&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;igrants&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;,&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/70231/migration-management-measures-reinforced-in-bosnia-herzegovina-and-croatia residents'&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8216;On the border between Croatia and Bosnia, the construction of a reception centre divides&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;, 13 March 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Croatia recently announced the construction of a new &#8220;reception centre&#8221; for migrants on its border with Bosnia and Herzegovina. At the same time, the European agency Frontex plans to increase the presence of its officers in Bosnia, which the EU considers a major &#8220;geopolitical investment&#8221; in the management of migration flows. The stated aim is to achieve a &#8220;high level&#8221; of cooperation with the Bosni an border police in the &#8220;fight against illegal immigration and the prevention of cross-border crime&#8221;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Bosnia and Herzegovina is a candidate for accession to the European Union and constitutes a stop on the Balkan migration route: a key location for the consolidation of &#8216;Fortress Europe'. Its border with Croatia is notoriously marked by impunity for human rights violations committed by Croatian and Bosnian authorities&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb9-14&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See in this regard the report by the Border Violence Monitoring Network, (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh9-14&#034;&gt;14&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. The pushbacks of migrants attempting to reach European soil are rife, and asylum seekers who manage to reach Croatia are placed in asylum seeker centres (currently two in the country) under appalling conditions. Access to healthcare is limited, hygiene conditions are poor, and cases of arbitrary rejection of certain applications for protection have been documented&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb9-15&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See in particular the Asylum Information Database (AIDA) and the European (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh9-15&#034;&gt;15&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; . Reports have also highlighted that the Croatian authorities have been implicated in the arbitrary detention and torture of people in so-called &#8216;irregular' situations in ad hoc facilities&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb9-16&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See the Global Detention Project's overview of Croatia, n.d.&#034; id=&#034;nh9-16&#034;&gt;16&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; . The construction of a centre on the border risks leading to an increase in such situations.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In this context, the increased presence of Frontex (which operates in Bosnia under a status agreementsigned in 2025 between the EU and Sarajevo&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb9-17&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;SeeCouncil Decision (EU) 2025/1348, 27 January 2025&#034; id=&#034;nh9-17&#034;&gt;17&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; ) risks contributing to the human rights violations described above. All the more so given that, under this agreement (Article 12), the agency enjoys immunity for all acts carried out as part of a joint operation in Bosnia and Herzegovina, before any criminal, civil or administrative court in the country&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb9-18&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See on this subject Migreurop, Press Review June 2025, 7 July 2025&#034; id=&#034;nh9-18&#034;&gt;18&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_5&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Spain&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;La &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;Vanguardia&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.lavanguardia.com/vida/20260310/11486000/gobierno-garantiza-sanidad-publica-personas-inmigrantes-situacion-irregular.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8216;Undocumented migrants will be able to access healthcare by making a sworn statement&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;', 10 March 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Since 10 March 2026, the Spanish healthcare system has been open to people without the necessary documents to reside in the country. This measure removes administrative barriers that previously prevented many people from accessing medical care. Under the new rules, anyone able to prove their residence in Spain can apply for healthcare coverage at their local health centre and immediately benefit from temporary cover whilst their application is being processed. As the Spanish Minister of Health emphasised, this measure &#8220;aims to ensure fairness and prevent inequalities&#8221;, whilst enabling &#8220;better monitoring of illnesses in primary care and a more efficient use of public resources&#8221;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This decision follows an &#8216;extraordinary' regularisation measure for migrants (2026) and the Spanish government's explicit refusal to support the European &lt;i&gt;&#8216;&lt;/i&gt;returnhubs' project (countries outside Europe to which people without the right to stay in Europe would be deported), established by the Return Regulation, the negotiating mandate for which was confirmed on 26 March by the European Parliament. It should nevertheless be noted that Spain continues to outsource the management of migration, particularly to Morocco and Mauritania, which makes it complicit in the human rights violations committed against people on the move in these countries&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb9-19&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See on this subject: Human Rights Watch, &#8220;Mauritania: Years of abuses linked (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh9-19&#034;&gt;19&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_6&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Portugal&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;The &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;Po&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;rtug&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;al &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;Post, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://theportugalpost.com/posts/portugal-tightens-immigration-laws-detention-extended-to-18-months-and-deportation-rules-transformed&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8216;Portugal Tightens Immigration Laws: Detention Extended to 18 Months and Deportation Rules Transformed&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; ', 19 March 2025&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The Portuguese government has approved a bill marking a further step in the repressive shift in its policy towards migrants. The maximum period of administrative detention for people without the right to stay has been extended (from 60 to 540 days) and those who apply for protection after entering the country outside authorised border posts will be subject to stricter coercive measures, including detention, while their case is being examined. The text also introduces an entry ban in the event of forced expulsion for up to five years, a period which may be extended in the event of a criminal conviction or a threat to national security. Furthermore, lodging an application for protection will no longer suspend the deportation procedure, and finally, any person without the right to reside is subject to an &#8216;obligation to leave voluntarily' (!) : those concerned must leave the country without waiting for formal notification, on pain of forced deportation and therefore a ban on entry. This reform removes the interim period between formal notification and the actual loss of the right to reside, a period which until now allowed individuals to regularise their administrative status or consult a lawyer. It should be noted that, according to the text, these forced removal measures will not apply to minors under the age of 16. The draft bill is currently under parliamentary scrutiny.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Several organisations defending the rights of migrants have condemned this as a political manoeuvre by the centre-right coalition aimed at appealing to a more conservative electorate in the run-up to future elections. This strategy is part of a broader trend observed in other European states where migrants are being exploited for electoral purposes, with a populist agenda.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;With the adoption of a new European regulation on the return of persons without the right to reside in the EU, which is directly applicable in Member States, measures against migrants awaiting deportation are set to become even harsher.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_7&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sweden&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Le &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;Mon&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;de&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2026/03/24/la-suede-presente-un-projet-de-loi-qui-prevoit-d-expulser-les-migrants-qui-ne-menent-pas-une-vie-honnete_6674072_3210.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8216;Sweden presents a bill to deport migrants who do not lead an &#8216;honest life'&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;', 24 March 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;R&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;F&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;I&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.rfi.fr/fr/europe/20260325-su%C3%A8de-le-gouvernement-poursuit-un-projet-de-loi-visant-%C3%A0-d%C3%A9noncer-les-migrants-sans-titre-de-s%C3%A9jour&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8216;Sweden: government pushes ahead with bill to report migrants without residence&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; permits'&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;, 25 March 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;At the end of March, the Swedish government presented two bills aimed at stepping up the deportation of migrants. The first provides for the deportation of migrants who do not lead an &#8216;honest life'. The second would oblige six public administrations (the employment agency, social security, the prison service, the debt collection agency, the pensions authority and the tax authority) to report to the police those suspected of so-called &#8220;irregular&#8221; residence. It also introduces new grounds for revoking residence permits when a person is considered a &#8216;threat' to public order or national security, or when they have provided inaccurate information in their application.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The first measure causes serious concern due to its vague and discretionary nature. What criteria would be used to define an &#8216;honest life'? What methods would be employed to assess an individual's alleged moral character? This measure, which relies on deeply subjective assessments, would pave the way for the establishment of two parallel normative systems. Statements that are not criminally punishable could thus lead to the deportation of migrants, whereas they would have no legal consequences for Swedish citizens. Furthermore, there is a risk of creating a chilling effect on freedom of expression and of reinforcing self-censorship among migrants.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The second bill is part of a broader, Europe-wide drive to strengthen widespread surveillance of private and public spaces in order to &#8216;flush out' those without the right to reside. It would accentuate the role of government agencies as tools of control, threatening the right to privacy due to the potential sharing of sensitive data, encouraging racial profiling and discrimination based on appearance, and creating ethical dilemmas for public sector professionals&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb9-20&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;The same concerns have been raised regarding the &#8216;Return' Regulation, (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh9-20&#034;&gt;20&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_8&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;United Kingdom&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;The &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;Gu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;ardian&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2026/mar/05/what-are-shabana-mahmoods-changes-to-the-asylum-system&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8216;What are Shabana Mahmood's changes to the asylum system?&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; ', 5 March 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On 5 March, the British Home Secretary Shabana Mahmood announced the implementation of new measures on migration and asylum. Refugee status is now reduced from five years to 30 months (renewable). At the end of this period, if the third country is considered safe, its nationals may be deported there. Furthermore, the period required to obtain permanent resident status has been extended from 10 to 20 years, the obligation to provide public financial support to asylum seekers has been suspended, and up to &#163;40,000 will be offered to families whose asylum applications have been rejected to return voluntarily to their country: if they refuse, the authorities will be able to use force, including against minors.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The latest in a long line of tightening measures in UK immigration policy, this new set of repressive measures strays from the spirit, if not the letter, of the human rights conventions to which the United Kingdom is a State part. Firstly, migrant people will be kept in a state of constant uncertainty, preventing them from rebuilding their lives and exposing them to a constant threat of deportation&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb9-21&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See, on this subject, The Guardian, &#8216;Mahmood's new rules will leave refugees (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh9-21&#034;&gt;21&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; . Furthermore, the possibility of forcibly returning families whose asylum applications have been or will be rejected risks violating the right to respect for private and family life, protected by Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights, as well as the principle of the best interests of the child, enshrined in the Convention on the Rights of the Child and recognised by all European human rights instruments. Finally, the forced return of nationals from countries considered safe could constitute a form of discrimination based on nationality.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Several British civil society organisations have condemned these developments in a joint statement. They are calling on the government to suspend the reduction in the duration of refugee status, describing the UK policy as &#8216;performative cruelty', a source of instability, injustice and inefficiency&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb9-22&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See in particular Scottish Refugee Council, &#8220;Charities urge UK government to (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh9-22&#034;&gt;22&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_9&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;United Kingdom/Nigeria&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;C&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crm1w24p8p7o&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;UK agrees deal to ease migrant returns to Nigeria&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &#8221;, 19 March 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On 19 March, the UK and Nigeria reached an agreement aimed at speeding up the deportation of Nigerian nationals who do not have the right to remain, have been convicted by the courts, or whose asylum applications have been rejected. From now on, the British authorities will no longer have to wait for Nigeria to issue consular laissez-passer to proceed with a deportation: the Nigerian authorities will accept identification documents issued by the United Kingdom (the &lt;i&gt;&#8216;UK &lt;/i&gt;letters'). The agreement also provides for enhanced cooperation in the fight against &#8220;smuggling networks&#8221;. In this regard, Nigeria has committed to reviewing its national legislation to ensure harsher penalties for &#8220;migration-related offences&#8221;, which risks leading to increased criminalisation of migrants, as well as solidarity organisations.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The use of informal documents such as &lt;i&gt;UK letters &lt;/i&gt;could lead to arbitrary deportations, due to unilateral identification (identity and nationality) of the person forcibly returned by the UK. This measure could also infringe upon the right to private and family life of Nigerians residing in the UK.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This agreement marks a new stage in the &#8216;return diplomacy'&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb9-23&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See in particular Migreurop, Press review October 2025, 15 November 2025&#034; id=&#034;nh9-23&#034;&gt;23&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; pursued by the UK since Keir Starmer's government came to power. As early as September 2025, Home Secretary Shabana Mahmood had implemented a strategy to suspend the issuance of visas for nationals of certain African countries (Democratic Republic of the Congo, Namibia, Angola) as a means of pressure to secure more &#8216;effective' cooperation from these countries in the readmission of deported individuals&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb9-24&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See InfoMigrants, &#8220;UK uses visa restrictions to pressure African countries (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh9-24&#034;&gt;24&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_10&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Adoption of the Return Regulation&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Lib&#233;ration&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;,&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.liberation.fr/international/europe/le-parlement-europeen-en-passe-dapprouver-des-hubs-de-retour-pour-migrants-20260326_2ORGECM5GVEDHKBQ4HXLG7FVFM/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;European Parliament approves creation of &#8216;return hubs' for migrants outside the EU&#8221;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;, 26 March 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On 26 March 2026, the European Parliament confirmed in plenary the negotiating mandate adopted by the LIBE Committee for a new common system regarding the expulsion of third-country nationals without the right to reside in the Union (known as the &#8216;Return Regulation'), resulting from an alliance between the right and the far right. Among the measures envisaged: systematic detention for all migrants (extension of the grounds for detention, maximum detention period increased to 24 months and cumulative across Member States, possibility of detention in prisons); deportations to third countries (&lt;i&gt;return hubs&lt;/i&gt;), without effective oversight by European institutions and without a suspension clause in the event of rights violations; an acceleration of forced returns through the mutual recognition of deportation measures between Member States, potentially without individual review, and which may be enforced prior to any final decision; in certain cases, permanent entry bans into EU territory are envisaged.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The umpteenth milestone in the war on migrants that began 30 years ago, this regulation consolidates the long-standing erosion of rights, crossing new red lines. It risks leading, in very concrete terms, to dangerous returns, violations of the right to an effective remedy and the principle of non-refoulement, and exposing people on the move to inhuman and degrading treatment&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb9-25&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See in particular the Migreurop press release,&#8220;Adoption of the European (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh9-25&#034;&gt;25&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; . The speed of this vote is also worrying, as the proposed text was adopted by the European Parliament barely a year after the Commission's proposal. This reveals that the far-right agenda is now taking hold at the highest levels of the European institutions: in the wake of the European Pact, the Return Regulation enshrines a reshaping of EU law to adapt it to a racist, anti-migration and anti-democratic ideology&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb9-26&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Ibid.&#034; id=&#034;nh9-26&#034;&gt;26&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_11&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EU/Nigeria agreement&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Euobserv&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;er&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;,&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://euobserver.com/208101/eu-offers-cash-and-defence-deal-as-it-inks-migrant-returns-pact-with-nigeria/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; hreflang=&#034;en&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;EU offers cash and defence deal as it links migrant returns pact with Nigeria&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8221;, 23 March 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Nigeria and the European Union have concluded an agreement for the return of Nigerian nationals without the right to reside in the EU, in exchange for &#8364;288 million in funding for digitalisation, the modernisation of the health sector and agricultural value chains in Nigeria.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The agreement illustrates the European trend of linking cooperation on deportations to promises of economic and diplomatic benefits (the &#8216;cash-for-migrants' approach), to the detriment of the fundamental rights of displaced persons. Nigeria is indeed facing growing insecurity, high inflation, violence by local armed groups, allegations of torture and deep-seated exclusion of young people, exacerbated by a decline in civil and political freedoms. In this context, the deportation of Nigerian nationals from the EU could expose some individuals to inhuman and degrading treatment and social exclusion, due to limited prospects for reintegration. Furthermore, similar informal agreements in the Sahel region have coincided with harsh anti-migration laws, the criminalisation of civil society, and the militarisation of borders, contributing to the normalisation of repression under the guise of ensuring &#8216;stability' and &#8216;order'&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb9-27&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;In particular the 2022 EU-Niger partnership&#034; id=&#034;nh9-27&#034;&gt;27&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; at the national level.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_12&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='http://migreurop.org/spip.php?id_mot=169&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Frontex&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt;Le Monde,&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2026/03/24/fabrice-leggeri-ex-directeur-de-frontex-et-eurodepute-rn-vise-par-une-enquete-pour-complicite-de-crimes-contre-l-humanite_6674028_3224.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Fabrice Leggeri, former director of Frontex and RN MEP, under investigation for complicity in crimes against humanity'&lt;/a&gt;&#8221;, 24 March 2026&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Following a complaint lodged by NGOs (the Human Rights League and Utopia 56) in April 2024, anU e investigation was opened in France against Fabrice Leggeri, former director of Frontex (2015&#8211;2022) and far-right MEP (Patriots for Europe group). He is accused of complicity in crimes against humanity and the crime of torture, in connection with acts of , pushbacks and failure to assist refugees at sea, linked to the deterrence practices implemented by Member States and their enforcement arm, Frontex.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Whilst the opening of an investigation into Leggeri, who sits in the European Parliament as an MEP for the National Rally, represents an important symbolic step, it should be noted that Frontex's mandate and activities have, since the agency's creation, been fundamentally incompatible with respect for fundamental rights. The rights violations committed with impunity and with the complicity of Frontex &#8211; denounced by NGOs since 2004 &#8211; took place before Leggeri's appointment and continued after his resignation in 2022.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Frontex is the instrument of a repressive policy of mobility restriction that has proven to be incompatible with respect for rights. Within the framework of the agency's mandate, numerous illegal operations have been carried out and extensively documented: collective expulsions, obstruction of the right to asylum, mass pushbacks on the high seas, failure to assist persons in danger, and collaboration with Libyan militias to intercept boats before they reach European territorial waters.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Since its creation in 2004, its mandate, powers and resources have been continually strengthened, and its budget has multiplied in recent years (rising from &#8364;6 million in 2005 to over &#8364;1 billion in 2026). In June 2026, the European Commission will present to Parliament a fifth revision of the agency's mandate, aimed at further expanding its activities and resources (increased use of surveillance technologies, third-country removals, and an increase in staff from 10,000 to 30,000).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Whilst Frontex had hitherto enjoyed structural impunity, in December 2025 the Court of Justice of the EU ruled that EU law imposed obligations on Frontex regarding the protection of fundamental rights&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb9-28&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See on this subject Migreurop, Press review December 2025, 5 January 2026&#034; id=&#034;nh9-28&#034;&gt;28&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; . It was about time.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;hr /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_notes'&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb9-1&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh9-1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 9-1&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;These operations aim to &#8220;physically prevent migrants from leaving the territory of their country of origin or a transit country, or to forcibly return them to that territory, before they can reach the jurisdiction of their country of destination. This means that, unlike &#8216;pushbacks', which are carried out when a person actually crosses the border, &#8216;pullbacks' take place before that.&#8221; &#8221;, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, May 2021.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb9-2&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh9-2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 9-2&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See on this subject InfoMigrants, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/69469/mediterranee--lue-va-financer-louverture-dun-centre-de-sauvetage-dans-lest-libyen-pour-intercepter-les-migrants-en-mer&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Mediterranean: EU to fund opening of rescue centre in eastern Libya to intercept migrants at&lt;/a&gt; sea&#8221;, 27 January 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb9-3&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh9-3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 9-3&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See on this subject Migreurop, &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article3548.html?lang_article=fr&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;European Union News &#8211; December 2025/February&lt;/a&gt; 2026&#8221;, 4 March 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb9-4&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh9-4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 9-4&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See in particular the press release from Mediterranea, &lt;a href=&#034;https://mediterranearescue.org/it/news/ancora-milioni-di-euro-per-la-collaborazione-con-criminali-di-guerra-in-libia&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;More millions of euros for collaboration with war criminals in Libya&lt;/a&gt;&#8221;, 9 January 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb9-5&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh9-5&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 9-5&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See in particular AP, &lt;a href=&#034;https://apnews.com/article/coronavirus-pandemic-business-health-libya-migration-a30dd342513aeeede5a7558de4c3089d&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Migrant abuses continue in Libya. So does EU border&lt;/a&gt; training&#8221;, 25 January 2022, and the report by the Council of the European Union &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/21185907-libyan-coast-guard-and-navy-monitoring-four-months-report-august-november-2021/%20du%20Co&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Four monthly Libyan coast guard and navy monitoring&lt;/a&gt; report&#8221;, August&#8211;November 2021&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb9-6&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh9-6&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 9-6&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See, for example, the latest report by the OHCHR and UNSMIL, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/reports/business-usual-human-rights-violations-and-abuses-against-migrants-asylum-seekers&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Business as Usual: Human Rights Violations and Abuses against Migrants, Asylum-Seekers, and Refugees in&lt;/a&gt; Libya&#8221;, 17 February 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb9-7&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh9-7&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 9-7&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See in particular the joint statement &#8220;&lt;a href=&#034;https://tunisiansolidarity.org/ar/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;For the release of activist Saadia&lt;/a&gt; Mosbah&#8221;, 10 March 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb9-8&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh9-8&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 9-8&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;As demonstrated by recent agreements with the Taliban in &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/post/70091/lallemagne-expulse-20-criminels-afghans-vers-kaboul&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/a&gt; (2025) and with &lt;a href=&#034;https://turkishminute.com/2024/09/28/germany-turkey-odd-over-migrant-deportation-deal/?utm_source=chatgpt.com&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Turkey&lt;/a&gt; (2024), aimed at speeding up the deportation of their nationals, Afghans and Turks make up a large proportion of the migrant populations living in Germany.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb9-9&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh9-9&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 9-9&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See on this subject Migreurop, &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article3516.html?lang_article=fr#outil_sommaire_2&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Press Review December 2025&lt;/a&gt;, 5 January 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb9-10&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh9-10&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 9-10&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;United Nations Human Rights Council, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/hrbodies/hrcouncil/sessions-regular/session61/advance-version/a-hrc-61-62-auv.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8216;Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab&lt;/a&gt; Republic', 12 March 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb9-11&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh9-11&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 9-11&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Constitutional Court, &lt;a href=&#034;https://fr.const-court.be/public/f/2026/2026-023f.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Judgment No. 23/2026&lt;/a&gt;, 26 February 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb9-12&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh9-12&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 9-12&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; See on this subject Amnesty International &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.amnesty.org/fr/latest/news/2025/04/belgium-persistent-failure-to-provide-reception-violates-rights-and-dignity-of-people-seeking-asylum/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Belgium. Persistent shortcomings in reception violate the rights and dignity of asylum&lt;/a&gt; seekers&#8221;, 3 April 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb9-13&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh9-13&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 9-13&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;13&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See the &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.governo.it/sites/governo.it/files/Lettera_aperta_22052025.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;open letter&lt;/a&gt; signed by the Heads of State of Italy, Denmark, Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland, 22 May 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb9-14&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh9-14&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 9-14&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;14&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See in this regard the report by the Border Violence Monitoring Network, &lt;a href=&#034;https://borderviolence.eu/blog/clothes-in-rivers-backpacks-on-fire-the-visibility-of-border-crossings-and-illegal-pushbacks-at-the-croatian-bosnian-border&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Clothes in the river, backpacks on fire: The (in)visibility of pushbacks at the Croatian-Bosnian&lt;/a&gt; border&#8221;, 11 June 2024&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb9-15&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh9-15&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 9-15&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;15&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See in particular the Asylum Information Database (AIDA) and the European Council on Refugees and Migrants (ECRE), &lt;a href=&#034;https://asylumineurope.org/reports/country/croatia/reception-conditions/housing/conditions-reception-facilities/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Conditions in reception facilities:&lt;/a&gt; Croatia&#8221;, last updated 20 January&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb9-16&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh9-16&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 9-16&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;16&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.globaldetentionproject.org/countries/europe/croatia&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;the&lt;/a&gt; Global Detention Project's &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.globaldetentionproject.org/countries/europe/croatia&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;overview of Croatia&lt;/a&gt;, n.d.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb9-17&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh9-17&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 9-17&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;17&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See&lt;a href=&#034;https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2025/1348/oj/fra&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Council Decision (EU) 2025/1348&lt;/a&gt;, 27 January 2025 &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb9-18&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh9-18&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 9-18&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;18&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See on this subject Migreurop, &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article3434.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Press Review June 2025&lt;/a&gt;, 7 July 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb9-19&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh9-19&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 9-19&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;19&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See on this subject: Human Rights Watch, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.hrw.org/fr/news/2025/08/27/mauritanie-des-annees-dabus-lies-aux-controles-des-migrations&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Mauritania: Years of abuses linked to migration&lt;/a&gt; controls&#8221;, 27 August 2025; ASGI &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.asgi.it/en/publication/morocco-border-policies-at-the-root-of-forced-disappearances-and-human-rights-violations/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Morocco: Border policies at the root of forced disappearances and human rights&lt;/a&gt; violations&#8221;, 14 April 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb9-20&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh9-20&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 9-20&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;20&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;The same concerns have been raised regarding the &#8216;Return' Regulation, adopted on 26 March by the European Parliament. See on this subject the joint press release &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.gisti.org/spip.php?article7685&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8216;Return Regulation: no to a European law that authorises home searches, police in public services and racial&lt;/a&gt; profiling', 23 February 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb9-21&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh9-21&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 9-21&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;21&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See, on this subject, The Guardian, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2026/mar/08/mahmoods-new-rules-will-leave-refugees-in-cruel-state-of-uncertainty&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8216;Mahmood's new rules will leave refugees in a cruel state of&lt;/a&gt; uncertainty', 8 March 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb9-22&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh9-22&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 9-22&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;22&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See in particular Scottish Refugee Council, &lt;a href=&#034;https://scottishrefugeecouncil.org.uk/refugee-asylum-labour-changes-shabanamahmood/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Charities urge UK government to &#8216;step up' and be honest about realities of&lt;/a&gt; migration&#8221;, 5 March 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb9-23&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh9-23&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 9-23&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;23&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See in particular Migreurop, &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article3482.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Press review October 2025&lt;/a&gt;, 15 November 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb9-24&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh9-24&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 9-24&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;24&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See InfoMigrants, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/68956/uk-uses-visa-restrictions-to-pressure-african-countries-on-deportation-deals&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;UK uses visa restrictions to pressure African countries on deportation&lt;/a&gt; deals&#8221;, 30 December 2025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb9-25&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh9-25&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 9-25&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;25&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See in particular the Migreurop press release,&lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article3560.html?lang_article=fr&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;Adoption of the European &#8216;return' regulation: the death of international law&lt;/a&gt;&#8221;, 26 March 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb9-26&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh9-26&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 9-26&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;26&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Ibid.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb9-27&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh9-27&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 9-27&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;27&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;In particular the 2022 &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.eeas.europa.eu/niger/lunion-europeenne-et-le-niger_fr&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;EU-Niger partnership&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb9-28&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh9-28&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Footnotes 9-28&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;28&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;See on this subject Migreurop, &lt;a href=&#034;https://migreurop.org/article3516.html?lang_article=fr&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Press review December 2025&lt;/a&gt;, 5 January 2026&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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